Nanotechnology: Unleashing the Marvels of the Minuscule | Enterprise WiredEnterprise Wired
This article unravels the intricate world of Nanotechnology, exploring its foundational principles, diverse applications across industries, the potential impact on various sectors, ethical considerations, and the promising future it heralds.
Nanotechnology_20231223_114542_0000.pdf in questions type presentationManishKumar822818
This is a presentation ppt on nanotechnology. This is a short presentation on nanotechnology.
This is question type presentation.
Topics covered is :
What is nanotechnology?
What is the current state of nanoscience and nanotechnology?
What are the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles?
How are nanoparticles formed?
What are the uses of nanoparticles in consumer products?
What are potential harmful effects of nanoparticles?
How can exposure to nanoparticles be measured?
Are current risk assessment methodologies for nanoparticles adequate?
Conclusion
Nanotechnology refers to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale, leading to the controlled manipulation and study of structures and devices with length scales in the 1- to 100-nanometers range.
What is Nanotechnology? A Technology which will change the world.FlactuateTech
Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation that involves building 'objects' - frequency, building materials, and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules. A nanometer is a billionth of a millionth: one ten times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. The diameter of human hair, on average, is about 80,000 nanometers.On such scales, the general rules of physics and chemistry no longer apply. For example, the properties of building materials, such as their color, strength, performance, and performance, can vary greatly between nanoscale and macro. Carbon 'nanotubes' are about 100 times stronger than steel but six times lighter.
This document provides an introduction to nanobiotechnology, including its concepts, scope, applications, and future prospects. It defines nanobiotechnology as the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) for biological applications. Examples of current applications include growing whole organs like bladders using stem cells, developing targeted cancer drug delivery, and creating polymers to detect metabolites. The future scope may include using molecular manufacturing to program nanobots for delicate surgeries and environmental repair like reconstructing the ozone layer. Overall, the document outlines how nanobiotechnology interfaces biology and nanoscale engineering.
This document summarizes recent applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used as fluorescent biological labels, for drug and gene delivery, and for detecting pathogens and proteins. Nanoparticles are a suitable size for biological tagging because they are comparable in size to proteins. The core nanoparticle is often coated with biocompatible materials and attached to biological coatings like antibodies. Recent applications discussed include using nanoparticles to stimulate bone growth for tissue engineering and destroying tumors through localized heating with nanoparticles.
This document summarizes recent applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used as fluorescent biological labels, for drug and gene delivery, and for detecting pathogens and proteins. Nanoparticles are a suitable size for biological tagging because they are comparable in size to proteins. The core nanoparticle is often coated with biocompatible materials and attached to biological coatings like antibodies. Recent applications discussed include using nanoparticles to stimulate bone growth for tissue engineering and destroying tumors through localized heating with nanoparticles.
Nanotechnology: Unleashing the Marvels of the Minuscule | Enterprise WiredEnterprise Wired
This article unravels the intricate world of Nanotechnology, exploring its foundational principles, diverse applications across industries, the potential impact on various sectors, ethical considerations, and the promising future it heralds.
Nanotechnology_20231223_114542_0000.pdf in questions type presentationManishKumar822818
This is a presentation ppt on nanotechnology. This is a short presentation on nanotechnology.
This is question type presentation.
Topics covered is :
What is nanotechnology?
What is the current state of nanoscience and nanotechnology?
What are the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles?
How are nanoparticles formed?
What are the uses of nanoparticles in consumer products?
What are potential harmful effects of nanoparticles?
How can exposure to nanoparticles be measured?
Are current risk assessment methodologies for nanoparticles adequate?
Conclusion
Nanotechnology refers to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale, leading to the controlled manipulation and study of structures and devices with length scales in the 1- to 100-nanometers range.
What is Nanotechnology? A Technology which will change the world.FlactuateTech
Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation that involves building 'objects' - frequency, building materials, and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules. A nanometer is a billionth of a millionth: one ten times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. The diameter of human hair, on average, is about 80,000 nanometers.On such scales, the general rules of physics and chemistry no longer apply. For example, the properties of building materials, such as their color, strength, performance, and performance, can vary greatly between nanoscale and macro. Carbon 'nanotubes' are about 100 times stronger than steel but six times lighter.
This document provides an introduction to nanobiotechnology, including its concepts, scope, applications, and future prospects. It defines nanobiotechnology as the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) for biological applications. Examples of current applications include growing whole organs like bladders using stem cells, developing targeted cancer drug delivery, and creating polymers to detect metabolites. The future scope may include using molecular manufacturing to program nanobots for delicate surgeries and environmental repair like reconstructing the ozone layer. Overall, the document outlines how nanobiotechnology interfaces biology and nanoscale engineering.
This document summarizes recent applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used as fluorescent biological labels, for drug and gene delivery, and for detecting pathogens and proteins. Nanoparticles are a suitable size for biological tagging because they are comparable in size to proteins. The core nanoparticle is often coated with biocompatible materials and attached to biological coatings like antibodies. Recent applications discussed include using nanoparticles to stimulate bone growth for tissue engineering and destroying tumors through localized heating with nanoparticles.
This document summarizes recent applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used as fluorescent biological labels, for drug and gene delivery, and for detecting pathogens and proteins. Nanoparticles are a suitable size for biological tagging because they are comparable in size to proteins. The core nanoparticle is often coated with biocompatible materials and attached to biological coatings like antibodies. Recent applications discussed include using nanoparticles to stimulate bone growth for tissue engineering and destroying tumors through localized heating with nanoparticles.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology and nanorobots in neurology and neurosurgery. It describes how nanorobots using molecular nanotechnology could be used for targeted drug delivery in the brain, nano-manipulation, nano-imaging, and non-surgical nano-repair. Advanced nanorobots may one day be able to keep all human body cells in perfect repair to prevent disease and aging. For neurology applications to be realized, advances are needed in chemistry, materials science, molecular biology, and neurophysiology, along with the design of specific nanoengineered applications for the nervous system.
This document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology. It begins by defining key terms like nanometer and describing early concepts in nanotechnology. It then explores different nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanorods, cantilevers, and quantum dots; how they are used for cancer detection and DNA analysis; and techniques like microfluidics. The document also covers applications in drug delivery, medical imaging, and surgery. Overall, the document outlines the growing role of nanotechnology across many areas of medical diagnosis and treatment.
This document discusses potential applications of nanotechnology across many fields. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the study and control of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, generally 100 nanometers or smaller. It then outlines several implications and applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, energy, environment, information/communication, aerospace, construction, and more. The document raises some health and environmental concerns regarding nanotechnology and discusses further research needed for many applications.
This document discusses the ethics of nanotechnology. It notes that while nanotechnology provides benefits, there are also risks that need to be addressed. Specifically, it points out that less than $500,000 was spent studying the environmental effects of nanotechnology despite $700 million in funding. It also says that guidelines need to be established to prevent unethical uses of nanotechnology by free-lance or government researchers.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale level, measured in nanometers. Writing an essay on this topic poses challenges such as presenting complex scientific concepts accessibly, addressing ethical implications, and synthesizing information from diverse sources coherently. The essay must balance technical precision with clarity for varied audiences, reflect the latest advances, and consider both promises and risks of nanotechnology through critical analysis. Producing a high-quality nanotechnology essay thus demands a combination of scientific expertise, strong communication skills, and thoughtful consideration of broader impacts.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and outlines several key areas. It begins by defining nanomedicine and its applications in areas like diagnostics, therapeutics, and future technologies. The introduction then summarizes some of the major achievements in the field over the past 15 years. The remainder of the document contains 8 articles that discuss topics like the design of nanomedicines, their interactions with the immune system, applications for diseases like cancer, diabetes, stroke and atherosclerosis, and the importance of patient stratification. It highlights how controlling properties like size, shape, surface characteristics and mechanics can improve drug delivery and addresses challenges to further clinical translation of nanomedicines.
This document provides information about nanotechnology. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology as the branch of technology dealing with dimensions less than 100 nanometers and the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. It then discusses the introduction and history of nanotechnology, including early concepts in 1959 and the first uses of the term in the 1970s and 1980s. The document outlines many applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, electronics, food, fuel cells, and more. It also discusses different approaches to nanotechnology like bottom-up, top-down, functional, biomimetic approaches. Finally, it covers advantages like benefits to electronics, energy, and manufacturing, as well as disadvantages such as possible job losses, effects on markets, and health
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and its potential applications. It discusses how nanotechnology can be applied to improve drug delivery through targeted delivery at the subcellular level. Some key applications mentioned include using nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery, as well as for molecular imaging and diagnostics. The document also notes the vast economic potential of nanotechnology and its anticipated $1 trillion impact over the next 15-20 years.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience involve the study and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, generally 1 to 100 nanometers. This document discusses potential medical applications of nanotechnology including earlier disease detection through biosensors, more targeted drug delivery through nanoparticles, regenerative medicine, and overcoming issues like drug resistance. However, there are also safety concerns to consider regarding potential health effects of nanoparticles on workers and risks if nanoparticles enter the body. Overall, nanomedicine is a promising field that could revolutionize disease diagnosis and treatment, but more research is still needed to fully realize its benefits and address safety issues.
Presentation on Nano-Robotics/ Nanotechnologyworm12521
Nano robotics, an emerging field at the intersection of nanotechnology and robotics, holds the promise of revolutionizing various aspects of medicine, manufacturing, and beyond. In a PowerPoint presentation on nano robotics, one can explore the intricacies and potential applications of these tiny machines, which operate at the nanoscale, often defined as dimensions less than 100 nanometers. One of the most compelling applications of nano robotics lies in medicine, where these miniature robots can be designed to navigate through the human body, delivering drugs with unprecedented precision to targeted areas, performing intricate surgeries, or even detecting and repairing damaged cells. This could revolutionize treatments for diseases such as cancer, where targeted drug delivery could minimize side effects and maximize efficacy. Additionally, nano robots could be utilized in diagnostics, with the ability to detect and monitor biomarkers for various diseases at an early stage, enabling more timely interventions. Beyond medicine, nano robotics holds promise in environmental remediation, with the potential to clean up pollutants at the molecular level, as well as in manufacturing, where nano robots could revolutionize processes by enabling precise control at the atomic scale, leading to the development of new materials and products with enhanced properties. However, despite the immense potential of nano robotics, there are also challenges and ethical considerations to be addressed, including ensuring the safety and reliability of these tiny machines, as well as considering the potential societal impacts of their widespread deployment. Nevertheless, as research in this field continues to advance, nano robotics stands poised to revolutionize various industries and improve countless lives.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and discusses several potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how nanomedicine technologies are being developed to provide continuous molecular diagnostics and therapeutics by developing nano-engineered systems that can seek out and repair diseased cells. It also discusses how nanotechnology is being used to develop novel drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine techniques using nanoscale scaffolds, and nanopatterned surfaces to elicit biological responses. Overall, the document outlines the promising role that nanotechnology and nanomedicine can play in revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment through applications like targeted drug delivery, artificial tissues, and medical implants.
The document discusses Alberta's strategy to become a global leader in nanotechnology. It outlines 3 key goals: 1) Collaborate with industry to commercialize nanotech solutions in energy, health, agriculture; 2) Attract and retain top talent; 3) Build infrastructure like research centers. The strategy aims to generate $20 billion in new economic activity by 2020 through nanotech-enabled products and applications.
Nanoparticles are materials that are less than 100 nanometers in size. They differ from other nanomaterials in that all three of their dimensions are at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles have applications in areas like medical imaging, drug delivery, and tissue staining. In drug delivery, nanoparticles can be used to increase drug solubility and prolong the effects of drugs. Polymer-based nanoparticles use polymers to attach to drugs to increase solubility and uptake by cells. Liposome-based delivery uses phospholipid vesicles to encapsulate drugs and target cancer cells. Overall, nanoparticles show promise for improving drug delivery and treating conditions like cancer.
nanobiotechnology, achievements and development prospectsYULIU384426
Nanobiotechnology has significant applications in fields like medicine, imaging, and drug delivery. It has been used to develop tools for intelligent drug delivery, gene therapy, biosensors, diagnostics, and biomaterials. Some key achievements include using nanoparticles for more precise disease detection, developing techniques to detect genetic sequences, creating protein chips to study proteomics, and developing systems to sort rare cells. Nanobiotechnology also shows promise for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery without viruses, using liposomes to cross cell membranes, engineering surfaces at the nanoscale, and streamlining the drug development process. Its future applications could include more precise diagnosis and regenerative medicine through technologies like nanosensors and nanomedicine. Continued development may help improve
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale from 1-100 nanometers. Key concepts discussed include the history and origins of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman in 1959 to the modern era. Fundamental concepts around nanoscale sizes from 1-100 nm are explained. Generations of nanotechnology development and approaches like top-down and bottom-up assembly are outlined. Applications of nanotechnology in various fields such as IT, medicine, robotics, and electronics are described. The document concludes by discussing future opportunities for nanotechnology in areas like pollution prevention, treatment, and manufacturing.
Nanotechnology involves controlling and manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scales, generally 100 nanometers or smaller. It has a wide range of potential applications but also raises concerns about environmental and health impacts. The term was coined in the 1970s but the concepts date back to Richard Feynman's 1959 talk about manipulating atoms and molecules. Research has accelerated in recent decades due to new technologies like scanning tunneling microscopes that allow viewing and manipulating structures at the nanoscale.
This document summarizes Barbara Karn's presentation to EPA nano grantees on nanotechnology and the environment. It defines nanotechnology as research and technology development at the 1-100 nanometer scale that allows control of structures at the atomic level. It discusses how the unique properties of nanomaterials could be used to detect and remediate environmental contaminants. It outlines EPA's nanotechnology research framework and grand challenges focusing on applications in environmental measurement, sustainable materials and processes, and implications for health and the environment. The presentation charges grantees to conduct research for environmentally responsible nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology & nanobiotechnology by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction &definition
a) Nanotechnology
b) Nanobiotechnology
History
Terms related to Nanotechnology
Nanoscale technology
Some Nanoscale related terms
What are Nanosensors
How nanosensors work
DNA Nanotechnology
How Nanotechnology works in different fields
Advantages & application of Nanotechnology
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
PART B Please response to these two original posts below. Wh.docxsmile790243
PART B
Please response to these two original posts below. When
responding to these posts, please either expand the
thought, add additional insights, or respectfully disagree
and explain why. Remember that we are after reasons
and arguments, and not simply the statement of
opinions.
Original Post 1
Are human lives intrinsically valuable? If so, in virtue of what? (Is
it our uniqueness, perhaps, or our autonomy, or something else?)
To begin, I would like to remind us that being intrinsically valuable
means having values for just being us and nothing else. I believe
that human lives are intrinsically valuable in virtue of our
uniqueness. As a bio nerd, I would like to state the fact that there
are a lot of crossover events during meiosis, which create trillions
of different DNA combinations. Hence, from a biological
standpoint, without considering other aspects, being you is
already valuable because you are that one sperm that won the
race and got fertilized. On a larger scale, there are hardly two
people whose look and behaviors are the same in the same
family, unless they are identical twins. However, identical twins
still act differently and have differences (such as fingerprints).
Since we are raised in different families, we are taught different
things and have different cultures. In general, we all have
different genetic information, appearances, personalities, senses
of humor, ambitions, talents, interests and life experiences. These
characteristics make up our “unique individual value” and make
us so unique and irreplaceable.
I would also love to discuss how our diversities enrich and
contribute to society, but that would be a talk about our extrinsic
values.
Original Post 2
Are human lives intrinsically valuable? If so, in virtue of what? (Is
it our uniqueness, perhaps, or our autonomy, or something else?)
I believe that human lives are intrinsically valuable due to a
number of reasons. Firstly, human lives aren’t replaceable. You
can’t replace a human being with another just like you can
replace a broken laptop with brand new one. Part of the reason
why we tend to think this way is that we were nurtured with the
notion that there is, indeed, a special value to human life. This
could be in virtue of our uniqueness-- the fact that we are
sentient and capable of complex thoughts and emotions
separates us from any other species on this planet. From a
scientific standpoint, this is also one of the reasons as to why
humans became the dominant species in today’s age.
Moreover, human lives aren’t disposable. I think this is largely due
to us humans having the ability to empathize with others. We
understand that it’s morally inappropriate to take the life of
another individual even if they’re complete strangers because
they’re another human being like us who has their own thoughts,
values, memories, and stories. In a way, we have a strong
emotional connection to our own species. As .
Part C Developing Your Design SolutionThe Production Cycle.docxsmile790243
Part C Developing Your Design
Solution
The Production Cycle
Within the four stages of the design workflow there are two distinct parts.
The first three stages, as presented in Part B of this book, were described
as ‘The Hidden Thinking’ stages, as they are concerned with undertaking
the crucial behind-the-scenes preparatory work. You may have completed
them in terms of working through the book’s contents, but in visualisation
projects they will continue to command your attention, even if that is
reduced to a background concern.
You have now reached the second distinct part of the workflow which
involves developing your design solution. This stage follows a production
cycle, commencing with rationalising design ideas and moving through to
the development of a final solution.
The term cycle is appropriate to describe this stage as there are many loops
of iteration as you evolve rapidly between conceptual, practical and
technical thinking. The inevitability of this iterative cycle is, in large part,
again due to the nature of this pursuit being more about optimisation rather
than an expectation of achieving that elusive notion of perfection. Trade-
offs, compromises, and restrictions are omnipresent as you juggle ambition
and necessary pragmatism.
How you undertake this stage will differ considerably depending on the
nature of your task. The creation of a relatively simple, single chart to be
slotted into a report probably will not require the same rigour of a formal
production cycle that the development of a vast interactive visualisation to
be used by the public would demand. This is merely an outline of the most
you will need to do – you should edit, adapt and participate the steps to fit
with your context.
There are several discrete steps involved in this production cycle:
Conceiving ideas across the five layers of visualisation design.
Wireframing and storyboarding designs.
Developing prototypes or mock-up versions.
219
Testing.
Refining and completing.
Launching the solution.
Naturally, the specific approach for developing your design solution (from
prototyping through to launching) will vary hugely, depending particularly
on your skills and resources: it might be an Excel chart, or a Tableau
dashboard, an infographic created using Adobe Illustrator, or a web-based
interactive built with the D3.js library. As I have explained in the book’s
introduction, I’m not going to attempt to cover the myriad ways of
implementing a solution; that would be impossible to achieve as each task
and tool would require different instructions.
For the scope of this book, I am focusing on taking you through the first
two steps of this cycle – conceiving ideas and wireframing/storyboarding.
There are parallels here with the distinctions between architecture (design)
and engineering (execution) – I’m effectively chaperoning you through to
the conclusion of your design thinking.
To fulfil this, Part C presents a detailed breakdown of the many design
.
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This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology and nanorobots in neurology and neurosurgery. It describes how nanorobots using molecular nanotechnology could be used for targeted drug delivery in the brain, nano-manipulation, nano-imaging, and non-surgical nano-repair. Advanced nanorobots may one day be able to keep all human body cells in perfect repair to prevent disease and aging. For neurology applications to be realized, advances are needed in chemistry, materials science, molecular biology, and neurophysiology, along with the design of specific nanoengineered applications for the nervous system.
This document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology. It begins by defining key terms like nanometer and describing early concepts in nanotechnology. It then explores different nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanorods, cantilevers, and quantum dots; how they are used for cancer detection and DNA analysis; and techniques like microfluidics. The document also covers applications in drug delivery, medical imaging, and surgery. Overall, the document outlines the growing role of nanotechnology across many areas of medical diagnosis and treatment.
This document discusses potential applications of nanotechnology across many fields. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the study and control of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, generally 100 nanometers or smaller. It then outlines several implications and applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, energy, environment, information/communication, aerospace, construction, and more. The document raises some health and environmental concerns regarding nanotechnology and discusses further research needed for many applications.
This document discusses the ethics of nanotechnology. It notes that while nanotechnology provides benefits, there are also risks that need to be addressed. Specifically, it points out that less than $500,000 was spent studying the environmental effects of nanotechnology despite $700 million in funding. It also says that guidelines need to be established to prevent unethical uses of nanotechnology by free-lance or government researchers.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale level, measured in nanometers. Writing an essay on this topic poses challenges such as presenting complex scientific concepts accessibly, addressing ethical implications, and synthesizing information from diverse sources coherently. The essay must balance technical precision with clarity for varied audiences, reflect the latest advances, and consider both promises and risks of nanotechnology through critical analysis. Producing a high-quality nanotechnology essay thus demands a combination of scientific expertise, strong communication skills, and thoughtful consideration of broader impacts.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and outlines several key areas. It begins by defining nanomedicine and its applications in areas like diagnostics, therapeutics, and future technologies. The introduction then summarizes some of the major achievements in the field over the past 15 years. The remainder of the document contains 8 articles that discuss topics like the design of nanomedicines, their interactions with the immune system, applications for diseases like cancer, diabetes, stroke and atherosclerosis, and the importance of patient stratification. It highlights how controlling properties like size, shape, surface characteristics and mechanics can improve drug delivery and addresses challenges to further clinical translation of nanomedicines.
This document provides information about nanotechnology. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology as the branch of technology dealing with dimensions less than 100 nanometers and the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. It then discusses the introduction and history of nanotechnology, including early concepts in 1959 and the first uses of the term in the 1970s and 1980s. The document outlines many applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, electronics, food, fuel cells, and more. It also discusses different approaches to nanotechnology like bottom-up, top-down, functional, biomimetic approaches. Finally, it covers advantages like benefits to electronics, energy, and manufacturing, as well as disadvantages such as possible job losses, effects on markets, and health
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and its potential applications. It discusses how nanotechnology can be applied to improve drug delivery through targeted delivery at the subcellular level. Some key applications mentioned include using nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery, as well as for molecular imaging and diagnostics. The document also notes the vast economic potential of nanotechnology and its anticipated $1 trillion impact over the next 15-20 years.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience involve the study and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, generally 1 to 100 nanometers. This document discusses potential medical applications of nanotechnology including earlier disease detection through biosensors, more targeted drug delivery through nanoparticles, regenerative medicine, and overcoming issues like drug resistance. However, there are also safety concerns to consider regarding potential health effects of nanoparticles on workers and risks if nanoparticles enter the body. Overall, nanomedicine is a promising field that could revolutionize disease diagnosis and treatment, but more research is still needed to fully realize its benefits and address safety issues.
Presentation on Nano-Robotics/ Nanotechnologyworm12521
Nano robotics, an emerging field at the intersection of nanotechnology and robotics, holds the promise of revolutionizing various aspects of medicine, manufacturing, and beyond. In a PowerPoint presentation on nano robotics, one can explore the intricacies and potential applications of these tiny machines, which operate at the nanoscale, often defined as dimensions less than 100 nanometers. One of the most compelling applications of nano robotics lies in medicine, where these miniature robots can be designed to navigate through the human body, delivering drugs with unprecedented precision to targeted areas, performing intricate surgeries, or even detecting and repairing damaged cells. This could revolutionize treatments for diseases such as cancer, where targeted drug delivery could minimize side effects and maximize efficacy. Additionally, nano robots could be utilized in diagnostics, with the ability to detect and monitor biomarkers for various diseases at an early stage, enabling more timely interventions. Beyond medicine, nano robotics holds promise in environmental remediation, with the potential to clean up pollutants at the molecular level, as well as in manufacturing, where nano robots could revolutionize processes by enabling precise control at the atomic scale, leading to the development of new materials and products with enhanced properties. However, despite the immense potential of nano robotics, there are also challenges and ethical considerations to be addressed, including ensuring the safety and reliability of these tiny machines, as well as considering the potential societal impacts of their widespread deployment. Nevertheless, as research in this field continues to advance, nano robotics stands poised to revolutionize various industries and improve countless lives.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and discusses several potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how nanomedicine technologies are being developed to provide continuous molecular diagnostics and therapeutics by developing nano-engineered systems that can seek out and repair diseased cells. It also discusses how nanotechnology is being used to develop novel drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine techniques using nanoscale scaffolds, and nanopatterned surfaces to elicit biological responses. Overall, the document outlines the promising role that nanotechnology and nanomedicine can play in revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment through applications like targeted drug delivery, artificial tissues, and medical implants.
The document discusses Alberta's strategy to become a global leader in nanotechnology. It outlines 3 key goals: 1) Collaborate with industry to commercialize nanotech solutions in energy, health, agriculture; 2) Attract and retain top talent; 3) Build infrastructure like research centers. The strategy aims to generate $20 billion in new economic activity by 2020 through nanotech-enabled products and applications.
Nanoparticles are materials that are less than 100 nanometers in size. They differ from other nanomaterials in that all three of their dimensions are at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles have applications in areas like medical imaging, drug delivery, and tissue staining. In drug delivery, nanoparticles can be used to increase drug solubility and prolong the effects of drugs. Polymer-based nanoparticles use polymers to attach to drugs to increase solubility and uptake by cells. Liposome-based delivery uses phospholipid vesicles to encapsulate drugs and target cancer cells. Overall, nanoparticles show promise for improving drug delivery and treating conditions like cancer.
nanobiotechnology, achievements and development prospectsYULIU384426
Nanobiotechnology has significant applications in fields like medicine, imaging, and drug delivery. It has been used to develop tools for intelligent drug delivery, gene therapy, biosensors, diagnostics, and biomaterials. Some key achievements include using nanoparticles for more precise disease detection, developing techniques to detect genetic sequences, creating protein chips to study proteomics, and developing systems to sort rare cells. Nanobiotechnology also shows promise for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery without viruses, using liposomes to cross cell membranes, engineering surfaces at the nanoscale, and streamlining the drug development process. Its future applications could include more precise diagnosis and regenerative medicine through technologies like nanosensors and nanomedicine. Continued development may help improve
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale from 1-100 nanometers. Key concepts discussed include the history and origins of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman in 1959 to the modern era. Fundamental concepts around nanoscale sizes from 1-100 nm are explained. Generations of nanotechnology development and approaches like top-down and bottom-up assembly are outlined. Applications of nanotechnology in various fields such as IT, medicine, robotics, and electronics are described. The document concludes by discussing future opportunities for nanotechnology in areas like pollution prevention, treatment, and manufacturing.
Nanotechnology involves controlling and manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scales, generally 100 nanometers or smaller. It has a wide range of potential applications but also raises concerns about environmental and health impacts. The term was coined in the 1970s but the concepts date back to Richard Feynman's 1959 talk about manipulating atoms and molecules. Research has accelerated in recent decades due to new technologies like scanning tunneling microscopes that allow viewing and manipulating structures at the nanoscale.
This document summarizes Barbara Karn's presentation to EPA nano grantees on nanotechnology and the environment. It defines nanotechnology as research and technology development at the 1-100 nanometer scale that allows control of structures at the atomic level. It discusses how the unique properties of nanomaterials could be used to detect and remediate environmental contaminants. It outlines EPA's nanotechnology research framework and grand challenges focusing on applications in environmental measurement, sustainable materials and processes, and implications for health and the environment. The presentation charges grantees to conduct research for environmentally responsible nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology & nanobiotechnology by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction &definition
a) Nanotechnology
b) Nanobiotechnology
History
Terms related to Nanotechnology
Nanoscale technology
Some Nanoscale related terms
What are Nanosensors
How nanosensors work
DNA Nanotechnology
How Nanotechnology works in different fields
Advantages & application of Nanotechnology
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
Similar to Literature Review Structure Title Author’s name Abst.docx (20)
PART B Please response to these two original posts below. Wh.docxsmile790243
PART B
Please response to these two original posts below. When
responding to these posts, please either expand the
thought, add additional insights, or respectfully disagree
and explain why. Remember that we are after reasons
and arguments, and not simply the statement of
opinions.
Original Post 1
Are human lives intrinsically valuable? If so, in virtue of what? (Is
it our uniqueness, perhaps, or our autonomy, or something else?)
To begin, I would like to remind us that being intrinsically valuable
means having values for just being us and nothing else. I believe
that human lives are intrinsically valuable in virtue of our
uniqueness. As a bio nerd, I would like to state the fact that there
are a lot of crossover events during meiosis, which create trillions
of different DNA combinations. Hence, from a biological
standpoint, without considering other aspects, being you is
already valuable because you are that one sperm that won the
race and got fertilized. On a larger scale, there are hardly two
people whose look and behaviors are the same in the same
family, unless they are identical twins. However, identical twins
still act differently and have differences (such as fingerprints).
Since we are raised in different families, we are taught different
things and have different cultures. In general, we all have
different genetic information, appearances, personalities, senses
of humor, ambitions, talents, interests and life experiences. These
characteristics make up our “unique individual value” and make
us so unique and irreplaceable.
I would also love to discuss how our diversities enrich and
contribute to society, but that would be a talk about our extrinsic
values.
Original Post 2
Are human lives intrinsically valuable? If so, in virtue of what? (Is
it our uniqueness, perhaps, or our autonomy, or something else?)
I believe that human lives are intrinsically valuable due to a
number of reasons. Firstly, human lives aren’t replaceable. You
can’t replace a human being with another just like you can
replace a broken laptop with brand new one. Part of the reason
why we tend to think this way is that we were nurtured with the
notion that there is, indeed, a special value to human life. This
could be in virtue of our uniqueness-- the fact that we are
sentient and capable of complex thoughts and emotions
separates us from any other species on this planet. From a
scientific standpoint, this is also one of the reasons as to why
humans became the dominant species in today’s age.
Moreover, human lives aren’t disposable. I think this is largely due
to us humans having the ability to empathize with others. We
understand that it’s morally inappropriate to take the life of
another individual even if they’re complete strangers because
they’re another human being like us who has their own thoughts,
values, memories, and stories. In a way, we have a strong
emotional connection to our own species. As .
Part C Developing Your Design SolutionThe Production Cycle.docxsmile790243
Part C Developing Your Design
Solution
The Production Cycle
Within the four stages of the design workflow there are two distinct parts.
The first three stages, as presented in Part B of this book, were described
as ‘The Hidden Thinking’ stages, as they are concerned with undertaking
the crucial behind-the-scenes preparatory work. You may have completed
them in terms of working through the book’s contents, but in visualisation
projects they will continue to command your attention, even if that is
reduced to a background concern.
You have now reached the second distinct part of the workflow which
involves developing your design solution. This stage follows a production
cycle, commencing with rationalising design ideas and moving through to
the development of a final solution.
The term cycle is appropriate to describe this stage as there are many loops
of iteration as you evolve rapidly between conceptual, practical and
technical thinking. The inevitability of this iterative cycle is, in large part,
again due to the nature of this pursuit being more about optimisation rather
than an expectation of achieving that elusive notion of perfection. Trade-
offs, compromises, and restrictions are omnipresent as you juggle ambition
and necessary pragmatism.
How you undertake this stage will differ considerably depending on the
nature of your task. The creation of a relatively simple, single chart to be
slotted into a report probably will not require the same rigour of a formal
production cycle that the development of a vast interactive visualisation to
be used by the public would demand. This is merely an outline of the most
you will need to do – you should edit, adapt and participate the steps to fit
with your context.
There are several discrete steps involved in this production cycle:
Conceiving ideas across the five layers of visualisation design.
Wireframing and storyboarding designs.
Developing prototypes or mock-up versions.
219
Testing.
Refining and completing.
Launching the solution.
Naturally, the specific approach for developing your design solution (from
prototyping through to launching) will vary hugely, depending particularly
on your skills and resources: it might be an Excel chart, or a Tableau
dashboard, an infographic created using Adobe Illustrator, or a web-based
interactive built with the D3.js library. As I have explained in the book’s
introduction, I’m not going to attempt to cover the myriad ways of
implementing a solution; that would be impossible to achieve as each task
and tool would require different instructions.
For the scope of this book, I am focusing on taking you through the first
two steps of this cycle – conceiving ideas and wireframing/storyboarding.
There are parallels here with the distinctions between architecture (design)
and engineering (execution) – I’m effectively chaperoning you through to
the conclusion of your design thinking.
To fulfil this, Part C presents a detailed breakdown of the many design
.
PART A You will create a media piece based around the theme of a.docxsmile790243
PART A:
You will create a media piece based around the theme of “alternative facts.
Fake News:
Create a
series of 3
short, “fake news” articles or news videos. They should follow a specific theme. Make sure to have a clear understanding of WHY your fake news is being created (fake news is used by people, groups, companies, etc to convince an unsuspecting audience of something. It’s supposed to seem real, but the motivation behind it is to deceive. As part of this option, consider what your motivations are for your deception).
Part A: should be around 750 words for written tasks (or 250 for each 3 part task)
PART B:
The focus for this assignment is to demonstrate a
clear understanding of media conventions
, as well as
purpose
and
audience
. Therefore, along with your media product, you’ll also be required to submit a short
reflection
detailing why you created your product and for whom it was intended. You must discuss and analyze the elements within your media product (including why & how you used the persuasive techniques of ethos, logos and pathos) as well as the other elements of media you used and why.
.
Part 4. Implications to Nursing Practice & Implication to Patien.docxsmile790243
Part 4. Implications to Nursing Practice & Implication to Patient Outcomes
Provide a paragraph summary addressing the topics implications to nursing practice and patient outcomes. This section is NOT another review of the literature or introduction of new topics related to the PICOT question.
You may find if helpful to begin each topic with -
Nurses need to know …
Important patient outcomes include …
Example
– please note this is an older previous students work and so some references are older than 5 years.
Be sure to provide the PICOT question to begin this post.
PICOT Question:
P=Patient Population
I=Intervention
C=Comparison
O=Outcome
T=Time (duration):
In patients in the hospital, (P)
how does frequently provided patient hand washing (I)
compared with patient initiated hand washing (C)
affect hospital acquired infection (O)
within the hospital stay (T)
Implications to Nursing Practice & Patient Outcomes
Nurses need to know that they play a significant role in the reduction of hospital acquired infection by ensuring by health care workers and patients wash hands since nurses have the most interactions with patients. Implementing hand hygiene protocol with patients can enhance awareness and decrease healthcare associated infection (HAI). Both nurses and patients need to know that HAI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well cost of treatment and length of hospital stay. Nurses and patients also need to know that most HAI is preventable. Gujral (2015) notes that proper hand hygiene is the single most important, simplest, and least expensive means of reducing prevalence of HAI and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Nurse and patient hand washing plays a vital role in decreasing healthcare costs and infections in all settings.
References
Gujral, H. (2015.) Survey shows importance of hand washing for infection prevention. American Nurse Today, 10 (10), 20. Retrieved from hEp://www.nursingworld.org/AmericanNurseToday
.
PART AHepatitis C is a chronic liver infection that can be e.docxsmile790243
PART A
Hepatitis C is a chronic liver infection that can be either silent (with no noticeable symptoms) or debilitating. Either way, 80% of infected persons experience continuing liver destruction. Chronic hepatitis C infection is the leading cause of liver transplants in the United States. The virus that causes it is blood borne, and therefore patients who undergo frequent procedures involving transfer of blood are particularly susceptible to infection. Kidney dialysis patients belong to this group. In 2008, a for-profit hemodialysis facility in New York was shut down after nine of its patients were confirmed as having become infected with hepatitis C while undergoing hemodialysis treatments there between 2001 and 2008.
When the investigation was conducted in 2008, investigators found that 20 of the facility’s 162 patients had been documented with hepatitis C infection at the time they began their association with the clinic. All the current patients were then offered hepatitis C testing, to determine how many had acquired hepatitis C during the time they were receiving treatment at the clinic. They were considered positive if enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests showed the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus.
Health officials did not test the workers at the hemodialysis facility for hepatitis C because they did not view them as likely sources of the nine new infections. Why not?
Why do you think patients were tested for antibody to the virus instead of for the presence of the virus itself?
Ref.: Cowan, M. K. (2014) (4th Ed.). Microbiology: A Systems Approach, McGraw Hill
PART B
Summary:
Directions for the students: There are 4 essay questions. Please be sure to complete all of them with thorough substantive responses. Current APA Citations are required for all responses.
1. Precisely what is microbial death?
2. Why does a population of microbes not die instantaneously when exposed to an antimicrobial agent?
3. Explain what is wrong with this statement: “Prior to vaccination, the patient’s skin was sterilized with alcohol.” What would be a more correct wording?
4. Conduct additional research on the use of triclosan and other chemical agents in antimicrobial products today. Develop an opinion on whether this process should continue, providing evidence and citations to support your stance.
.
Part A post your answer to the following question1. How m.docxsmile790243
Potential negative reactions from others to an adolescent questioning their sexual identity or gender role could negatively impact their social environment, behavior, and self-esteem. As social workers, we can play a role in creating a supportive environment for these adolescents by educating families and communities, advocating for inclusive policies, and providing counseling and resources to help adolescents accept themselves and develop coping strategies.
PART BPlease response to these two original posts below..docxsmile790243
PART B
Please response to these two original posts below. When responding to
these posts, please either expand the thought, add additional insights, or
respectfully disagree and explain why. Remember that we are after reasons
and arguments, and not simply the statement of opinions.
Original Post 1
"What is moral relativism? Why might people be attracted to it? Is
it plausible?"
First of all, moral relativism is the view that moral truths are
subjective and depend on each individual's standpoints. Based
on this, everyone's moral view is legitimate. This can be attracted
because it sounds liberating and there is no need to argue for a
particular position. Moral relativism seems convincing in some
cases. For example, some people are okay with giving money to
homeless people, thinking that it's good to provide for the people
in need. Some people, on the other hand, claim that they can
work to satisfy their own needs. Moral relativism works well in
these cases because they all seem legitimate. However, there are
cases that moral relativism does not seem reasonable. For
example, child sacrifice in some cultures seems cruel and
uncivilized to most people. Hence, moral relativism is not
absolutely true.
Original Post 2
“Is your death bad for you, specifically, or only (at most) for others? Why
might someone claim that it isn’t bad for you?”
I'd start off by acknowledging what the two ancient philosophers,
Lucretius and Epicurus, outlined about death. They made the
point that death isn't necessarily bad for you since no suffering
takes place and that you yourself don't realize your own death. In
this way, one could make the claim that death isn't intrinsically
bad for you.
Another perspective I wanted to add was the influence of death
(both on you and others around you). Specifically, the event of
death itself may not be bad for you, but the idea of impending
death could impact one's life. Some may live freely, totally care-
free, accepting of death and enjoy life in the moment. Others may
be frightened by the idea of death that they live in constant fear
and hence death causing their mental health to take its toll. In
this way, I'd argue that death could, in fact, be bad for you. One
common reason for being afraid of death is the fear of being
forgotten. Not to mention the death of an individual certainly
affects others; death doesn't affect one's life but also all that is
connected to it. Focusing back to the point, it's clear that the
very idea of death directly affects the concerned individual. The
fact that those who live in fear of death are looking for legacies
and footprints to leave after they leave this world is telling of how
death could be arguably bad for you before it even happens.
PART A
Pick one or more questions below and write a substantive post
with >100 words. Please try to provide evidence(s) to support
your idea(s).
Questions:
• Do we have a duty to work out whe.
Part A (50 Points)Various men and women throughout history .docxsmile790243
Part A (50 Points):
Various men and women throughout history have made important contributions to the development of statistical science. Select any one (1) individual from the list below and write a 2 page summary of their influence on statistics. Be specific in detail to explain the concepts they developed and how this advanced our understanding and application of statistics.
Florence Nightingale
Francis Galton
Thomas Bayes
Part B (50 Points):
Select any one statistical concept you learned in this course and explain how it can be applied to our understanding of the Covid-19 pandemic (2 pages). You should use a specific example and include at least one diagram to illustrate your answer.
Please note: Your work must be original and not copied directly from other sources. No citations are needed. Be sure to submit this assignment in Blackboard on the due date specified.
.
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins with a matching exercise identifying structures of the urinary system. The second part addresses UTIs in more detail. It defines a UTI, discusses the microorganisms that cause UTIs and where they enter the body. It also explains common signs and symptoms of UTIs, as well as diagnostic tests and treatments. The document concludes by noting that UTIs are more common in women and describes some ways women can reduce their risk.
Part A Develop an original age-appropriate activity for your .docxsmile790243
The document describes developing two original age-appropriate activities for preschoolers. The first activity uses either Froebel's cube gift, parquetry gift, or Lincoln Logs and identifies two skills it develops. The second activity promotes the same skills but is based on the Montessori method. The summary describes each activity and notes two key differences between them.
Part 3 Social Situations2. Identify multicultural challenges th.docxsmile790243
Part 3: Social Situations
2. Identify multicultural challenges that your chosen individual may face as a recent
refugee.
• What are some of the issues that can arise for someone who has recently
immigrated to a new country?
• Explain how these multicultural challenges could impact your chosen individual’s
four areas of development?
3. Suggest plans of action or resources that you feel should be provided to this family to
assist them in proper develop
Part 3: Social Situations
• Proposal paper which identifies multicultural challenges that your chosen individual may face as a recent refugee.
• Suggested plan of action and/or resources which should be implemented to address the multicultural challenges.
• 2-3 Pages in length
• APA Formatting
• Submission will be checked for plagiaris
.
Part A (1000 words) Annotated Bibliography - Create an annota.docxsmile790243
Part A
(1000 words): Annotated Bibliography - Create an annotated bibliography that focuses on ONE particular aspect of current Software Engineering that face a world with different cultural standards. At least seven (7) peer-reviewed articles must be used for this exercise.
Part B
(3000 words):
Research Report
- Write a report of the analysis and synthesis using the
(Part A
) foundational
Annotated Bibliography
.
Part C (500 words): Why is it important to try to minimize complexity in a software system.
Part D (500 words): What are the advantages and disadvantages to companies that are developing software products that use cloud servers to support their development process?
Part E (500 words): Explain why each microservice should maintain its own data. Explain how data in service replicas can be kept consistent?
.
Part 6 Disseminating Results Create a 5-minute, 5- to 6-sli.docxsmile790243
Part 6: Disseminating Results
Create a 5-minute, 5- to 6-slide narrated PowerPoint presentation of your Evidence-Based Project:
· Be sure to incorporate any feedback or changes from your presentation submission in Module 5.
· Explain how you would disseminate the results of your project to an audience. Provide a rationale for why you selected this dissemination strategy.
Points Range: 81 (81%) - 90 (90%)
The narrated presentation accurately and completely summarizes the evidence-based project. The narrated presentation is professional in nature and thoroughly addresses all components of the evidence-based project.
The narrated presentation accurately and clearly explains in detail how to disseminate the results of the project to an audience, citing specific and relevant examples.
The narrated presentation accurately and clearly provides a justification that details the selection of this dissemination strategy that is fully supported by specific and relevant examples.
The narrated presentation provides a complete, detailed, and specific synthesis of two outside resources related to the dissemination strategy explained. The narrated presentation fully integrates at least two outside resources and two or three course-specific resources that fully support the presentation.
Written Expression and Formatting—Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria.
Points Range: 5 (5%) - 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion is provided which delineates all required criteria.
Written Expression and Formatting—English Writing Standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation.
Points Range: 5 (5%) - 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
Evidenced Based Change
Leslie Hill
Walden University
Introduction/PurposeChange is inevitable.Health care organizations need change to improve.There are challenges that need to be addressed(Baraka-Johnson et al. 2019).Challenges should be addressed using evidence-based research.These changes enhance professionalism therefore improving quality of care and quality of life.The purpose of this paper is to identify an existing problem in health care and suggest a change idea that would be effective in addressing the problem. The paper also articulates risks associated with the change process, how to distribute the change information and how to implement change successfully.
Organizational CultureThe Organization is a hospice facilityOffers end of life care for pain and symptom managementThe health care providers cu.
Part 3 Social Situations • Proposal paper which identifies multicul.docxsmile790243
Part 3: Social Situations • Proposal paper which identifies multicultural challenges that your chosen individual may face as a recent refugee. • Suggested plan of action and/or resources which should be implemented to address the multicultural challenges. • 2-3 Pages in length • APA Formatting • Submission will be checked for plagiarism
Part 3: Social Situations 2. Identify multicultural challenges that your chosen individual may face as a recent refugee. • What are some of the issues that can arise for someone who has recently immigrated to a new country? • Explain how these multicultural challenges could impact your chosen individual’s four areas of development? 3. Suggest plans of action or resources that you feel should be provided to this family to assist them in proper development.
.
Part 3 Social Situations 2. Identify multicultural challenges that .docxsmile790243
Part 3: Social Situations 2. Identify multicultural challenges that your chosen individual may face as a recent refugee. • What are some of the issues that can arise for someone who has recently immigrated to a new country? • Explain how these multicultural challenges could impact your chosen individual’s four areas of development? 3. Suggest plans of action or resources that you feel should be provided to this family to assist them in proper development.
Part 3: Social Situations • Proposal paper which identifies multicultural challenges that your chosen individual may face as a recent refugee. • Suggested plan of action and/or resources which should be implemented to address the multicultural challenges. • 2-3 Pages in length • APA Formatting • Submission will be checked for plagiarism
.
Part 2The client is a 32-year-old Hispanic American male who c.docxsmile790243
Part 2
The client is a 32-year-old Hispanic American male who came to the United States when he was in high school with his father. His mother died back in Mexico when he was in school. He presents today to the PMHNPs office for an initial appointment for complaints of depression. The client was referred by his PCP after “routine” medical work-up to rule out an organic basis for his depression. He has no other health issues except for some occasional back pain and “stiff” shoulders which he attributes to his current work as a laborer in a warehouse. the “Montgomery- Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)” and obtained a score of 51 (indicating severe depression). reports that he always felt like an outsider as he was “teased” a lot for being “black” in high school. States that he had few friends, and basically kept to himself. He also reports a remarkably diminished interest in engaging in usual activities, states that he has gained 15 pounds in the last 2 months. He is also troubled with insomnia which began about 6 months ago, but have been progressively getting worse. He does report poor concentration which he reports is getting in “trouble” at work.
· Decision #1: start Zoloft 25mg orally daily
· Which decision did you select?
· Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
· What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
· Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
· Decision #2: Client returns to clinic in four weeks, reports a 25% decrease in symptoms but concerned over the new onset of erectile dysfunction
*add Augmentin Wellbutrin IR 150mg in the morning
· Why did you select this decision? Support y our response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
· What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
· Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
· Decision #3: Client returns to clinic in four weeks, Client stated that depressive symptoms have decreased even more and his erectile dysfunction has abated
· Client reports that he has been feeling “jittery” and sometimes “nervous”
*change to Wellbutrin XL 150mg daily
· Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
· What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
· Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
Explain how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.
Conclusion.
Part 2For this section of the template, focus on gathering deta.docxsmile790243
Part 2:
For this section of the template, focus on gathering details about common, specific learning disabilities. These disabilities fall under the IDEA disability categories you researched for the chart above. Review the textbook and the topic study materials and use them to complete the chart.
Learning Disability Definition Characteristics Common Assessments for Diagnosis Potential Effect on Learning and Other Areas of Life Basic Strategies for Addressing the Disability
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
Dyscalculia
Dysgraphia
Dyslexia
Dysphasia/Aphasia
Dyspraxia
Language Processing Disorder (LPD)
Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities
Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
.
Part 2 Observation Summary and Analysis • Summary paper of observat.docxsmile790243
Part 2: Observation Summary and Analysis • Summary paper of observation findings for each area of development and connection to the observed participant. • Comprehensive description of the observed participant. • Analyzed observation experience with course material to determine whetherthe participant is developmentally on track for each area of development. • 4 Pages in length • APA Formatting • Submission will be checked for plagiarism
Part 2: Observation Summary and Analysis 1. Review and implement any comments from your instructor for Part 1: Observation. 2. Describe the participant that you observed. • Share your participant’s first name (can be fictional name if participant wants to remain anonymous), age, physical attributes, and you initial impressions. 3. Analyze your observation findings for each area of development (physical, cognitive, social/emotional, and spiritual/moral). • Explain how your observations support the 3-5 bullets for each area of development that you identified in your Development Observation Guidefrom Part 1: Observation. • Explain whether or not your participant is developmentally on track for each area of development. 4. What stood out the most to you about the observation? 5. Include at least 2 credible sources
.
Part 2 Observation Summary and Analysis 1. Review and implement any.docxsmile790243
Part 2: Observation Summary and Analysis 1. Review and implement any comments from your instructor for Part 1: Observation. 2. Describe the participant that you observed. • Share your participant’s first name (can be fictional name if participant wants to remain anonymous), age, physical attributes, and you initial impressions. 3. Analyze your observation findings for each area of development (physical, cognitive, social/emotional, and spiritual/moral). • Explain how your observations support the 3-5 bullets for each area of development that you identified in your Development Observation Guidefrom Part 1: Observation. • Explain whether or not your participant is developmentally on track for each area of development. 4. What stood out the most to you about the observation? 5. Include at least 2 credible sources
Part 2: Observation Summary and Analysis • Summary paper of observation findings for each area of development and connection to the observed participant. • Comprehensive description of the observed participant. • Analyzed observation experience with course material to determine whetherthe participant is developmentally on track for each area of development. • 4-6 Pages in length • APA Formatting • Submission will be checked for plagiarism
.
Part 2Data collectionfrom your change study initiative,.docxsmile790243
Part 2:
Data collection
from your change study initiative, sample, method, display of the results of the data itself, process, and method of analysis (graphs, charts, frequency counts, descriptive statistics of the data, narrative)
Part 3: Interpretation of the results of the Data
Collection and
Analysis, address likely resistance, and provide recommendations for continuing
the study
or evaluating your change study/initiative.
.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Literature Review Structure Title Author’s name Abst.docx
1. Literature Review Structure
Title
Author’s name
Abstract (this can be written last; not necessary for rough draft)
Keywords (a list—not a glossary)
Introduction
Body Headers (these can/should reflect how you assimilate your
sources; see our model
literature reviews)
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
List of References
Neuroscience nanotechnology:
progress, opportunities and challenges
Abstract
What is nanotechnology?
Examples of current work
Applications in basic neuroscience
Applications in clinical neuroscience
Challenges and opportunities
The role of the neuroscientist
Future directions
Acknowledgements
Competing Interests Statement
Databases
Further Information
3. blood–brain barrier (BBB). The third section discusses
some of the unique challenges encountered when apply-
ing nanotechnology to neural cells and the nervous
system, and the tremendous impact this technology
might have on neuroscience research. The fourth sec-
tion attempts to define the roles of neuroscientists in
advancing neuroscience nanotechnology. The final
Departments of
Bioengineering and
Ophthalmology, and the
Neurosciences Program,
University of California,
San Diego, UCSD Jacobs
Retina Center 0946,
9415 Campus Point Drive,
La Jolla, California 92037-
0946, USA.
e-mail: [email protected]
doi:10.1038/nrn1827
Self-assembly
The self-organization of
molecules into supermolecular
structures. Self-assembly is
triggered by specific chemical
or physical variables, such as a
change in temperature or
concentration, and reflects an
energy minimization process.
section speculates on the results that might derive from
current applications of nanotechnology and the types
of applications that might have the earliest impact in
neuroscience.
4. What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnologies are technologies that use engineered
materials or devices with the smallest functional organi-
zation on the nanometre scale (that is, one billionth of a
metre) in at least one dimension, typically ranging from
1 to ~100 nanometres. This implies that some aspect of
the material or device can be manipulated and controlled
by physical and/or chemical means at nanometre resolu-
tions, which results in functional properties that are
unique to the engineered technology and not shown by
its constituent elements. For example, DNA self-assembly
can yield DNA nanotube supermolecular structures
that form electrically conducting nanowires that have
potential for use in nanoelectronic devices1. In addition,
boron-doped silicon nanowires can function as real-time
ultrahigh sensitive detectors for biological and chemical
factors2: nanowires modified with biotin specifically
and accurately detect picomolar concentrations of
streptavidin. Nanotechnologies are therefore primarily
defined by their functional properties, which determine
how they interact with other disciplines. Although the
chemical and/or physical make up of a nanomaterial or
device is important in the overall technological proc-
ess, it is secondary to their engineering and functional
properties. Considering the two examples described
above, DNA does not have the intrinsic capacity to
function as an electrically conducting nanowire, and
neither boron nor silicon can detect specific chemical
Neuroscience nanotechnology:
progress, opportunities and challenges
Gabriel A. Silva
Abstract | Nanotechnologies exploit materials and devices with
a functional
organization that has been engineered at the nanometre scale.
6. Top-down approaches
(for example, lithography)
a b
Bottom-up technologies
Materials or devices
engineered from constituent
elements such as specific
molecules that are organized
into higher-order functional
structures.
Top-down technologies
Materials or devices that are
engineered from a bulk
material. The various forms of
lithography are examples of
top-down engineering
approaches.
Lithography
The process of producing
patterns in bulk materials.
The most common forms of
lithography are those
associated with the production
of semiconductor integrated
circuits.
species. However, DNA nanowires and boron-doped
silicon have gained these novel functional properties.
These technologies are described by the new functional
outcomes of bringing these components together, not
because they had to contain DNA, or boron or silicon.
7. Other materials or devices can be made using the same
building blocks with different functional or engineered
outcomes, and both electrically conducting nanowires
and high-sensitivity chemical sensors can be produced
using other chemistry and synthetic approaches. In this
functional definition of nanotechnology, it is implicit
that this is not a new area of science per se, and that
the interdisciplinary convergence of basic fields (such
as chemistry, physics, mathematics and biology) and
applied fields (such as materials science and the vari-
ous areas of engineering) contributes to the functional
outcomes of the techno logy. In this framework, nano-
technology can be regarded as an interdisciplinary
pursuit that involves the design, synthesis and character-
ization of nanomaterials and devices that have the types
of property discussed above. In particular, this engineer-
ing definition of nanotechnology is what sets it apart
from chemistry. Chemistry is an integral component
of nanotechnology, but the two are not synonymous, a
point that is a potential source of confusion. Chemistry
involves the manipulation of matter at nanometre scales
resulting in chemical products with specific intrinsic
properties (for example, a defined melting point, pKa or
charge distribution) that affect how they interact with
their environments. As emphasized above, nanotechno-
logies are primarily defined in terms of their extrinsic
engineered functional properties (of which the intrinsic
chemistry could be one of many contributory factors
that define these properties).
From the neuroscientist’s perspective, the most
important aspect of nanotechnologies is the applica-
tion of these technologies to neuroscience questions and
challenges3,4. There are two key types of nano technology
application in neuroscience: ‘platform nanotechnolo-
8. gies’ that can be readily adapted to address neuroscience
questions; and ‘tailored nanotechnologies’ that are speci-
fically designed to resolve a particular neurobiological
issue. This is also the case for other areas of biology and
medicine. Platform nanotechnologies use materials or
devices with unique physical and/or chemical proper-
ties that can potentially have wide-ranging applications
in different fields. These technologies have considerable
promise, and scientists and engineers are constantly
looking for new ways to explore the potential of plat-
form nanotechnologies. Tailored nanotechnologies
begin with a well-defined biological question, and are
developed to specifically address that issue. Owing to
the inherent complexity of biological systems in gen-
eral, and the nervous system in particular, the tailored
approach often results in highly specialized technologies
that are designed to interact with their target systems
in sophisticated and well-defined ways, and so will be
better suited to tackle the particular problem than a
generic platform technology. However, because tailored
nanotechnologies are highly specialized, their broader
application to other biological systems could be limited.
In many cases, the application of particular nanotechno-
logies in neuroscience has been derived from what was
originally a platform technology, and some tailored
technologies can be modified to address other (but
usually related) scientific questions. From a synthesis
standpoint, nanotechno logies can be classified as vari-
ations of bottom-up technologies, such as self-assembly,
or top-down technologies, such as lithographic methods
(BOX 1). Many nanotechnologies combine aspects of
both strategies.
Examples of current work
This section reviews applications of nanotechnology in
basic and clinical neuroscience (TABLE 1). It is organized
9. according to the type of application, and compares dif-
ferent nanotechnology approaches applied to similar or
related neurobiological or physiological objectives. In
general, the discussion provides more breadth than depth
to give the reader a broad sense of ongoing research.
The section is divided into two subsections: appli-
cations of nanotechnology in basic neuroscience; and
applications of nanotechnology in clinical neuroscience.
Applications of nanotechnology in basic neuroscience
include those that investigate molecular, cellular and phys-
iological processes (FIG. 1). This first subsection discusses
three specific areas. First, nanoengineered materials and
Box 1 | Synthetic approaches in nanotechnology
Different approaches used in the synthesis of nanomaterials and
nanodevices can
accommodate solid, liquid, and/or gaseous precursor materials.
In general, most of these
techniques can be classified as bottom-up and top-down
approaches, and strategies that
have elements of both. Bottom-up approaches (panel a) start
with one or more defined
molecular species, which undergo certain processes that result
in a higher-ordered and -
organized structure. Examples of bottom-up approaches include
systems that self-
assemble, a process that is triggered by a local change in a
chemical or physical
condition. Related techniques include templating and
scaffolding methods, such as
biomineralization, which rely on backbone structures to support
and guide the
nucleation and growth of a nanomaterial. Top-down approaches
(panel b) begin with a
11. Quantum
dots
c Engineered materials with
nanoscale physical features
d Patterned neuronal
adhesion and growth
molecules
Cad Fbn PA2 Lam
Cad Fbn PA2 Lam
γ-Aminobutyric acidGABA
BtnAvd
Cadherin Fibronectin Phospholipase A2 Laminin
Avidin Biotin
approaches for promoting neuronal adhesion and growth
to understand the underlying neuro biology of these pro-
cesses or to support other technologies designed to inter-
act with neurons in vivo (for example, coating of recording
or stimulating electrodes)5–10. Second, nanoengineered
materials and approaches for directly interacting, record-
ing and/or stimulating neurons at a molecular level11–13.
Third, imaging applications using nanotechnology tools,
in particular, those that focus on chemically functional-
ized semiconductor quantum dots14–19. Applications of
nanotechnology in clinical neuroscience include research
aimed at limiting and reversing neuropathological disease
states (FIG. 2). This subsection discusses nanotechnology
approaches designed to support and/or promote the
functional regeneration of the nervous system20,21; neuro-
12. protective strategies, in particular those that use fullerene
derivatives22–26; and nanotechnology approaches that
facilitate the delivery of drugs and small molecules across
the BBB27–38.
As with any classification scheme, there might be
a sense of forced categorization when classifying nano-
technologies, as some nanotechnologies can be used
in more than one area. For example, all three of the
basic nanotechnology applications can also contribute
to an understanding of neuropathophysiology; and all
three of the clinical nanotechnology applications can
also increase our understanding of basic molecular and
cellular neurobiology. But, for the most part, basic neuro-
science applications primarily concern themselves with
understanding basic molecular and cellular mechanisms
without necessarily considering their potential clinical
implications, whereas clinical neuroscience applications
are designed to primarily target disease events, and make
use of basic molecular and cellular neurobiology only
when necessary.
Applications in basic neuroscience. Molecular deposition
and lithographic patterning of neuronal-specific mole-
cules with nanometre resolutions5–10 are an extension
of micropatterning approaches39–44. The deposition of
proteins and other molecules that promote and support
neuronal adhesion and growth on surfaces that do not
support these processes enables the geometric selective
patterning and growth of neurons (for example, control-
led neurite extension). This allows the study of cellular
communication and signalling, and provides a test sys-
tem for investigating the effects of drugs and other mol-
ecules. The ability to control this process at nano metre as
Table 1 | Applications of nanotechnologies in neuroscience
13. Nanotechnology Applications Refs
Basic neuroscience
Molecular deposition and
lithographic patterning of
neuronal-specific molecules
with nanometre resolution
Study of cellular communication and
signalling; test systems for drugs and other
molecules
5–10
Atomic force microscopy
(measures molecularly
functionalized surfaces)
Interact, record and/or stimulate neurons
at the molecular level
11–13
Functionalized quantum dots High-resolution spatial and
temporal
imaging; molecular dynamics and tracking
14–19
Clinical neuroscience
Self-assembling peptide
amphiphile nanofibre
networks
14. Neuronal differentiation from progenitor
cells; neural regeneration
20
Derivatives of hydroxyl-
functionalized fullerenes
(fullerenols)
Neuroprotection mediated by limiting the
effects of free radicals following injury
23–26
Poly(ethylene glycol) and
polyethylenimine nanogels;
poly(butylcyanoacrylate)
nanoparticles
Transport of drugs and small molecules
across the blood–brain barrier
27–36
Figure 1 | Applications of nanotechnologies in basic
neuroscience. Nanomaterials and nanodevices that interact with
neurons and glia at the molecular level can be used to influence
and respond to cellular events. In all cases, these
engineered technologies allow controlled interactions at cellular
and subcellular scales. a | Chemically functionalized
fluorescent quantum dot nanocrystals used to visualize ligand–
target interactions. b | Surfaces modified with
neurotransmitter ligands to induce controlled signalling. For
example, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) was immobilized, via
an avidin–biotin linkage, to different surfaces to stimulate
16. Nanoscale
scaffold
a Functional nanoparticles
for free radical neuroprotection
b Bioactive nanoscale
scaffold materials for
neural regeneration
Spinal cord
Atomic force microscopy
(AFM). Scanning probe
microscopy that uses a sharp
probe moving over the surface
of a sample to measure
topographic spatial
information.
opposed to micron resolutions enables the investigation
of how neurons respond to anisotropic physical and
chemical cues. Micron-scale patterning can provide a
functional boundary for controlling and influencing
cellular behaviour, but ultimately the neuron detects a
stimulus (or stimuli in the case of multiple signals) that,
because of the (relatively large) micron-scale resolution of
the patterning, is a homogeneous bioactive signal that is
averaged over the entire cell. Nanotechnology approaches
present subcellular stimuli that can vary from one part
of the neuron to another. For example, photolithography
and layer-by-layer self-assembly have been used to pattern
phospholipase A2, which promotes neuronal adhesion,
on a background of poly(diallyldimethylammonium
chloride) (PDDA)8. This approach facilitates nanoscale
17. patterning at resolutions that can yield complex func-
tional architectures that are tailored to the needs of a
particular experiment. Layer-by-layer self-assembly has
also been used on silicon rubber to pattern alternating
laminin and poly-d-lysine or fibronectin/poly-d-lysine
ultrathin layers, which are 3.5–4.4 nm thick, that support
the growth of cerebellar neurons5. These studies suggest
that bioactive ultrathin layers could coat electro des
designed for long-term implants to promote cell adhesion
and limit immune responses. In a different approach,
electrodes coated with nanoporous silicon increased
neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells, which are clonally
derived neuronal precursor cells, compared with uncoated
electrodes, and decreased glial responses, thereby limiting
the insulating effects of the glial scar10. Coating electrodes
with ultrathin bioactive layers might have other advan-
tages, for example, limiting the increase in the thickness
of the electrodes and thereby minimizing local trauma
due to their insertion and resultant cellular responses.
Other research has shown the effects of nanoscale
physical features on neuronal behaviour. Substantia nigra
neurons cultured on silicon dioxide (SiO2) surfaces with
different nanoscale topographies had differential cell
adhesion properties6. Neurons cultured on surfaces
with physical features (that is, surface roughness)
between 20–70 nm adhered and grew better than neurons
cultured on surfaces with features <10 nm or >70 nm.
These neurons also had normal morpho logies and
normal production of tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of
metabolic activity.
Another emerging area of neuroscience nanotechno-
logy is materials and devices that have been designed to
interact, record and/or stimulate neurons at the mole-
cular level11–13. Recent research has demonstrated the
18. feasibility of functionalizing mica or glass tethered with
the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-amino butyric
acid) and its analogue muscimol (5-aminomethyl-
3-hydroxyisoxazole) through biotin–avidin binding
interactions12,13 (FIG. 1). The functional integrity of the
bound version of the neurotransmitter, which in vivo
functions not as a bound ligand but as a diffusible
messenger across the synaptic cleft, was shown electro-
physiologically in vitro by eliciting an agonist response
to cloned GABAA (GABA type A) and GABAC recep-
tors in Xenopus oocytes12. Such sophisticated systems,
although still in the early conceptual and testing phases,
may provide powerful molecule-based platforms for
testing drugs and neural prosthetic devices. At present,
all neural prostheses (including neural retinal prostheses)
rely on micron-scale features and cannot interact with
the nervous system in a controlled way at the molecular
level, which is a significant disadvantage. Other research
is focusing on achieving nanoscale measurements of
cellular responses. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has
been used to measure local nanometre morphological
responses to micro-electrode array stimulation of neuro-
blastoma cells11. AFM is a technique that, among other
capabilities, allows the measurement of height changes
in the topography of a surface (for example, a living cell
or a synthetic material) with nanometre resolution45,46; in
essence, it is a nanoscale cantilever that measures surface
topologies at the atomic level. This technique can meas-
ure cross-sectional changes in cell height (between 100
and 300 nm), which are produced by biphasic pulses at
a frequency of 1 Hz, thereby providing information on
ultrafine morphological changes to electrical stimuli in
neurons that cannot be achieved by other technologies.
Figure 2 | Applications of nanotechnology in clinical
neuroscience.
20. 2
0
0 500 1,500 2,500 3,500
Maximum measured intensity
Q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
t
co
u
n
ts
c d
x direction
y
d
ir
ec
21. ti
o
n
Photobleaching
The progressive loss of
fluorescence signal intensity
due to exposure to light. This
can result in a decreased
signal-to-noise ratio.
An area of nanotechnology that holds significant
promise for probing the details of molecular and cellular
processes in neural cells is functionalized semiconduc-
tor quantum dot nanocrystals14–19 (FIG. 1). Quantum dots
are nanometre-sized particles comprising a heavy metal
core of materials such as cadmium–selenium or cad-
mium telluride, with an intermediate unreactive zinc
sulphide shell and an outer coating composed of selective
bio active molecules tailored to a particular application.
The physical nature of quantum dots gives them unique
and highly stable fluorescent optical properties that can
be changed by altering their chemistry and physical size.
Quantum dots can be tagged with fluorescent proteins
of interest using different chemical approaches similar
to fluorophore immunocytochemistry. However, quan-
tum dots have significant advantages compared with
other fluorescent techniques. Quantum dots undergo
minimal photobleaching and, because they have broad
absorption spectra but narrow emission spectra47–50, can
have much higher signal-to-noise ratios, which result
in dramatically improved signal detection. In addition,
quantum dots can be used for single-particle tracking
of target molecules in live cells, such as tracking lig-
22. and–receptor dynamics in the cell membrane51–53 (FIG. 3).
Quantum dot labelling of both fixed and live cells is
well established, and has been used in a wide variety
of cell types — mostly in vitro or in situ54–64, with some
examples in vivo65,66. Despite the growing literature on
the uses of quantum dots in the study of various cell
types, their application in the labelling of neurons14–19
and glia19 has been slower to develop, and care must be
taken to validate labelling methods that are specific for
neural cells, as methods for labelling other cell types are
not necessarily suitable for neural cells19. Recent research
has illustrated the potential of this technology in neu-
roscience. The real-time dynamics of glycine receptors
in spinal neurons have been tracked and analysed using
single-particle tracking over periods of seconds to min-
utes15. These investigators characterized the dynamics of
glycine receptor diffusion, which differed as a function
of the spatial localization of the receptors relative to the
synapse depending on whether they were in synaptic,
perisynaptic or extrasynaptic regions. In another example,
immobilized quantum dots that were conjugated with
β-nerve growth factor (βNGF) were shown to interact
with TrkA receptors in PC12 cells and to regulate their
differentiation into neurons in a controlled way18. This
could provide new tools for studying neuronal signal-
ling processes. Although most applications of quantum
dots in neuroscience have taken place ex vivo, in vivo
microangiography of mouse brains has been achieved
using serum that has been labelled with quantum dots14.
New functionalization and labelling methods of quan-
tum dots have been developed and subsequently tested
using labelled AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazole propionic acid) neurotransmitter receptors16,
and by measuring the cytotoxicity of hippocampal
neurons17. Although quantum-dot nanotechnology,
when used correctly, has little cytotoxic effects on cells
23. in vitro (so that experimental results are not affected),
their in vivo applications present different challenges
due to the possibility of local and systemic toxicity. To
address these issues, the safety of using quantum dots
with both neural cells and other cell types is an active
area of research67–69.
Applications in clinical neuroscience. Applications of
nanotechnology that are intended to limit and reverse
neurological disorders by promoting neural regenera-
tion and achieving neuroprotection are active areas of
Figure 3 | The quantum dot toolbox. Fluorescent quantum dots
are nanoscale
particles that can be chemically functionalized by attaching a
large variety of
biological molecules to their outer surface (for example,
antibodies, peptides and
trophic factors). This allows specific molecular interactions in
both live and fixed
target cells, which can be visualized at high resolutions by
taking advantage of the
unique optical properties of quantum dots, such as their
prolonged photo-stability
(that is, minimal photobleaching), large excitation absorption
spectra and
extremely narrow emission spectra; specific examples of
applications of quantum
dots in neuroscience can be found in REFS 14–19. a | Primary
rat cortical neurons
labelled with conjugates of quantum dots and anti-β-tubulin III
antibody. β-tubulin
is a neuronal-specific intermediate filament protein and so
serves as a neuronal
marker. b | Primary rat astrocytes labelled with quantum dot–
anti-glial fibrillary
24. acidic protein (GFAP) antibody conjugates. GFAP is a glial
specific intermediate
filament protein. c | One of the main advantages of quantum dot
nanotechnology is
that qualitative observations as well as quantitative data can be
obtained, which
provide detailed molecular and biophysical information about
the biological system
being investigated. For example, by using computational and
morphometric tools,
individual quantum dots can be counted across a sample image
to yield information
on the distribution and number of ligand–target interactions.
This graph shows the
number of quantum dots with a particular intensity. Such
quantitative measures
could be used in measuring the expression level of cellular
markers, such as
β-tubulin in a or GFAP in b, which are conjugated to the
quantum dots. d | Quantum
dots can also be used to carry out single-particle tracking of
ligand–target pairs,
such as tracking the motion of a receptor in a cell membrane.
Illustration of the
trajectory of a field of 55 quantum dots undergoing Brownian
diffusion, with
individual trajectories corresponding to individual quantum
dots. The small size,
photochemistry and bioactivity of functionalized quantum dots
provide an
extensive new toolbox for investigating molecular and cellular
processes in neurons
and glia. Images and data courtesy of the Silva Research Group,
University of
California, San Diego, California, USA.
26. engineered microscale features, and scaffolds derived
from naturally occurring materials such as collagen70–79.
One example of a nanoengineered system derived from
this type of work is PLLA scaffolds with an ultrastructure
consisting of cast PLLA fibres, which have diameters of
50–350 nm and porosity of ~85%20. The scaffolds were
constructed using liquid–liquid phase separation by
dissolving PLLA in tetrahydrofuran (THF) rather than
casting them on glass. When cultured in the scaffolds,
neonatal mouse cerebellar progenitor cells were able to
extend neurites and differentiate into mature neurons. A
fundamentally different approach for the development
of a nanomaterial that promotes and supports neural
regeneration is the self-assembly of nanofibre networks
composed of peptide-amphiphile molecules21 (FIG. 4).
On exposure to physiological ionic conditions, peptide-
amphiphile molecules, which consisted of a hydrophobic
carbon tail and a hydrophilic peptide head group, self-
assembled into a dense network of nanofibres. This
trapped the surrounding water molecules and formed
a weak self-supporting gel at the macroscopic level. The
hydrophilic peptide head groups, which formed the
outside of the fibres, consisted of the bioactive laminin-
derived peptide IKVAV, which promotes neurite sprout-
ing and growth80–83. Encapsulation of neural progenitor
cells from embryonic mouse cortex in the nanofibre net-
works resulted in fast and robust neuronal differentiation
(30% and 50% of neural progenitor cells differentiated
into neurons at 1 and 7 days in vitro, respectively), with
minimal astrocytic differentiation (1% and 5% of neural
progenitor cells differentiated into astrocytes at 1 and 7
days in vitro, respectively). This approach could there-
fore promote neuronal differentiation at an injury site
while potentially limiting the effects of reactive gliosis
and glial scarring, which are ubiquitous neuropathologi-
27. cal disease processes.
Applications of nanotechnologies for neuroprotec-
tion have focused on limiting the damaging effects
of free radicals generated after injury, which is a key
neuropathological process that contributes to CNS
ischaemia, trauma and degenerative disorders84–88.
Fullerenols, which are derivatives of hydroxyl-func-
tionalized fullerenes (molecules composed of regular
arrangements of carbon atoms89–93), have been shown
to have antioxidant properties. They also function as
free radical scavengers, which can lead to a reduction
in the extent of excitotoxicity and apoptosis induced by
glutamate, NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate), AMPA and
kainate23–26. Fullerenol-mediated neuroprotection has
been shown in vitro and in vivo. Fullerenol limits exci-
totoxicity and apoptosis of cultured cortical neurons
in vitro, and delays the onset of motor degeneration
in vivo in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lat-
eral sclerosis. The neuroprotective effect of fullerenols
might be partly mediated by inhibition of glutamate
receptors, as they had no effect on GABAA or taurine
receptors. They also lowered glutamate-induced eleva-
tions in intracellular calcium, which is an important
mechanism of neuronal excitotoxicity23–26.
Another clinically relevant area of intense research
is the design of functionalized nanoparticles that can
be administered systemically and deliver drugs and
small molecules across the BBB27–36. This is a major
clinical objective for the treatment of a wide range
Figure 4 | Example of an engineered nanomaterial for neural
regeneration.
Engineered nanomaterials enable the highly specific induction
of controlled cellular
28. interactions that can promote desired neurobiological effects. a |
Peptide-amphiphile
molecules, which consist of a hydrophilic peptide head group
(green circles) and a
hydrophobic carbon tail (white circles) joined by a peptide
spacer region (yellow
circles), can be coaxed to self-assemble into elongated micelles
to produce a dense
nanofibre matrix99,100. Under physiological conditions, the
self-assembly process traps
the surrounding aqueous environment and macroscopically
produces a self-
supporting gel in which neural progenitor cells and stem cells
can be encapsulated. In
this way, the growth and differentiation of neural progenitor
cells and stem cells can
be controlled. b | An example of a peptide-amphiphile nanogel
on a 12 mm glass
coverslip. c | The surface of the nanofibres consists of laminin-
derived, neuronal-
specific pentapeptides, which are encountered by the
encapsulated cells at high
concentrations, resulting in robust differentiation into neurons
while suppressing
astrocyte differentiation21. The cells are stained for the
neuronal marker β-tubulin III
(green) and the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein
(none is present). All
nuclei were stained with a nonspecific nuclear Hoescht stain.
Images courtesy of the
Stupp laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois,
USA.
R E V I E W S
70 | JA N UA RY 2 0 0 6 | VO LU M E 7 w w
30. nism that can be used for shuttling mole cules across the
BBB and then releasing them from the delivery system.
Neuropeptides (such as enkephalins), the NMDA recep-
tor antagonist MRZ 2/576, and the chemotherapeutic
drug doxorubicin have been absorbed onto the surface
of poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with
polysorbate 80 (REFS 31,33,34,37,38). The polysorbate
on the surface of the nanoparticles adsorbs apolipo-
protein B and apolipoprotein E from the blood, and the
nanoparticles are taken up by brain capillary endothelial
cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis38. Nanoparticles
that target tumours in the CNS may be a particularly
important application of this technology due to the high
morbidity and mortality associated with often aggres-
sive neoplasms in the physically confined spaces of the
cranium and spinal canal.
Challenges and opportunities
The challenges associated with nanotechnology appli-
cations in neuroscience are numerous, but the impact
it can have on understanding how the nervous system
works, how it fails in disease and how we can intervene
at a molecular level is significant. Ultimately, the chal-
lenges and opportunities presented by nanotechnology
stem from the fact that this technology provides a way
to interact with neural cells at the molecular level,
which has both positive and negative aspects. The abil-
ity to exploit drugs, small molecules, neurotransmitters
and neural developmental factors offers the potential
to tailor technologies to particular applications. For
example, neural developmental factors, such as the
cadherins, laminins and bone morphometric protein
families, as well as their receptors, can be manipulated
in new ways. Nanotechnology offers the capacity to
take advantage of the functional specificity of these
molecules by incorporating them into engineered
31. materials and devices to have highly targeted effects.
The laminins, for example, are large multi-domain
trimeric proteins composed of α, β and γ chains, of
which 12 isoforms are known82,83,94,95. The isoforms con-
tain different bioactive peptide sequences, which have
varying affinities for specific cell types and can induce
different effects. For example, the laminin 1 isoform,
which is the most studied laminin, contains at least 48
different short peptide sequences that promote neuro-
nal adhesion and neurite outgrowth, and some of these
peptides (25 of 48 tested) have such effects on specific
types of neuron82. This degree of molecular specificity,
which is conferred not only by laminins but by many
other signalling molecules that are important in the
development and function of the nervous system, can
be used to design highly selective nanotechnologies.
Indeed, any desired cellular signalling pathway can be
targeted using this approach.
This discussion also suggests the main technical chal-
lenges that are encountered when using nanotechnology
applications in neuroscience: the need for greater spe-
cificity; multiple induced physiological functions; and
minimal side effects. Greater specificity of interactions
with target cells and tissues will result in more signifi-
cant and specific physiological effects, which should also
reduce undesirable and deleterious side effects that are
induced by the technology. Another important chal-
lenge is the requirement for technologies that are able to
multitask, carrying out a diverse set of specific cellular
and physiological functions, such as targeting multiple
receptors or ligands. This is particularly important when
attempting to address multi-dimensional CNS disorders
that are the result of numerous interdependent molecular
and biochemical events (for example, secondary injury
following traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury).
32. At present, synthetic and engineering processes are not
advanced enough to allow nanotechnologies that have
been designed to interact with the nervous system to
fully meet these criteria.
From a biological perspective, the most significant
successes of nanotechnology applications in neuro-
science will be those that appreciate a detailed under-
standing of neurobiology and take advantage of the
known (and unknown) molecular details. As suggested
above, the main challenge is the ability to design and use
more sophisticated technologies that are able to carry out
highly targeted and specific functions while minimizing
nonspecific interactions. To achieve this, both the design
and engineering aspects of nanotechnology as well as our
understanding of the underlying neurobiology are cru-
cial. This, in turn, will require more interaction between
neuroscientists and physical scientists such as chemists
and materials scientists. This is not a trivial issue as
the scientific language and culture between different
disciplines can vary considerably. This is an increasing
challenge for interdisciplinary science, which requires
people with different training, skills and conceptions
of how science should be conducted coming together
first to understand and agree on a common challenge
or problem, and then to agree on how to address that
issue. The next section discusses further the role of
neuroscientists in the development and application of
nanotechnology.
The above discussion pertains to all applications of
nanotechnology to neuroscience. Applications of nanote-
chnology to the nervous system in vivo present additional
challenges. In particular, the inherent complexity of the
CNS, as well as its difficult and anatomically restrictive
nature, poses a unique set of obstacles. Cellular hetero-
34. are well protected from mechanical and physical injury,
and are immunologically privileged behind the BBB and
blood–retina barrier, which have unique molecular and
cellular environments. Nanotechnologies designed for
in vivo applications must be efficiently delivered with
minimal disruption to these structures before it can carry
out its primary function. This will surely present signifi-
cant technical challenges. Similarly, extreme care must
be taken to understand and avoid potential safety pitfalls,
including both systemic and local side effects associated
with the delivery and primary function of the applied
technology — an issue that is unique to in vivo nanotech-
nology96–98. As mentioned above, investigating the safety
of nanotechnologies is an active and important area of
research67–69. Despite all these challenges, the applica-
tions of nanotechnology both in vivo and ex vivo offer
tremendous opportunities for understanding normal
physiology and for developing therapies.
The role of the neuroscientist
Neuroscientists have a unique role in developing nano-
technologies. Neuroscientists — both researchers and
clinicians — need to identify potential applications of
nanotechnology in neuroscience and neurology to maxi-
mize their impact. Scientists with other specialties can
develop powerful platform technologies and even provide
neuroscience-specific examples, but it is only with direct
input from and in partnership with neuroscientists that
broad neurophysiological and clinical applications can be
properly formulated and addressed. This requires highly
interdisciplinary collaborations with consideration of
the requirements of both parties. Some neuroscientists
develop neuroscience nanotechnologies for their particu-
lar purposes, most likely geared towards specific questions
or objectives for their research. But most neuroscientists
35. find that they lack the expertise and resources needed to
design, synthesize and characterize sophisticated nano-
engineered materials or devices. It would be unrealistic
to assume that we as neuroscientists have knowledge
and skills in these areas that are equivalent to those of
chemists or materials scientists who have devoted their
careers to the synthetic aspects of these technologies.
However, chemists and material scientists do not have the
comprehensive training in neurobiology, neurophysiol-
ogy and neuropathology required to fully appreciate and
exploit the potential of nanotechnology in neuroscience.
Therefore, it is crucial that different disciplines are able
to communicate with each other using a common tech-
nical language, which is not a trivial issue — a nucleus
means different things to a physicist and a cell biologist.
To this end, it is important for neuroscientists who wish
to pursue the development of nanotechnology to educate
themselves across disciplines. To envision new applica-
tions of nanotechnology, it is necessary to understand
what has already been accomplished and what can be
achieved with this technology.
Future directions
Applications of nanotechnology to neuroscience are
already having significant effects, which will continue
in the foreseeable future. Short-term progress has ben-
efited in vitro and ex vivo studies of neural cells, often
supporting or augmenting standard technologies. These
advances contribute to both our basic understanding of
cellular neurobiology and neurophysiology, and to our
understanding and interpretation of neuropathology.
Although the development of nanotechnologies designed
to interact with the nervous system in vivo is slow and
challenging, they will have significant, direct clinical
implications. Nanotechnologies targeted at supporting
cellular or pharmacological therapies or facilitating
36. direct physiological effects in vivo will make significant
contributions to clinical care and prevention. The rea-
son for the tremendous potential that nanotechnology
applications can have in biology and medicine in general
and neuroscience in particular stems from the capacity
of these technologies to specifically interact with cells at
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Whitaker Foundation,
Arlingon, Virginia, USA, and the Stein Clinical Research
Institute at the University of California, San Diego, USA.
Quantum dots were kindly provided free of charge by
Quantum Dot Corporation.
Competing interests statement
The author declares no competing financial interests.
DATABASES
The following terms in this article are linked online to:
Entrez Gene: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.
fcgi?db=gene
51. AMPA receptors | apolipoprotein B | apolipoprotein E | GABA
A
receptor | NMDA receptors
FURTHER INFORMATION
The National Nanotechnology Initiative:
http://www.nano.gov
Silva’s laboratory: http://www.silva.ucsd.edu
American Academy of Nanomedicine: http://www.
aananomed.org
Nano Science and Technology Institute Nanotechnology to
Neuroscience symposium: http://www.nsti.org/
Nanotech2006/symposia/Nanotech_Neurology.html
Access to this interactive links box is free online.
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61. Introduction:
The topic which I have chosen for my response is sustainable
development in business as it is one of the most important and
emerging topics in the field of business and people are
increasingly becoming conscious about the development in the
sustainable ways. This paper is intended to include a literature
review and response on the topic and it will include some
authentic sources about the topic and these sources will be
compared and contrast with each other.Review:
Sustainable development could be described as the development
by business giving economic benefit but without the depletion
and damaging the natural resources and the environment overall
(Baker, 2006). Past few years of our world has seen a large
scale depletion and deterioration of the natural resources and
the environment due to the egregious economic development
and the revolution of the industrial world all around the globe,
but this has to be stopped now as it, if continued, will lead us to
leaving nothing for our coming generations.
Many experts have their own views regarding the sustainable
development and there are many other concepts such as
corporate footprints and corporate social responsibility that
share some of the tranches of the sustainable development.
There are two schools of thoughts in dealing the sustainable
development and the expenditure on such projects, the first
group of people think that such type of development should be
seen as an expense and a company should only spend to the
extent which they have used from the environment and there
should be nothing added because it is not in the direct interest
of the shareholders and it is against the directors fiduciary duty
of acting the shareholders best interest, as it is in the best
interest of the society or public, not the shareholders. (Gifford,
2004)
The second group has a visions that such expenditure should be
seen as marketing and goodwill enhancing expenditure which is
soon going to be converted to be an asset as such expenditure
62. will direct more customers to the organization and this will add
up to the goodwill and brand of the company as people
nowadays are willing to spend more on a product that has been
produced by a company pursuing greener ways and sustainable
development. This source is also of the opinion that companies
should not only spend on environment what they consumed but
they should act as the responsible citizens of the society and
should add value to the society in every possible way. (Stokke,
1991)Conclusion:
Business previously just surrounded the concepts related to the
money and materialization but recent business studies are
incorporating the environment into the business too as it is
crucial for human life. Both of the source present two different
ideas for the expenditure made on the sustainable development,
although the base of the ideas is the same but the two are
different in outlook as the first one urges a company to just
fulfill what is required while the second one participates into
the detailed sustainable development and considers it as a
responsibility of the companies
References:
Stokke, O. (1991). Sustainable development. London: F. Cass in
association with the European Association of Development
Research and Training Institutes (EADI), Geneva.
Baker, S. (2006). Sustainable development. London: Routledge.
Gifford, C. (2004). Sustainable development. Oxford:
Heinemann Library.