National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper

1. National O.O. Bogomolets Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology and clinical pharmacologyChief of department: prof. I.S. Chekman NANOPARTICLES AND NANOSAFETY REPORTER: Mike K. K.AGBOOLA ADVISOR: Tetiana NEBESNA

2. INTRODUCTION small is beautiful.......... DANGERS COME IN SMALL PARTICLES

3. What IS Nanoscience?When people talk about Nanoscience, they start by describing thingsPhysicists and Material Scientists point to things like new nanocarbon materials: They effuse (radiate)about nanocarbon’s strength and electrical properties Graphene Carbon Nanotube C60 Buckminster Fullerene

4. Biologists counter that nanocarbon is a recent discovery THEY’VE been studying DNA and RNA for much longer (And are already using it to transform our world)

5. All of these things ARE very small Indeed, they are all about the size of a nanometer: Nano = 10-9 = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billion A nanometer is about the size of ten atoms in a row This leads to ONE commonly used definition of nanoscience: Nanoscience is the study of nanometer size things (?) Why the question mark? Because what is so special about a nanometer? A micrometer is ALSO awfully small: Micro = 10-6 - 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Million A micrometer (or "micron") is ~ the size of light's wavelength

6. Size of Things (violet = man-made things) Millimeters Microns Nanometers Ball of a ball point pen 0.5 Thickness of paper 0.1 100 Human hair 0.02 - 0.2 20 – 200 Talcum Powder 40 Fiberglass fibers 10 Carbon fiber 5 Human red blood cell 4 – 6 E-coli bacterium 1 Size of a modern transistor 0.25 250 Size of Smallpox virus 0.2 – 0.3 200 – 300 Electron wavelength: ~10 nm or less Diameter of Carbon Nanotube 3 Diameter of DNA spiral 2 Diameter of C60 Buckyball 0.7 Diameter of Benzene ring 0.28 Size of one Atom~0.1

7. NANOSCIENCE IS FUNDED BY EUROPEAN UNION GOVERNMENT: TOTAL BUDGET FOR 2007 – 2013 YEARS IS € 3.5 BILLION Now emphasis is given to the following activities: Nanosciences and nanotechnologies - studying phenomena and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale and developing nanotechnologies leading to the manufacturing of new products and services. Materials - using the knowledge of nanotechnologies and biotechnologies for new products and processes. New production - creating conditions for continuous innovation and for developing generic(suitable for broad range) production 'assets' (technologies, organisation and production facilities as well as human resources), while meeting safety and environmental requirements. Integration of technologies for industrial applications - focusing on new technologies, materials and applications to address the needs identified by the different European Technology Platforms.

8. NANOPARTICLES Nanoparticles materials (nanomaterials, nanoscale), are a broadly defined set of substances that have at least one critical dimension less than 100nm (0.1micron) and possess unique optical, magnetic, or electrical properties.

9. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF NPS: NATURAL INCIDENTAL ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES Both natural and incidental nanoparticles may have irregular or regular shapes, while engineered NPs most often have regular shapes, such tubes, sphere, rings.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF Engineered nanoparticles carbon-based materials (nanotubes, fullerenes), metal-based materials (including both metal oxides and quantum dots), dendrimers (nano-sized polymers built from branched units of unspecified chemistry), and composites (including nanoclays).

12. Survey of NPs, in vivo characterization and biological areas of concern Nanostructur, Application (example), Concerns, Mechanistic areas of interest Metal nanoparticles: Contrast agents; drug delivery: Element specific toxicity Excretion reactive oxygen species Nanoshells Hyperthermia therapy Genotoxicity Excretion Fullerenes Vaccine adjuncts; Hyperthermia therapy Antibody generation Immunotoxicity Quantum dots Fluorescent contrast agent Metabolism ,Cytotoxicity Intracellular/ organ edistribution; redistribution; excretion Polymer Nanoparticles Drug delivery; therapeutics Unknown Metabolism; immunotoxicity; complement activation Dendrimer Guest delivery of drug/ Radiolabel dose Metabolic path Surface chemistry and elementaleffects; complement a activation Liposome Drug delivery; contrast Agent vehicle Hypersensitivity reactions Complement activation models for artificial cells

13. Purpose of work evaluation and understanding of the dependence of toxic and safety effects on the shape, size, initial material, surface area, electric charge, and other physicochemical structural peculiarities, as well as on the dosage, mode of application, concentration in the target organ, and duration of action

14. Characterization

15. Scheme of problems toxicity itself can be useful as it is highly sought for in certain applications-cancer therapies consumer resistance that arose at the introduction of products using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) if toxicity is known, Questions that have also been raised about the safety of engineered nanomaterials in consumer products or in implantable medical devices could be alleviated by devising a special or targeted delivery system

17. Particles concentration

18. Size and form, agglomerate

20. Kinds of toxicity Bio-degradation Bio-accumulation Animal toxicity Genotoxicity Ecotoxicity Cytotoxicity

21. Mechanism of NPs toxicity development Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) free radical release oxidative stress inflammation and consequent damage to proteins, membranes and DNA

23. Surgery-Nanorobots

24. Cancer (nanooncology),

25. Neurological disorders (nanoneurology),

26. Cardiovascular disorders (nanocardiology),

27. Diseases of bones and joints (nanoorthopedics),

28. Diseases of the eye (nanoophthalmology), and

30. REGULATIONS

31. RISK = HAZARD + EXPOSURE (ASSESSMENT) the implications for toxicology and the risk of human health and environment · Hazard · Risk · Exposure nature, concentration and period · Dose

32. NANOSAFETY:SAFETY STANDARD nanotechnology has removed much of the “magic” to yield 21st century “smart bombs” capable of carrying a whole host of new anticancer drugs directly to tumors ecological risk assessment is essential to understand environmental implications of nanomaterials. The fate of nanomaterials in aqueous environment is controlled by many biotic/abiotic processes such as solubility /dispersability, size, shape, form interactions between the nanomaterials and natural/anthropogenic chemicals in the ecosystem

33. USING NANOPARTICLES: NANO-X-RAY Enhaced tumor cell death No toxicity Major advantage over standard radiotherapy treatment (No exposure to free radicals as in radiotherapy) Amplifying X-ray effects Injection directly into the tumors without unnecessary interaction Allowing targeted cells of the tumors Combats range of cancer variety

34. Decreasing Toxicity Insoluble or nearly insoluble ultrafine particles Demonstration on 3D before clinical trials Develop models,in vitro and in vivo for interaction with the human body to assessing TOXICITY, BIODISTRIBUTION, ALLERGIES The potential risk of using untested nanomaterials in personal care products SHOULD BE DISCOURAGED The use of nanoparticles in cosmetics and sunscreen should be put to check by standard GRAS(Generally Recognised As Safe) for NPs.

35. Benefits and Goodnews Nanosizing can also lead to a more economical utilization of expensive materials-meaning that can use less material because the reactions are more efficient. Not all NPs are dangerous

36. Conclusion The toxicology and biodynamics of certain (silica) NPs investigated in a mice model revealed that NPs were not toxic and can be used in vivo. This study should not be misunderstood to promote the manufacture of these nanomaterials without detailed assessment of environmental and human risks. Besides the workers in the manufacturing wing, others who get exposed (e.g. occupational health nurses) to NPs should be aware of the potential risks and possible means to avoid health risks. There is a need to identify specific regulatory regimes to protect personnel involved in the production and use of NPs for cosmetic, medical and agricultural purposes.

37. СПАСИБO THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION! 29