This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
Controlling and manipulating matter on the nanometer-length scale (1-100 nm), and
Exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical) at the nanoscale.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes. ... Improve the ability to deliver drugs that are poorly water soluble. Provide site-specific targeting to reduce drug accumulation within healthy tissue.Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed to deliver the required amount of drugs effectively to appropriate target sites and to maintain the desired drug levels. Research in newer DDS is being carried out in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, implants, microencapsulation, and polymers.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Controlling and manipulating matter on the nanometer-length scale (1-100 nm), and
Exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical) at the nanoscale.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes. ... Improve the ability to deliver drugs that are poorly water soluble. Provide site-specific targeting to reduce drug accumulation within healthy tissue.Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed to deliver the required amount of drugs effectively to appropriate target sites and to maintain the desired drug levels. Research in newer DDS is being carried out in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, implants, microencapsulation, and polymers.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Nanotechnology_20231223_114542_0000.pdf in questions type presentationManishKumar822818
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This is a presentation ppt on nanotechnology. This is a short presentation on nanotechnology.
This is question type presentation.
Topics covered is :
What is nanotechnology?
What is the current state of nanoscience and nanotechnology?
What are the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles?
How are nanoparticles formed?
What are the uses of nanoparticles in consumer products?
What are potential harmful effects of nanoparticles?
How can exposure to nanoparticles be measured?
Are current risk assessment methodologies for nanoparticles adequate?
Conclusion
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowmanâs Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Nano-Toxicology - An introduction
1. NANO-TOXICOLOGICAL ISSUES
INTRODUCTION:
ï· Nanoparticles interact with living cell at different levels depending upon the size.
ï· Particle size play very important role while discussing about nanotoxicity.
ï· Various studies suggest that nanoparticles DIAMETERS:
ïŒ less than 100 nm can enter cells,
ïŒ diameters < 40 nm can enter the cell nucleus and
ïŒ <<35 nm can pass through the bloodâbrain barrier and enter the brain.
ï· The knowledge about nanotoxicity help to identify the key safety issues in implementing
nanoscience for health application, by investigating
ïŒ interaction of nanoparticles and biological systems (i.e., proteins, cells) and
ïŒ elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties like
ïŒ size, shape,
ïŒ surface chemistry, composition, and
ïŒ aggregation with respect to toxic biological responses.
SOME TOXIC ISSUES:
1. Oxidative stress induced by nanoparticles can enhance inflammation through up
regulation of redox sensitive transcription.
2. Nanoparticles can also alter mitochondrial function as well as cellular redox signaling.
PROGRESS IN TOXIC ELIMINATION:
ï· Use of approved materials by official authority in development of carrier system would be helpful
in minimizing toxic effects.
ï· International Alliance for Nano EHS Harmonization (IANH), working in direction of setting in vitro
and in vivo nanomaterial Nano EHS testing protocols that are validated
ïŒ to produce the same results in multiple laboratories internationally and
ïŒ correlating the obtained results with obtained or predictive in-vivo data.