This document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology. It begins by defining key terms like nanometer and describing early concepts in nanotechnology. It then explores different nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanorods, cantilevers, and quantum dots; how they are used for cancer detection and DNA analysis; and techniques like microfluidics. The document also covers applications in drug delivery, medical imaging, and surgery. Overall, the document outlines the growing role of nanotechnology across many areas of medical diagnosis and treatment.
THE FUTURE OF NANOMEDINE
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials (materials whose structure is on the scale of nanometers, i.e. billionths of a meter).
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
Nanotechnology and potential in Cancer therapy and treatmentladen12
this presentation focuses on new nanotechnology and it possible use in detection and therapy with cancer. it was prepared by final year biochemistry student at NCU.
THE FUTURE OF NANOMEDINE
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials (materials whose structure is on the scale of nanometers, i.e. billionths of a meter).
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
Nanotechnology and potential in Cancer therapy and treatmentladen12
this presentation focuses on new nanotechnology and it possible use in detection and therapy with cancer. it was prepared by final year biochemistry student at NCU.
Nanotechnology & nanobiotechnology by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction &definition
a) Nanotechnology
b) Nanobiotechnology
History
Terms related to Nanotechnology
Nanoscale technology
Some Nanoscale related terms
What are Nanosensors
How nanosensors work
DNA Nanotechnology
How Nanotechnology works in different fields
Advantages & application of Nanotechnology
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology is a field that deals with things at molecular level that is as tiny as 10^(-9) of units and finds very useful implementations from cleaning clothes to curing the "incurable"--CANCER.
Nanotechnology refers to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale, leading to the controlled manipulation and study of structures and devices with length scales in the 1- to 100-nanometers range.
Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the namometre scale are utilized in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems.
Nanorobotics,
Application of Nanorobotics,
Parts of Nanorobotics, challenges
cons of nanorobots
nanorobot drug delivery
nanorobotics in cancer
nanorobot in blood clot
nanorobotics in kidney stone
use of nanorobots in cell surgery
nanotechnology in gout
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology
1. D R . E K I R A N K U M A R
P R O F E S S O R O F P A T H O L O G Y
G A Y A T R I V I D Y A P A R I S H A D M E D I C A L
C O L L E G E
V I S A K H A P A T N A M
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY
2. The prefix “nano” derived from Greek word “dwarf”, while the
term “nanotechnology” was coined by the Japanese researcher
Norio Tangiuch in 1974.
Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering of
functional systems at a very micro level or even at an atomic
level.
Collective term for a range of technologies, techniques and
processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the
smallest scale
3. It is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and
systems through the control of matter on the nanometer (1
billionth of a meter, 10-9)-length scale.
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. It's difficult to imagine
anything so small, but think of something only 1/80,000 the
width of a human hair. Ten hydrogen atoms could be laid
side-by side in a single nanometer.
Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is a general description that can be
applied to several methods.
4. The first concept of nanotechnology was given was
famous physicist Sr. Richard Feynman
Invention of scanning tunneling microscope in 1981
and the discovery of fullerene(C60) in 1985 lead
emergence of Nanotechnology.
Cell Repair Machines - “By working along molecule by
molecule and structure by structure, repair machines will
be able to repair whole cells. By working along cell by cell
and tissue by tissue, they…will be able to repair whole
organs…they will restore health.” - Drexler, 1986
5. Nanotechnology is defined by the National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) as “the
understanding and control of matter at dimensions
between approximately 1 and 100 nm, where unique
phenomena enable novel applications.
6. WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
The physical and chemical properties of matter
change in the nanoscale.
These changes involve quantum effects that are
not studied during traditional pathology training
programs.
In brief, as the size of a particulate approaches the
nanoscale, an increasing percentage of the atoms in
the material are at the particle surface.
At a critical point the fundamental properties of
matter change.
7. NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Information Technology, Energy
Medicine , Consumer Goods
Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and
other IT-based systems
More efficient and cost effective technologies for energy production −
Solar cells − Fuel cells − Batteries − Bio fuels
•Foods and beverages −Advanced packaging materials, sensors, and
lab-on-chips for food quality testing •Appliances and textiles −Stain
proof, water proof and wrinkle free textiles •Household and cosmetics
− Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics
Medical applications - Cancer treatment •Bone treatment •Drug
delivery •Appetite control •Drug development •Medical tools
•Diagnostic tests •Imaging
8. Nanotechnology for Medical Diagnosis and
Therapeutics
Provides new materials with novel properties and
function for various biomedical applications such as
diagnostics, drug delivery, therapy, tissue engineering
and biosensors.
In medical diagnosis, covers all fields for imaging,
measuring, and manipulating matter at the nanoscale
and has important application in diagnosis, prevention
and treatment.
Ability to enable early detection, prevention, treatment
and follow up of many life-threatening disease including
cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and
AIDS as well as infectious diseases.
10. Approaches in nanotechnology
There is variety of methods to synthesize
nanoparticles such as physical, chemical and
biological synthesis.
The common ways to produce nanomaterials are :
1. Bottom up
2. Top down
11. Bottom up:
Different materials and devices are constructed from
molecular components of their own.
They chemically assemble themselves by recognizing
the molecules of their own breed.
Examples of molecular self assembly are
Watson crick base pairing
Nanolithoghraphy
12. Top down:
Nano objects and materials are created by larger
entities without bouncing its atomic reactions
Usually top down approach is practiced less as
compared to the bottom up approach.
15. NANO DEVICES
Solid-state techniques can also be used to create
devices known as Nanoelectromechanical
systems or NEMS
Related to Microelectromechanical systems or
MEMS.
MEMS became practical once they could be
fabricated using modified semiconductor device
fabrication technologies, normally used to make
electronics
17. NANOMATERIALS
Materials having unique properties arising from
their nanoscale dimensions.
EXAMPLE:
1. Carbon nanotubes
2. Nanorods
3. Nanoscale Cantilevers
4. Nanopores
5. Nanoshells
6. Dendrimers
18. CARBON NANOTUBE
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a
cylindrical nanostructure.
They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto
132,000,000:1.
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural
family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow
structure with the walls formed by one-atom thick sheets
of carbon, called graphene.
19. Properties of carbon nanotubes-
Highest strength to weight ratio. Helps in creating
light weight space crafts.
Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls.
Helps in cancer treatment.
Electrical resistance changes significantly when
other molecules attach themselves to the carbon
atoms.
20. NANOTUBES-MARKING MUTATIONS
Helps identify DNA changes associated with cancer.
Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter
of a molecule of DNA that not only can detect the
presence of altered genes, but they may help to
pinpoint the exact location of those changes.
To prepare DNA for nanotube analysis, scientists
must attach a bulky molecule to regions of the DNA
that are associated with cancer.
They can design tags that seek out specific
mutations in the DNA and bind to them.
22. Using a nano tube tip, the physical shape of the DNA
can be traced.
A computer translates this information into
topographical map.
The bulky molecules identify the regions on the map
where mutations are present.
These techniques will be important in predicting the
disease.
23. NANORODS
It is one of the types of nanoscale objects.
Dimensions range from 1–100 nm.
They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
24. A combination of ligands act as shape control agents
and bond to different facets of the nanorod with
different strengths.
This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow at
different rates, producing an elongated object
25.
26. USES:
In display technologies, because the reflectivity of
the rods can be changed by changing their
orientation with an applied electric field.
In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
27. In cancer therapeutics. These are tiny crystals that
glow when these are stimulated by ultraviolet light.
The latex beads filled with these crystals when
stimulated by light, the colors they emit act as dyes
that light up the sequence of interest.
28. Combining different sized quantum dots within a
single bead, probes can be created
Probes release a distinct spectrum of various colors
and intensities of lights, serving as sort of spectral
bar code.
29. CANTILEVERS
These tiny levers, which are anchored at one end, can be
engineered to bind to molecules that represent some of the
changes associated with cancer.
They bind to altered DNA sequences or proteins that are
present in certain types of cancer.
When these molecules bind to the cantilevers, surface
tension changes, causing the cantilevers to bend.
By monitoring the bending of the cantilevers, scientists can
tell whether molecules are present.
Scientists hope this property will prove effective when cancer-
associated molecules are present--even in very low
concentrations--making cantilevers a potential tool for
detecting cancer in its early stages.
30.
31. NANOPORES
Tiny hole in a thin membrane, enough to allow a
single molecule of DNA to pass through.
Powerful sensors of molecules and ions.
Extracted from living organisms or fabricated using
nanotechnology.
DNA sequencing can be made more efficient by
allowing one strand to pass at a time
32. Shape and electrical properties of each base on the
strand can be monitored.
Used to decipher the encoded information, including
errors in the code known to be associated with
cancer.
33.
34. NANOSHELLS
Nanoshells are miniscule beads coated with gold.
By manipulating the thickness of the layers, the
beads can be designed that absorb specific
wavelength of light.
Nanoshells that absorb near infrared light that can
easily penetrate several centimeters in human tissues
are most useful
35. Absorption of light by nanoshells creates an intense
heat that is lethal to cells.
Nanoshells can be linked to antibodies that recognize
cancer cells.
In laboratory cultures, the heat generated by the
light-absorbing nanoshells has successfully killed
tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.
36.
37.
38. MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES (MNPs)
MNPs are employed in biosensors, magnetic
resonance imaging and nanoelectronics.
MNPs commonly consist of magnetic element such
as iron, nickel, and their derivatives.
MNPs are manipulated using external magnetic
field. This ‘action at a distance’ phenomenon
combined with intrinsic penetrability of magnetic
field into human tissue enables their detection in
vivo using MRI.
39. Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
(SPIONs)
made of an iron oxide core and coated by either
inorganic materials like silica or organic materials
such as phospholipids, natural polymers such as
dextran or chitosan.
SPIONs are a versatile agent for early diagnosis of
cancer, atherosclerosis and other diseases.
SPIONs are used as contrast agents for MRI imaging
and as an in-vitro application in bioassay by means of
a vehicle for the detection of biomarkers.
When SPION is used in biosensors it improves the
sensitivity and selectivity of diagnosis
40. CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a hallmark of
invasive behavior of cancer, responsible for the
development of metastasis. Their detection and
analysis have significant impacts in cancer biology
and clinical practice.
Nanotechnology shows strong promises for CTC
enrichment and detection owning to the unique
structural and functional properties of nanoscale
materials.
41. QUANTUM DOTS
Another minuscule molecule that will be used to detect cancer is a
quantum dot.
Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated
by ultraviolet light.
The wavelength, or color, of the light depends on the size of the
crystal.
Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to
specific DNA sequences.
By combining different sized quantum dots within a single bead,
scientists can create probes that release distinct colors and
intensities of light.
When the crystals are stimulated by UV light, each bead emits light
that serves as a sort of spectral bar code, identifying a particular
region of DNA.
42. GRAPHENE OXIDE
GO is thin layer of sp2 hybridized carbon, extensively
used for medical diagnosis due to its exciting
properties.
The sheets of GO, on which attached antibody binds
to the cancer cells which then tag the cancer cells
with fluorescent molecules to make the cancer cells
stand out in a microscope.
Besides, it can detect a very low level of cancer cells,
as low as 3 to 5 cancer cells in a one millilitre of
blood sample
43. GOLD AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES
AuNPs are most attractive and extensively studied
nanomaterials in bio-analytical field for medical
diagnosis, owing to its fascinating features such as
ease of synthesis, high biocompatibility and non-
cytotoxicity.
AuNPs have biomedical applications in labeling and
biosensing.
The Silver nanorods in a diagnostic system are being
used to separate viruses, bacteria and other
microscopic components of blood samples.
44. Gold Nanoparticle Tumor Detection
Functionalization of the nanoparticle with an
antibody specific to the tumor antigens
Then detect the nanoparticle by some spectroscopic
technique.
46. Other Nanodiagnostic techniques
Nanochips - One of the most common techniques
used today to analyze DNA sequences is
hybridization, or the pairing of separated strands of
DNA with complementary DNA strands of known
sequence that act as probes.
Currently, DNA chips called DNA micro array assays
are used to analyze DNA. Passive (non-electronic)
technologies can be slow, tedious, and prone to
errors because of nonspecific hybridization of the
DNA.
47. NANOCHIP
A company called Nanogen has developed a product
called the “Nanochip” that employs the power of an
electronic current that separates DNA probes to specific
sites on the array based on charge and size. Once these
probes are on specific sites of the nanochip, the test
sample (blood) can then be analyzed for target DNA
sequences by hybridization with these probes.
The DNA molecules that hybridize with target DNA
sequences fluoresce, which is detected and relayed back
to an onboard system through platinum wiring that is
present within the chip.
48. MICROFLUIDICS (LAB ON A CHIP)
The newest technologies within nanodiagnostics involve
microfluidics or “lab on a chip” systems, in which the
DNA sample is completely unknown.
The idea behind this kind of chip is simple: the
combination of numerous processes of DNA analysis are
combined on a single chip composed of a single glass and
silicon substrate.
The device itself is composed of microfabricated fluidic
channels, heaters, temperature sensors, electrophoretic
chambers, and fluorescence detectors to analyze
nanoliter-size DNA samples
49. DENDRIMERS
Hyperbranched tree like structure
Three different regions:
Core moiety
Branching unit
Closely packed surface
Less than a size of 10nm
50.
51. Uses of dendrimers:
Long circulatory and controlled delivery of bioactive
material
Targeted delivery of bioactive particles to
macrophages
Liver targeted delivery
52. NANOMEDICINE
Nanometer-sized particles have optical, magnetic,
chemical and structural properties with potential
applications in medicine.
Drug delivery
Medical imaging
Diagnosis and sensing
Therapy
53. Drug Delivery
A nanoparticle carries the pharmaceutical agent inside
its core, while its shell is functionalized with a ‘binding’
agent
Through the ‘binding’ agent, the ‘targeted’ nanoparticle
recognizes the target cell. Interacts with cell membrane.
Ingested inside the cell, and interacts with the
biomolecules inside the cell where it breaks, and the
pharmaceutical agent is released.
54. Nanoparticles for drug delivery can be
metal
polymer
lipid-based
Example :
SiRNA encapsulated, and functionalized with an
specific antibody.
55.
56. PLATELET MIMICRY
Nanoparticles coated with the membrane of blood
platelets are shielded from the body’s immune
responses, and possess platelet-like binding
properties that allow them to target desired cells and
tissues.
57.
58. Applications in Surgery
Minute surgical instruments and robots can be made
to perform microsurgeries.
Will be Precise and accurate, targeting
Visualization of surgery can also be improved by
Nanocameras
Computers can be used to control the nano-sized
surgical instruments.
Surgery could also be done on tissue, genetic and
cellular levels.
59. Miscellaneous Applications of
Nanotechnology
Snapshots of the human body for better understanding
The workings of cells, bacteria, viruses etc can be better
explored.
The causes of relatively new diseases can be found and
prevented.
Genome sequencing can be made much easier.
Biological causes of mental diseases can be monitored
and identified
Tissue engineering could also be done using nano-
materials.
60. LIMITATIONS
Experts report smaller particles are more bioactive
and toxic. Their ability to interact with other living
systems increases because they can easily cross the
skin, lung, and in some cases the blood/brain
barriers.
Once inside the body, there may be further
biochemical reactions like the creation of free
radicals that damage cells.
Carbon nanotubes could be as harmful as asbestos if
inhaled in sufficient quantities.
61. SUMMARY
Utilisation of nano sized particles at molecular level
Approaches
Examples:
1. Carbon nanotubes
2. Nanorods
3. Nanoscale Cantilevers
4. Nanopores
5. Nanoshells
6. Dendrimers
Bottom up
Top down
62. Uses :
Diagnostics
Drug delivery
Therapy
Biosensors
DNA mapping
Institutes of Nanoscience and Technology
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific
Reasearch
Amrita Centre for Nanosciences
63. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Researchers aim eventually to create nanodevices
that do much more than to diagnose and deliver
treatment seperately.
The goal is to create a single nanodevice that will do
many things:
Assist in imaging inside the body.
Recognize precancerous or cancerous cells
Release a drug that targets only those cells, and
Report back on the effectiveness of the treatment.
64. CONCLUSION
It has been proved that nanotechnology is a promising area of
scientific and technological advancement.
In nanotechnology, big things are expected from really small
things.
The introduction of biocompatible materials and devices that
are engineered on the nanometer scale that interact with
biological molecules and cells and provide specified
diagnostic, therapeutic, and imaging functions will utterly
change the way in which health care is provided in the future.
For nanotechnology to prosper there needs to be a true
unification of sciences, which will require a multidisciplinary
approach.