A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.

1. PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
BY- DURGASHREE.M.D
M.PHARM, PHARMACOGNOSY
KLE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
BENGALURU
1

2. CONTENT
2
Introduction
Carotenoids (Alpha and Beta carotene, Lutein)
Limonoids (d-Limonene and alpha-terpineol)
Saponins (Shatavarins)
Flavonoids (Resveratrol, Rutin, Hesperidin, Naringin, Quercetin)
Phenolic acids (Ellagic acid)
Vitamins (Tocotrienols and Tocopherols)
Miscellaneous (Andrographolide, Glycolipids, Gugulipids,
Withanolides, Vascine, Taxol)

3. Introduction
 Phytopharmaceuticals are plant-derived compounds that have
pharmacological activities. [2]
3

4. Definition
 It is defined as a purified and standardized fraction with a
defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical
compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for
internal or external use of human beings or animals for
diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases
but does not include administration by parenteral route.
4

5. CAROTENOIDS
5

6. Carotenoids
 Carotenoids are a class of more than 750 naturally occurring
pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic
bacteria.
 These richly colored molecules are the sources of the yellow,
orange, and red colors of many plants.
 Fruit and vegetables provide most of the 40 to 50 carotenoids
found in the human diet.
6

7. 7

8. Source of Carotenoids
8

9. 9

10. Biosynthetic Pathway of Carotenoids
10

11. Isolation of Carotenoids
11

12. Pre-treatment before Extraction
 It helps to break down the cell wall and other physical barriers
present in the sample.
 Plant and microalgal cells are composed of dynamic, complex,
and rigid cell walls, which constitute an obstacle to the entry
of solvent into the cell.
 For example Diatoms contain a hard silica layer called
Frustule, which acts as a mechanical barrier to pigment
extraction.
12

13. 13

14. Functions and Properties of Carotenoids
14

15. Alpha and
Beta
Carotene
15
These consist of linear hydrocarbon that can be
cyclized at one end or both the ends of the molecule.
Both α-carotene and β-carotene are primarily regarded
as precursors of vitamin A.
The conversion of the efficacy of beta carotene to Vit A
is theoretically higher than other two provitamins A
carotenoids
Common orange-, yellow-, and green-colored fruits
and vegetables such as carrot, pumpkin, apricot, sweet
potato, and beans are rich sources of these carotenoids.

16. Carotenoids to Vitamin A (Retinal)
16

17. Xanthophylls
 Xanthophylls are a class of oxygen-containing carotenoid
pigments.
 That is responsible for the color of many of the yellow,
orange, and red hues of
flowers,
fruits,
vegetables (corn, pepper, etc.),
egg yolks, and feathers, shells, or flesh of many animal species
(flamingo, canary, shrimp, lobster, chicken, or salmonids).
17

18. Cont.
 Xanthophylls- Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin.
 Lutein- it is a yellow crystalline substance with purple gloss
accompanied by beta-carotene and chlorophyll in all green
plants.
 It gives a yellow color to flowers.
 It is also found in egg yolk, animal tissues, etc.
 Lutein is isomeric of Zeaxanthin
18

19. Characterization of beta-carotene (UPLC)
19

20. Medicinal and Health Benefits- Carotenoids
20

21. Marketed Products of Carotenoids
21

22. LIMONOIDS
22

23. Limonoids
23
 Limonoids are phytochemicals of the
triterpenoid class.
 These are abundant in sweet or sour-
scented citrus fruits and other plants
of the families Cucurbitaceae,
Rutaceae, and Meliaceae.

24. Chemical
nature of
Limonoids
24
It consists of a furano-lactone core
structure.
The prototypical structure consists of
four six-membered rings and a furan
ring.
Limonoid are classed as
tetranotriterpenes.

25. D-Limonene- Occurrence
 D-limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexane) is a monocyclic
monoterpene with lemon-like odor.
 It is the major constituents in several citrus oils (orange, lemon, mandrain, lime, and
grapefruit).
25

26. D-limonene- Isolation
26

27. D-limonene- Characteristic feature
27
FTIR of d-limonene Proton NMR of d-limonene

28. Medicinal and Health Benefits
 It is clinically used to dissolve cholesterol-containing
gallstones.
 It is used for relief of heartburn/ GERD, for its gastric acid
neutralizing property, and improvement of peristalsis.
 It has chemo-preventive activity against many types of
cancers.
 Example: 1. It has shown partial response to breast
cancer patients in clinical phase 1 trial.
2. It made stable for more than 6 months in
three patients of colorectal cancer
28

29. Alpha-terpineol- Occurrence
 α-Terpineol, volatile monoterpenoid alcohol,
is the major component of essential oils of
several species of aromatic plants such as
Origanium vulgare L. and Ocimum canum Sims
which are widely used for medicinal purposes.
 α-T can also be isolated from a variety of
sources such as cajeput oil, pine oil, and
petitgrain oil
29

30. Alpha-Terpineol- Biosynthetic Pathway
30

31. A-Terpineol- Chemical nature
 It is colorless
 Crystalline solid
 Smelling of lilac
 It is an optically active
monoterpenoid.
31

32. Cont.
32

33. A-terpineol- Characteristic Feature
33

34. A-terpineol- Medicinal uses
 Antihypertensive
 Anti-proliferatve effect on erythroleukemic cells of humans.
 Anti-inflammatory
 Anti-cancer
 Anti-oxidant activity [1]
34

35. Marketed Products of Liminoid
35

36. SAPONINS
36

37. Saponins
 Saponins are naturally occurring compounds that are widely
distributed in all cells of legume plants.
 Saponins, which derive their name from their ability to form
stable, soaplike foams in aqueous solutions, constitute a
complex and chemically diverse group of compounds.
 In chemical terms, saponins contain a carbohydrate moiety
attached to a triterpenoid or steroids. [3]
37

38. 38

39. Shatavarin- Occurrence
 Asparagus racemosus also called Shatavari is
one of the important medicinal plants found
in India, China, and other parts of the world.
 This plant is known to produce steroidal
saponins called Shatavarin. [4]
39

40. Extraction and Isolation- Shatavarin
 Tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus (250 g) were
powdered, defatted with Hexane and repeatedly extracted by
maceration with 90% methanol at room temperature for 24 h.
 The total methanolic extract was evaporated on a water bath
to obtain a concentrated liquid syrupy mass (100 mL) which
was dissolved in 10% methanol.
 The resulting solution was partitioned with Chloroform, Ethyl
acetate and n-Butanol, successively.
40

41. Cont.
 The n-Butanol extract was dried on a water bath and the dried
fraction was dissolved in minimum quantity of 90% methanol
to load on the column as the sample.
 Silica gel G (60-120) was used for packing the column and
eluted with Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Water (8:1:1 v/v) as
mobile phase.
 Multiple fractions, each of 27 mL were collected and out of
which eluted fraction 10 to 22 showed presence of Shatavarin
IV.
41

42. Characteristics Feature- Shatavarin
 Shatavarin IV containing fractions was confirmed by TLC using
Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Water (7.5:1.5:1 v/v) as developing
solvent and the spots were visualized by dipping the plate
with Vanillin-Sulfuric acid reagent.
 All the fractions (10-22) were mixed and dried at room
temperature.
 Out of this, isolated compounds were obtained in a form of
beige color shiny powder.
42

43. Cont.
 It was further characterized by using HPTLC, melting point,
FTIR and MASS Spectroscopy compared to the reference
standard.
43

44. Medicinal uses- Shatavarin
 Improving female reproductive health
 Reduce symptoms of menopause
 Anti-oxidant effect
 Anti-anxiety effect
 Breast feeding
 Pregnancy
44

45. Marketed Products- Shatavari
45

46. FLAVONIODS
46

47. Flavonoids
 Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable
phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains,
bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine.
 Health benefits:
47

48. 48

49. 49

50. Resveratrol
 Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxy-trans-stibenoid) is a stilbenoid.
 A type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by
several plants in response to injury by pathogens.
 Sources- the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries,
mulberries, and peanuts.
50

51. 51

52. Extraction and Isolation of Resveratrol
52

53. Health Benefits of Resveratrol
53

54. Marketed Products of Resveratrol
54

55. Rutin
55
Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside, which is a low molecular weight
polyphenolic compound.
Rutin is one of the best natural antioxidant in the known natural class.
It is found in various fruits and fruits rinds, especially citrus fruits and
berries, such as Ruta graveolens and Morus alba.
Rutin is also called Vitamin P.
It is also found in Asparagus and Buckwheat.

56. Source of Rutin
56
Ruta graveolens
Morus alba

57. Extraction and Isolation of Rutin
57

58. Characteristic Feature of Rutin
 Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-
rutinoside and sophorin, is the glycoside combining the
flavonoid quercetin.
58

59. 59

60. Marketed Products of Rutin
60

61. Hesperidin
 Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits.
 Hesperidin is a plant chemical that is classified as a
"bioflavonoid.".
 Its aglycone form is called hesperetin.
 Its name is derived from the word "hesperidium", for fruit
produced by citrus trees.
 Hesperidin was first isolated in 1828 by French chemist
Lebreton from the white inner layer of citrus peels.
61

62. Source of Hesperidin
62

63. Extraction and Isolation of Hesperidin
63

64. Characteristics Feature of Hesperidin
64

65. Health Benefits of Hesperidin
65

66. Marketed Products of Hesperidin
66

67. Naringin
Naringin is a flavonoid glycoside
that is abundantly contained in the
skin of grapefruit and orange and
is the origin of their bitterness.
Its aglycon is naringenin, which is
synthesized by a shikimic acid
pathway and occurs naturally in
citrus fruits.
67

68. Sources of Naringin
68

69. Biosynthesis of Naringin
69

70. Extraction and Isolation of Naringin
70

71. Characteristic Feature of Naringin
71

72. Health Benefits of Naringin
72

73. Marketed Products of Naringin
73

74. Quercetin
 Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of
polyphenols.
 It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and
grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods
containing appreciable amounts of it.
 It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary
supplements, beverages, and foods. [1]
74

75. Quercetin- Sources
75

76. Quercetin- Biosynthesis
76

77. Quercetin- Extraction and Isolation
77

78. Quercetin- Characteristics Feature
78

79. Quercetin- Health Benefits
79

80. Marketed Products Of Quercetin
80

81. PHENOLIC ACIDS
81

82. Phenolic Acid
 Phenolic acids are derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic
acids and are present in all cereals.
 These acids exhibit high antioxidant activity in vitro and thus
are beneficial for human health.
 There are two classes of phenolic acids: hydroxybenzoic acids
and hydroxycinnamic acids. [6]
82

83. Phenolic Acid Classifications
83

84. Phenolic Acid Health Benefits
84

85. Ellagic Acid
 Ellagic acid is an antioxidant found naturally in many of your
favorite foods, including many fruits and vegetables.
 Some foods also contain a compound called ellagitannin,
which your body converts into ellagic acid
85

86. Sources of Ellagic Acid
 Ellagic acid, a polyphenol found in fruits and vegetables
including blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries,
walnuts, pecans, pomegranates, wolfberry, and other plant
foods
86

87. Extraction and Isolation of Ellagic Acid
87
D. hamiltonii

88. Characteristic Feature of Ellagic Acid
88

89. Health Benefits of Ellagic Acid
89

90. Marketed Products of Ellagic Acid
90

91. VITAMINS
91

92. Vitamins
 A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential
micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for
the proper functioning of its metabolism.
 Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism,
either at all or not in sufficient quantities, and therefore must
be obtained through the diet.
92

93. 93

94. Tocotrienols
 Tocotrienols are chemicals in the vitamin E family.
 Vitamin E is a substance necessary for proper body and brain
function.
 As with the other vitamin E chemicals, tocopherols, there are
four types of tocotrienols found in nature: alpha, beta,
gamma, and delta. [7]
94

95. Tocopherols
 Tocopherols are a class of organic chemical compounds, many
of which have vitamin E activity.
 Tocopherols (vitamin E) are antioxidants normally associated
with feedstuffs of plant origin that are absorbed and used by
the animal to protect its body lipids from peroxidative
degeneration.
95

96. Types of Tocotrienols and Tocopherols
96

97. Sources of Tocotrienols
97

98. Sources of Tocopherols
98

99. Extraction and Isolation of Tocotrienols and
Tocopherols
99

100. Characteristic feature of Tocotrienols and
Tocopherols
100

101. Health Benefits
101

102. Marketed Products of Tocotrienols
102

103. Marketed Products of Tocopherols
103

104. MISCELLANEOUS
104
Andrographolide Glycolipids Gugulipids
Withanolides Vascine Taxol

105. Andrographolide
 Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone obtained
from Andrographis. paniculata Nees. (Kalmegh).
 It is widely used in Indian medicine as a bitter tonic,
for snakebite, and for the treatment of hepatitis.
 Because of its extreme bitterness, it is also called “king of
bitters.”
 The principal constituents are 14-deoxy-11-
dehydroandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide,
andrographolide, etc. [8]
105

106. Extraction and Isolation of Andrographolide
106

107. Cont.
107

108. Characteristic Feature of Andrographolide
108
FTIR of Andrographolide NMR of Andrographolide

109. Health Benefits of Andrographolide
109

110. Marketed Products of Andrographolide
110

111. Glycolipids
 Glycolipids are important biomolecules found within the cell
membranes of eukaryotes.
 Glycolipids are formed by the covalent bonding of a mono-
or oligosaccharide group attached to a sphingolipid or a
glycerol group and one or two fatty acids.
 Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a
glycosidic (covalent) bond.
111

112. Cont.
 Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane
and to facilitate cellular recognition,-
 That is crucial to the immune response and in the connections
that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues.
112

113. 113

114. Gugulipids
 Gugulipid, made from the gum resin of the Commiphora mukul
tree, is a natural product widely used globally as a lipid-lowering
agent.
 Chemical constituent- E-guggulsterone and Z-guggulsterone.
114

115. Extraction and Isolation of Gugulipids
115

116. Characteristic Feature of Gugulipids
116

117. Health Benefits of Gugulipids
117

118. Marketed Products of Gugulipids
118

119. Withanolides
 Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring
polyoxygenated steroidal lactones assembled on a
C28 ergostane skeleton.
 The structural skeleton of withanolides usually varies in the
nature and number of oxygenated substituents and the
degree of unsaturation of the rings. [1]
119

120. Source of Withanolides
 It is phytoconstituent of Withania somnifera.
 Withania somnifera, known commonly as ashwagandha or
winter cherry, is an annual evergreen shrub in the Solanaceae
or nightshade family that grows in India, the Middle East, and
parts of Africa.
120

121. Extraction and Isolation of Withanolides
121

122. Characteristic Feature of Withanolides
122
HPLC Analysis

123. Withanolides- Health Benefits
123

124. Marketed Products of Withanolides
124

125. Vasicine
 Vasicine (peganine) is a quinazoline alkaloid.
 It is found in Justicia adhatoda, after which it is named.
 It is additionally found in Peganum harmala.
125
Justicia adhatoda Peganum harmala
Adhatoda vasica

126. Extraction and Isolation of Vasicine
126
Adhatoda zeylanica

127. Characteristic Feature of Vasicine
127

128. Health Benefits of Vasicine
128

129. Marketed Products of Vascine
129

130. Taxol
 Taxol® -Paclitaxel, derived from the bark of the
Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia).
130

131. Biosynthetic Pathway of Taxol
131

132. Extraction and Isolation of Taxol
132

133. Characteristic Feature of Taxol
133

134. Health Benefits of Taxol
 Taxol is used for the treatment of breast, ovarian, lung,
bladder, prostate, melanoma, esophageal, as well as other
types of solid tumor cancers.
 It has also been used in Kaposi's sarcoma. [9]
134

135. Marketed Products of Taxol
135

136. References
1. A Textbook of Advance Pharmacognosy-I Dr. Deenanath Jhade
2. Phytopharmaceuticals. (Science direct)
3. Saponins
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15117556/#:~:text=Saponins%20are%20naturally%20occurrin
g%20compounds,chemically%20diverse%20group%20of%20compounds.)
4. Shatavarin- Structure. (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-Shatavarin-I-and-
Shatavarin-IV_fig1_265236804)
5. Isolation and Characterization of Shatavarin IV.
(https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/download/5324/pdf_879#:~:text=
Conclusion%3A%20Shatavarin%20IV%20isolation%20using,degradation%20in%20purity%20and
%20yield.)
6. Phenolic acid- Science direct
7. Tocotrienols- www.healthline.com
8. Andrographolide- Science direct
9. Taxol-Chemotherapy (https://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/taxol.aspx)
136

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