This document reviews nanotoxicology and the toxicity of nanomaterials. It defines nanomaterials and nanotoxicology, and discusses the subdisciplines of toxicology. Nanotoxicology studies the toxicity of nanomaterials, which exhibit unique properties and potential health effects compared to larger materials due to their nanoscale size and large surface area. Some reasons for nanoparticle toxicity include increased reactivity due to quantum effects and adherence to tissues. The document discusses experiments showing carbon nanomaterials impairing mobility and causing death in fruit flies, as well as spreading between flies. It notes both inorganic and organic nanoparticles can have toxic effects and emphasizes the need for further research to develop nanomaterials with minimal adverse impacts.
- Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals or toxins in organisms at higher levels of the food chain. Nanoparticles used in nanofungicides can potentially biomagnify due to their persistence, ability to accumulate in organisms, and low degradation rates.
- Nanoparticles can enter plants directly through soil, water and air or systemically through the use of nano-based agricultural chemicals. Once inside plants, nanoparticles can cause toxicity, hormone imbalances, and accumulation in plant cells and tissues.
- For safe use of nanotechnology in agriculture, more studies on nanoparticle impacts are needed. Biodegradable nanoparticles should be developed and thorough safety testing of nano-products conducted to prevent biom
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. As the size of particles decreases, their surface area increases, allowing more of their atoms and molecules to interact with the environment and potentially cause toxic effects. Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes and distribute to organs, where they may cause toxicity through effects like inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue damage. They may also pollute the environment through deposition in water, soil, and plants. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposures are increasing as nanotechnology applications expand. The toxicity depends on factors like surface area, chemical composition, and ability to interact with and inhibit enzymes.
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper
The document summarizes key topics related to nanosafety in a nanomaterials and nanotechnology course taught by Dr. XA Sun. It discusses potential hazards of nanomaterials, important considerations for nanosafety including proper personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and safe handling practices. It also notes challenges in characterizing nanomaterials and a lack of standards and regulations. The document emphasizes the need for more research on nanosafety and collaboration between researchers and environmental health and safety experts to develop effective safety protocols and practices.
Nanobiotechnology BY Neelima Sharma,WCC CHENNAI,neelima.sharma60@gmail.comNeelima Sharma
Nanobiotechnology combines nanotechnology and biotechnology to create functional materials and devices at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) where new properties emerge. It allows for imaging and manipulation of biomolecules, development of biosensors, targeted drug delivery for cancer treatment, and regenerative medicine using biomimetic tissues. While offering promising applications, nanobiotechnology may also pose toxicity risks if nanoparticles are able to penetrate tissues and cells and cause biochemical damage.
This document discusses the risks of nanotechnology related to soil, air and water pollution. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the nature and characteristics of nanoparticles, the manufacturing processes used and their byproducts, and how nanoparticles may behave in the environment. It then discusses some examples of consumer products containing nanoparticles and potential health issues if nanoparticles are inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Environmental groups are concerned about a lack of research on nanoparticle impacts and the need for regulation and oversight of nanotechnology. In conclusion, while nanotechnology has potential benefits, new risk assessment and regulatory approaches may be needed to understand and mitigate potential negative environmental and health impacts.
This document reviews nanotoxicology and the toxicity of nanomaterials. It defines nanomaterials and nanotoxicology, and discusses the subdisciplines of toxicology. Nanotoxicology studies the toxicity of nanomaterials, which exhibit unique properties and potential health effects compared to larger materials due to their nanoscale size and large surface area. Some reasons for nanoparticle toxicity include increased reactivity due to quantum effects and adherence to tissues. The document discusses experiments showing carbon nanomaterials impairing mobility and causing death in fruit flies, as well as spreading between flies. It notes both inorganic and organic nanoparticles can have toxic effects and emphasizes the need for further research to develop nanomaterials with minimal adverse impacts.
- Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals or toxins in organisms at higher levels of the food chain. Nanoparticles used in nanofungicides can potentially biomagnify due to their persistence, ability to accumulate in organisms, and low degradation rates.
- Nanoparticles can enter plants directly through soil, water and air or systemically through the use of nano-based agricultural chemicals. Once inside plants, nanoparticles can cause toxicity, hormone imbalances, and accumulation in plant cells and tissues.
- For safe use of nanotechnology in agriculture, more studies on nanoparticle impacts are needed. Biodegradable nanoparticles should be developed and thorough safety testing of nano-products conducted to prevent biom
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. As the size of particles decreases, their surface area increases, allowing more of their atoms and molecules to interact with the environment and potentially cause toxic effects. Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes and distribute to organs, where they may cause toxicity through effects like inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue damage. They may also pollute the environment through deposition in water, soil, and plants. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposures are increasing as nanotechnology applications expand. The toxicity depends on factors like surface area, chemical composition, and ability to interact with and inhibit enzymes.
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper
The document summarizes key topics related to nanosafety in a nanomaterials and nanotechnology course taught by Dr. XA Sun. It discusses potential hazards of nanomaterials, important considerations for nanosafety including proper personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and safe handling practices. It also notes challenges in characterizing nanomaterials and a lack of standards and regulations. The document emphasizes the need for more research on nanosafety and collaboration between researchers and environmental health and safety experts to develop effective safety protocols and practices.
Nanobiotechnology BY Neelima Sharma,WCC CHENNAI,neelima.sharma60@gmail.comNeelima Sharma
Nanobiotechnology combines nanotechnology and biotechnology to create functional materials and devices at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) where new properties emerge. It allows for imaging and manipulation of biomolecules, development of biosensors, targeted drug delivery for cancer treatment, and regenerative medicine using biomimetic tissues. While offering promising applications, nanobiotechnology may also pose toxicity risks if nanoparticles are able to penetrate tissues and cells and cause biochemical damage.
This document discusses the risks of nanotechnology related to soil, air and water pollution. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the nature and characteristics of nanoparticles, the manufacturing processes used and their byproducts, and how nanoparticles may behave in the environment. It then discusses some examples of consumer products containing nanoparticles and potential health issues if nanoparticles are inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Environmental groups are concerned about a lack of research on nanoparticle impacts and the need for regulation and oversight of nanotechnology. In conclusion, while nanotechnology has potential benefits, new risk assessment and regulatory approaches may be needed to understand and mitigate potential negative environmental and health impacts.
Applications of nanotechnology on environmental remediationAnusha B V
Nanotechnology has many potential applications in environmental management and remediation. It can be used to create nano-sized particles, membranes, and filters to more effectively remove pollutants from soil, water, and air. Various nanomaterials like iron nanoparticles, semiconducting nanoparticles, dendrimers, and magnetic nanoparticles can break down or absorb contaminants. Nanotechnology also enables highly sensitive environmental sensors and new pollution prevention and carbon capture techniques to promote a cleaner, greener future.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
This document discusses nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It begins by defining nanomaterials as objects with at least one dimension between 1-100 nanometers. It then classifies nanomaterials and discusses some common terms like nanoshells and quantum dots. The document focuses on the biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including biological imaging using quantum dots, targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles, and cancer treatment using magnetic nanoparticles. In summary, the document outlines different types of nanomaterials, their properties, and various ways they can be used for biomedical purposes such as imaging and targeted drug delivery.
Review paper on the applications and challenges of gold nanoparticles in medicine and dentistry.
Gold nanoparticles is a game-changer in delivering patient care. Its versatility can be put to use in diagnosis, imaging and treatment of various conditions. It relatively recent innovation although gold is a metal that has had a lot of meaning in human civilisation.With a lot of potential left unexplored one has to what and watch the miracles this breakthrough has in store for medical science.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. It then discusses how cancer forms and the various factors that can cause cancer like chemicals, radiation, viruses and lifestyle. The document outlines how nanotechnology can be used to more effectively deliver drugs, detect cancer at an early stage, and treat cancer through approaches like photothermal ablation using gold nanoparticles. It acknowledges challenges like ensuring nanoparticles are biocompatible and non-toxic, but envisions that human clinical trials within the next few years could demonstrate how nanotechnology allows for safer and more targeted cancer treatment.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Bio synthesis of nano particles using bacteriaudhay roopavath
Bacteria can be used to biosynthesize nanoparticles through intracellular and extracellular methods. Intracellular synthesis occurs inside the cell, where bacteria reduce metal ions and deposit nanoparticles in locations like the periplasmic space. Extracellular synthesis involves enzymes secreted by bacteria reducing metal ions outside the cell and precipitating nanoparticles. Examples are given of bacteria producing silver, titanium, zinc sulfide and lead sulfide nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular pathways. While a green approach, bacterial nanoparticle synthesis can be slow with difficulty controlling size, shape and crystallinity of particles.
Advances in Nanomaterial with Antimicrobial Activityendale Kebede
The document discusses advances in nanomaterials with antimicrobial activity. It provides an overview of the current state of research on various nanomaterials and their antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action. Specifically, it summarizes the antimicrobial mechanisms and applications of nano silver, gold, titanium dioxide, silicon, magnesium oxide, copper, and zinc oxide. It explains how these nanomaterials damage bacterial cell membranes, release toxic ions, interrupt electron transport, generate reactive oxygen species, and more to kill bacteria through a variety of pathways.
Nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imagingAlex Chris
This document discusses the use of various types of nanoparticles for molecular imaging applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT). It describes how gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and other nanoparticles are being investigated and developed as contrast agents for molecular imaging due to their tunable properties and potential for functionalization and targeted delivery. For example, one study demonstrated how antibody-conjugated gold nanorods could selectively target and image squamous cell carcinoma tumors using CT. Overall, the controlled properties of engineered nanoparticles show promise for improving molecular imaging techniques.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications in medicine. It begins with the origins and definitions of nanotechnology. Some key approaches to nanofabrication include top-down and bottom-up methods. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery. Nanotechnology has applications in regenerative medicine, disease diagnosis using nanomolecular diagnostics, and in-vitro diagnostics including nano biosensors and nanoarrays. Overall, nanomedicine holds promise for earlier disease detection and more targeted treatment approaches.
Nanotechnology in waste water treatmentSakthivel R
This document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for waste water treatment. It explains that nanoparticles are effective at removing pollutants from water due to their high surface area. Various nanomaterials like metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and zeolites can be used. Specifically, nano sorbents can sorbe a wide variety of organic and inorganic contaminants, nano catalysts can increase reaction rates to degrade contaminants, and biomimetic membranes allow for efficient desalination using reverse osmosis. Molecularly imprinted polymers also selectively remove pollutants even at low concentrations. Overall, nanotechnology provides effective, efficient, and eco-friendly approaches to water treatment.
Nanoparticles have unique optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties compared to larger particles. Optically, their surface plasmon resonance leads to absorption and reflection of visible light that depends on particle size, causing various colors. Magnetically, they can be superparamagnetic and useful in applications like MRI contrast agents. Mechanically, carbon nanotubes have tensile strengths and moduli that are over 1000 times greater than steel.
This document provides an overview of safe handling practices for nanomaterials. It defines engineered nanoparticles as particles less than 100nm designed and manufactured. Examples given include carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. The document notes that due to their small size, nanoparticles can more easily enter the body and cross barriers like the blood-brain barrier, posing unknown health risks. It recommends approaches like controlling exposures through ventilation, containment, and personal protective equipment. The key challenges are the lack of toxicity data and standardized exposure methods for nanomaterials.
This document provides an overview of nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes. It discusses how nanomaterials are materials with sizes between 1 to 100 nm that exhibit unique properties. Carbon nanotubes are nanomaterials made of rolled graphene sheets that have excellent mechanical and electrical properties. The document outlines several methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes including high pressure carbon monoxide deposition and chemical vapor deposition. It then discusses important properties and applications of carbon nanotubes such as their strength, conductivity, and use as reinforcements in composites.
Nanomachines are mechanical or electromechanical devices that are measured in nanometers, which are units of 10-9 meters or millionths of a millimeter. K. Eric Drexler popularized the idea of nanomachines in the 1980s and 1990s, with the goal of building an "assembler" nanomachine that can manipulate individual atoms to rearrange raw materials and produce useful items. The main engineering challenge is gaining control over molecular engineering and chemical synthesis to be able to position individual atoms and form new stable molecular structures like simulated nanogears.
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact the environment through applications such as water purification, pollution remediation, and green energy technologies. It can remove contaminants from water supplies and air at the nanoscale and help measure and mitigate pollutants. Some examples where nanotechnology is already benefiting the environment include battery recycling, radioactive waste cleanup, oil spill remediation, and desalination. However, nanopollution from nanomaterials production is a potential negative impact that requires further research to understand environmental and health effects. More study is also needed to identify and manage high risk nanomaterials.
This document discusses nanoparticles, including their types, characterization, modes of action, and applications. Some key points include:
Nanoparticles range from 1-1000nm in size and have high surface area to volume ratios. Common types include nanotubes and quantum dots. Characterization techniques include spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects through reactive oxygen species production and cell membrane disruption. Applications include use in wound dressings, household products, and food/water purification to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Advantages are specific targeting and biodegradability while disadvantages include potential toxicity risks.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
TOXICITY OF FULLERENE AND CARBON NANO TUBESJoyce Joseph
The document discusses the toxicity of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. It notes that toxicity depends on factors like exposure pathway, duration, dose and an individual's health. Fullerenes are hollow carbon spheres or tubes, while carbon nanotubes are cylindrical tubes composed of sp2 bonds. Studies show carbon nanotubes can cause lung issues in rodents similar to asbestos due to their needle-like shape. Concerns exist around their unique properties and potential health issues. More research is still needed to fully understand and regulate nanotoxicity.
The document discusses various sources of nanoparticle exposure and their potential health effects. It addresses nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, indoor air pollution from activities like cooking, cigarette smoke, demolition sites, and engineered nanoparticles used in consumer products. Some key points include:
- Diesel exhaust nanoparticles can increase cardiovascular risk and lung cancer risk.
- Indoor activities are a major source of indoor air pollution and nanoparticle exposure.
- Cigarette smoke contains nanoparticles that increase cancer and respiratory disease risk.
- Demolition sites release asbestos and other toxic nanoparticles that can cause respiratory symptoms.
- Engineered nanoparticles are used in cosmetics, clothing, and other products but their health effects after exposure are still being studied.
Applications of nanotechnology on environmental remediationAnusha B V
Nanotechnology has many potential applications in environmental management and remediation. It can be used to create nano-sized particles, membranes, and filters to more effectively remove pollutants from soil, water, and air. Various nanomaterials like iron nanoparticles, semiconducting nanoparticles, dendrimers, and magnetic nanoparticles can break down or absorb contaminants. Nanotechnology also enables highly sensitive environmental sensors and new pollution prevention and carbon capture techniques to promote a cleaner, greener future.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
This document discusses nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It begins by defining nanomaterials as objects with at least one dimension between 1-100 nanometers. It then classifies nanomaterials and discusses some common terms like nanoshells and quantum dots. The document focuses on the biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including biological imaging using quantum dots, targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles, and cancer treatment using magnetic nanoparticles. In summary, the document outlines different types of nanomaterials, their properties, and various ways they can be used for biomedical purposes such as imaging and targeted drug delivery.
Review paper on the applications and challenges of gold nanoparticles in medicine and dentistry.
Gold nanoparticles is a game-changer in delivering patient care. Its versatility can be put to use in diagnosis, imaging and treatment of various conditions. It relatively recent innovation although gold is a metal that has had a lot of meaning in human civilisation.With a lot of potential left unexplored one has to what and watch the miracles this breakthrough has in store for medical science.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. It then discusses how cancer forms and the various factors that can cause cancer like chemicals, radiation, viruses and lifestyle. The document outlines how nanotechnology can be used to more effectively deliver drugs, detect cancer at an early stage, and treat cancer through approaches like photothermal ablation using gold nanoparticles. It acknowledges challenges like ensuring nanoparticles are biocompatible and non-toxic, but envisions that human clinical trials within the next few years could demonstrate how nanotechnology allows for safer and more targeted cancer treatment.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Bio synthesis of nano particles using bacteriaudhay roopavath
Bacteria can be used to biosynthesize nanoparticles through intracellular and extracellular methods. Intracellular synthesis occurs inside the cell, where bacteria reduce metal ions and deposit nanoparticles in locations like the periplasmic space. Extracellular synthesis involves enzymes secreted by bacteria reducing metal ions outside the cell and precipitating nanoparticles. Examples are given of bacteria producing silver, titanium, zinc sulfide and lead sulfide nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular pathways. While a green approach, bacterial nanoparticle synthesis can be slow with difficulty controlling size, shape and crystallinity of particles.
Advances in Nanomaterial with Antimicrobial Activityendale Kebede
The document discusses advances in nanomaterials with antimicrobial activity. It provides an overview of the current state of research on various nanomaterials and their antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action. Specifically, it summarizes the antimicrobial mechanisms and applications of nano silver, gold, titanium dioxide, silicon, magnesium oxide, copper, and zinc oxide. It explains how these nanomaterials damage bacterial cell membranes, release toxic ions, interrupt electron transport, generate reactive oxygen species, and more to kill bacteria through a variety of pathways.
Nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imagingAlex Chris
This document discusses the use of various types of nanoparticles for molecular imaging applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT). It describes how gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and other nanoparticles are being investigated and developed as contrast agents for molecular imaging due to their tunable properties and potential for functionalization and targeted delivery. For example, one study demonstrated how antibody-conjugated gold nanorods could selectively target and image squamous cell carcinoma tumors using CT. Overall, the controlled properties of engineered nanoparticles show promise for improving molecular imaging techniques.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications in medicine. It begins with the origins and definitions of nanotechnology. Some key approaches to nanofabrication include top-down and bottom-up methods. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery. Nanotechnology has applications in regenerative medicine, disease diagnosis using nanomolecular diagnostics, and in-vitro diagnostics including nano biosensors and nanoarrays. Overall, nanomedicine holds promise for earlier disease detection and more targeted treatment approaches.
Nanotechnology in waste water treatmentSakthivel R
This document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for waste water treatment. It explains that nanoparticles are effective at removing pollutants from water due to their high surface area. Various nanomaterials like metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and zeolites can be used. Specifically, nano sorbents can sorbe a wide variety of organic and inorganic contaminants, nano catalysts can increase reaction rates to degrade contaminants, and biomimetic membranes allow for efficient desalination using reverse osmosis. Molecularly imprinted polymers also selectively remove pollutants even at low concentrations. Overall, nanotechnology provides effective, efficient, and eco-friendly approaches to water treatment.
Nanoparticles have unique optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties compared to larger particles. Optically, their surface plasmon resonance leads to absorption and reflection of visible light that depends on particle size, causing various colors. Magnetically, they can be superparamagnetic and useful in applications like MRI contrast agents. Mechanically, carbon nanotubes have tensile strengths and moduli that are over 1000 times greater than steel.
This document provides an overview of safe handling practices for nanomaterials. It defines engineered nanoparticles as particles less than 100nm designed and manufactured. Examples given include carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. The document notes that due to their small size, nanoparticles can more easily enter the body and cross barriers like the blood-brain barrier, posing unknown health risks. It recommends approaches like controlling exposures through ventilation, containment, and personal protective equipment. The key challenges are the lack of toxicity data and standardized exposure methods for nanomaterials.
This document provides an overview of nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes. It discusses how nanomaterials are materials with sizes between 1 to 100 nm that exhibit unique properties. Carbon nanotubes are nanomaterials made of rolled graphene sheets that have excellent mechanical and electrical properties. The document outlines several methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes including high pressure carbon monoxide deposition and chemical vapor deposition. It then discusses important properties and applications of carbon nanotubes such as their strength, conductivity, and use as reinforcements in composites.
Nanomachines are mechanical or electromechanical devices that are measured in nanometers, which are units of 10-9 meters or millionths of a millimeter. K. Eric Drexler popularized the idea of nanomachines in the 1980s and 1990s, with the goal of building an "assembler" nanomachine that can manipulate individual atoms to rearrange raw materials and produce useful items. The main engineering challenge is gaining control over molecular engineering and chemical synthesis to be able to position individual atoms and form new stable molecular structures like simulated nanogears.
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact the environment through applications such as water purification, pollution remediation, and green energy technologies. It can remove contaminants from water supplies and air at the nanoscale and help measure and mitigate pollutants. Some examples where nanotechnology is already benefiting the environment include battery recycling, radioactive waste cleanup, oil spill remediation, and desalination. However, nanopollution from nanomaterials production is a potential negative impact that requires further research to understand environmental and health effects. More study is also needed to identify and manage high risk nanomaterials.
This document discusses nanoparticles, including their types, characterization, modes of action, and applications. Some key points include:
Nanoparticles range from 1-1000nm in size and have high surface area to volume ratios. Common types include nanotubes and quantum dots. Characterization techniques include spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects through reactive oxygen species production and cell membrane disruption. Applications include use in wound dressings, household products, and food/water purification to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Advantages are specific targeting and biodegradability while disadvantages include potential toxicity risks.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
TOXICITY OF FULLERENE AND CARBON NANO TUBESJoyce Joseph
The document discusses the toxicity of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. It notes that toxicity depends on factors like exposure pathway, duration, dose and an individual's health. Fullerenes are hollow carbon spheres or tubes, while carbon nanotubes are cylindrical tubes composed of sp2 bonds. Studies show carbon nanotubes can cause lung issues in rodents similar to asbestos due to their needle-like shape. Concerns exist around their unique properties and potential health issues. More research is still needed to fully understand and regulate nanotoxicity.
The document discusses various sources of nanoparticle exposure and their potential health effects. It addresses nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, indoor air pollution from activities like cooking, cigarette smoke, demolition sites, and engineered nanoparticles used in consumer products. Some key points include:
- Diesel exhaust nanoparticles can increase cardiovascular risk and lung cancer risk.
- Indoor activities are a major source of indoor air pollution and nanoparticle exposure.
- Cigarette smoke contains nanoparticles that increase cancer and respiratory disease risk.
- Demolition sites release asbestos and other toxic nanoparticles that can cause respiratory symptoms.
- Engineered nanoparticles are used in cosmetics, clothing, and other products but their health effects after exposure are still being studied.
Quantum dots have unique optical properties that make them useful fluorescent probes for cellular and in vivo imaging. They have broad absorption spectra and narrow, size-dependent emission spectra. Making hydrophobic quantum dots water-soluble involves coating them with bifunctional ligands, encapsulating them in micelles or liposomes, or polymer coating. Quantum dots can be conjugated to biomolecules like avidin and used for multiplexed imaging. They have advantages over organic dyes like greater photostability and brightness. Quantum dots have been used for various cellular imaging applications as well as in vivo imaging of vasculature, receptors, and other targets.
Relative Morphology of Extraembryonic Membranes in Mammals: Their Roles in Hi...Joseph Holson
Presented by John DeSesso and Joseph F. Holson in Symposium I ("A Detective Story: Is the Prenatal Toxicity of a Therapeutic in Rats Relevant to Human Risk?", J.F. Holson and L. B. Pearce, co-chairpersons) at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of the Teratology Society, Philadelphia, PA, June 26, 2003.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang proses pembentukan plasenta, amnion, dan embriogenesis selama kehamilan. Proses pembentukan plasenta dimulai setelah implantasi dan selesai pada usia kehamilan 16 minggu. Amnion berisi air ketuban yang melindungi janin. Embriogenesis meliputi proses gastrulasi dimana terbentuk tiga lapisan sel (ektoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) yang kemudian berkembang menjadi sistem organ tubuh
This document discusses ethical issues in research methodology. It defines ethics as principles of conduct considered correct by a given profession. These principles aim to prevent harm and maintain confidentiality.
The document identifies key stakeholders in research as the research participants, researcher, and funding body. Regarding participants, it addresses issues like informed consent, incentives, sensitivity of information collected, and potential for harm. For researchers, it discusses bias avoidance, appropriate methodology and reporting. For sponsoring organizations, it considers restrictions and misuse of information. Overall the document provides an overview of important ethical considerations in conducting research.
Shape memory alloys are metal alloys that can be deformed at one temperature but return to their original shape when heated or cooled. The most common alloys are nickel-titanium (Nitinol), copper-zinc-aluminum, and copper-aluminum-nickel. Nitinol was discovered in the 1960s and is now used widely in applications such as medical devices, aircraft, and household appliances. Shape memory alloys work through a solid state phase change between martensite and austenite phases - deforming occurs in the martensite phase while heating triggers shape recovery in the austenite phase. They provide advantages like biocompatibility and diverse applications but also
The document provides an overview of shape memory alloys, including their history, mechanisms, common types, manufacturing processes, applications, and properties. It discusses how shape memory alloys can remember and revert to their original shape through a phase change triggered by heat. Common shape memory alloys include nickel-titanium (Nitinol) and nickel-titanium-palladium alloys. The document also reviews the transformation temperatures and testing methods for these alloys. A wide range of applications are described, from medical devices to robotics to civil structures.
QD have such remarkable properties that scientists think they will soon be used in everything from light bulbs to the design of ultra-efficient solar cells.
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
The document discusses the development of various fetal membranes over 13 days, including the formation of the chorion, amnion, chorionic villi, and placenta. It notes that the chorion forms by day 12 from extra-embryonic mesoderm and contains syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers. The amnion forms as a cavity lined by amnioblasts and epiblast cells by day 8. The placenta develops from chorionic villi that invade the decidua basalis and form the intervillous spaces filled with maternal blood. Exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occurs across the placental barrier layers.
Microfluidics and nanofluidics involve the manipulation of fluids in channels with small dimensions, including cross-sectional areas less than 100 micrometers for microfluidics and the nanometer scale for nanofluidics. Key applications of microfluidics and nanofluidics include lab-on-a-chip systems, molecular biology, and the study of transport phenomena at small scales. Forces that dominate at the nanoscale include electrostatic, van der Waals, and capillary forces. Nanofluidic systems have potential applications in analytical chemistry, studying gene expression, and water purification.
Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are being researched for applications in cancer chemotherapy, including for drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment of tumors, and as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SPIONs have advantages such as biocompatibility and an ability to be guided to tumor sites using magnetic fields. However, coating is needed to reduce aggregation and toxicity. Research is exploring conjugating drugs and targeting ligands to SPIONs to selectively deliver higher doses of chemotherapy to tumors while reducing side effects.
The document discusses shape memory alloys, specifically nitinol. It explains that nitinol is an alloy made of nickel and titanium that remembers its original shape and can return to it after being bent, even when heated to 500 degrees C. The document lists applications of nitinol such as eyeglass frames, medical devices, and robotic joints. It encourages activities where students can research uses of nitinol and design art sculptures that move or change with temperature using the shape memory property.
The engineered nanoparticles are effectively used for cancer treatment due to their targeted drug delivery approach. Download the Aranca report on Technology and Patent Research for current research trends and developments.
This document provides an introduction to shape memory alloys. It discusses that shape memory alloys can remember their original shape and return to it when heated, after being deformed. The document outlines the history of shape memory alloys, their properties including shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity, how they work on a molecular level, and applications such as reinforcement, bolted joints, prestressing, and restrainers.
Physiology Selection book helps a student make his study exam orientedRaghu Veer
Este documento proporciona una lista de orden de importancia de los temas fisiológicos y anatómicos más relevantes para los exámenes del primer año de medicina. La lista incluye sistemas como fisiología general, sangre, sistema cardiovascular, respiratorio, músculos, sistema nervioso, digestivo, metabolismo, endocrinología, renal y anatomía de extremidades superiores y tórax. El documento pretende ayudar a los estudiantes a enfocar su estudio en las áreas y temas más importantes.
Amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrients for the developing fetus. Analysis of amniotic fluid obtained through amniocentesis can be used to assess fetal lung maturity, detect fetal distress, and screen for genetic and infectious disorders. Tests of amniotic fluid measure surfactant levels, bilirubin levels, and concentrations of proteins like alpha-fetoprotein to evaluate lung development and identify issues like hemorrhage or neural tube defects. Precise collection and rapid processing of amniotic fluid specimens is important for obtaining accurate test results.
- Accumulation of nanoparticles in the body can occur due to lack of degradation or excretion, as many nanoparticles are not biodegradable. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure to nanoparticles can potentially cause health effects, though more research is needed.
- Inhalation of nanoparticles can deposit in the lungs and cause pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer over long periods. Ingestion may cause liver damage. Dermal penetration of some nanoparticles is possible but not well understood.
- Further research is needed to understand health impacts through different exposure routes, and to determine exposure limits to prevent harmful effects. Various agencies are conducting studies on nanoparticle health risks.
This document discusses basic concepts in toxicology. It defines toxicology as the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. Toxic effects can occur through various routes of exposure and be seen immediately or long after exposure. The dose and duration of exposure determine the severity of response. Target organs are also discussed, where specific tissues are affected rather than the whole body. Factors like intrinsic toxicity, dose, exposure conditions, and individual susceptibility influence the adverse health effects of toxins.
The document discusses potential health and safety issues related to nanoparticles. It notes that nanoparticles may accumulate in the body since many are not biodegradable, and their health effects are not well understood. Nanoparticles can be hazardous if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through skin contact. Inhalation of nanoparticles can cause lung inflammation and damage. Ingestion may lead to liver damage. Dermal exposure is also a concern since nanoparticles may penetrate skin. More research is needed to understand health impacts through different exposure routes and on organs like the liver and kidneys. Various studies and agencies are working to evaluate potential nanoparticle health risks.
The document discusses nano-toxicological issues, noting that nanoparticles can interact with cells depending on their size. Particles less than 100nm can enter cells, those under 40nm can enter the cell nucleus, and those under 35nm can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Studies aim to understand how physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, surface chemistry and aggregation affect toxic biological responses. Some toxic issues discussed are oxidative stress induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Progress in reducing toxicity includes using approved materials in development and international efforts to standardize in vitro and in vivo testing protocols.
EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - EMF Sensitivity Not Relevant
The document discusses the immune system and its response to electromagnetic fields. It provides background on the basic components and functions of the immune system. It then discusses how the immune system can have hypersensitivity reactions to environmental substances, including electromagnetic fields. It notes several types of hypersensitivity reactions and cells involved. Finally, it discusses natural and human-made sources of electromagnetic fields and how different frequencies interact with the body.
1. The document discusses approaches to evaluating the toxicity of industrial chemicals in a humane manner. It examines using laboratory animals versus alternative in vitro methods.
2. Currently, there are no immediate alternatives to using animals for assessing acute toxicity of chemicals through ocular, systemic, and cutaneous toxicity tests. Complex biological systems are difficult to replicate entirely in vitro.
3. Society demands high certainty in toxicity assessments to minimize risk to humans. Toxicologists must be cautious not to reduce predictive quality by replacing animal tests prematurely with alternatives that have not been fully validated.
The document discusses nanotechnology safety and risks. It notes an increase in consumer products with nanoclaims and evaluates risks. Some key issues are the unique properties of nanomaterials that can increase reactivity, difficulties in safety evaluation due to multiple crystal forms and dispersion problems, and dependence of toxicity on dose metrics. Risk assessment is outlined as the process used to evaluate safety, but challenges remain around various types of nanofibers and establishing definitive cause-and-effect relationships for adverse health effects.
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms that arise following exposure to toxic substances.
The document discusses issues related to safety, health, and environmental (SH&E) management of nanotechnology. It provides an overview of nanotechnology and nanoparticles, potential health risks from exposure, challenges in exposure monitoring and control, and considerations for best practices. Regulatory frameworks are still developing as knowledge of nanomaterial properties and toxicity is limited. More research is needed to better understand and manage potential risks.
The document discusses allergic reactions to dental materials. It begins with definitions of terms like biocompatibility, biomaterial, and allergy. It then discusses the history of using dental materials and experimenting on patients, leading to modern regulations and ethics. The document outlines different types of allergic reactions and potential allergens from dental materials like mercury, nickel, and resin monomers. It also discusses common allergic reactions seen in dentistry like allergic contact dermatitis, stomatitis, and cheilitis. Testing and standards for evaluating dental materials are also summarized.
Avs nanotechnology and genetic engineering for plant pathology seminar 2015 a...AMOL SHITOLE
Nanotechnology has applications in agriculture such as increasing crop yields, targeted delivery of nutrients and pesticides, and detecting infections early. It can manipulate matter at the atomic scale to control structures and devices. This allows properties of materials to be systematically manipulated to benefit agriculture. Examples of nanotechnology use include fluorescent probes for rapid disease detection, nanosensors for real-time monitoring, and smart delivery systems for timed and targeted treatment. Overall, nanotechnology has potential to advance precision agriculture and improve crop resistance to stresses and diseases.
The document discusses the basics of toxicology including definitions, concepts, and target organ effects. It defines toxicology as the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. Toxicants can cause effects ranging from immediate death to long-term subtle changes. Target organ effects include damage to the blood, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and reproductive organs. The factors that determine the toxicity of a substance include dose, route of exposure, and characteristics of the exposed individual.
This document discusses safety assessment of cosmetic products in the EU. It covers the current EU cosmetics legislation, risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients according to SCCS guidance, the role of the responsible person, and risk assessment of finished cosmetic products. The key points are:
- Cosmetic product safety is based on the safety of ingredients and a demonstration of safety.
- SCCS provides guidance on assessing the safety of ingredients through hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and risk characterization.
- The responsible person ensures compliance with legislation and is responsible for the safety assessment of finished products before marketing.
Medical applications of nanotechnology allow for the creation of smart nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and medical diagnostics. Nanoparticles less than 100 nm in size can selectively deliver drugs to specific sites in the body, such as targeting cancer cells or removing toxins. Their small size also enables medical diagnostics applications in hospitals, law enforcement, and homeland security by targeting markers for drug overdoses, disease, or other conditions. Engineering approaches are being developed to more precisely target tumor microenvironments and increase treatment effectiveness.
The document discusses the history and development of biosensors from their invention in the 1960s to their current applications. It describes how biosensors work by combining a biological recognition element with a transducer that converts a biological response into an electrical signal. Examples are given of different types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors. Applications discussed include uses in medicine for diagnosing diseases, in the food industry for detecting pathogens, and in environmental monitoring. Challenges to the widespread adoption of biosensors are also summarized such as issues with biomaterial stability and cost factors.
Review of literature on carbon nanotubes exposure risks to human health, and hypes involved in exageration of risks and raising issues regarding research carried out in unrealistic laboratory environment that exhibit excess of human uptake.
This document discusses the opportunities and risks of nanotechnology. It describes several applications of nanotechnology in domains like food, agriculture, medicine, energy, and more. However, it also notes health and environmental risks are not fully understood due to lack of information. The document advocates applying the precautionary principle and producing new knowledge on nanoparticle toxicity through research to help manage these risks.
This document discusses the opportunities and risks of nanotechnology. It describes various applications of nanotechnology in fields like food, agriculture, space exploration, the military, energy, electronics and more. However, it also notes health and environmental risks are not yet well understood. There are concerns about nanoparticle toxicity if inhaled or absorbed through skin/digestive tract. Precautionary measures are needed like tracking nanoparticles, safety research, and regulations to protect people and the environment while continuing nanotechnology development.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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TOXICITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS
1. With thanks to
TOXICITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF
NANOMATERIALS
Dr. Andreas R. Köhler
Strategic workshop on nanotechnology Brussels,
10th February 2015
2. ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
Categories of ENM according to ISO TS 27687
Anthropogenic materials at nano-scale that are “designed for a specific
purpose or function” (ISO/TS 80004
3. Risk = impact of uncertainty on objectives (ISO 31000)
The objective of regulatory toxicology: to protect safeguard subjects from harm
Uncertainty:
- Empirical uncertainty (margin of error in measurement results)
- Lack of experiences
- Lack of scientific knowledge
- Ignorance (the white spots)
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY
4. RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY
Exposure:
How much of a substance comes into contact with a target organism
over a certain time period.
Toxicity:
The intrinsic ability of a substance to disrupt biological processes in
living organisms (hazard potential).
Risk = f(exposure) * f(hazard potential)
5. RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY
Risk = f(exposure) * f(hazard potential)
For the regulatory purpose
(thresholds, bans) scientific
evidence about the dose–
response relationship must be
established
6. RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY
Risk = f(exposure) * f(hazard potential)
Exposure:
- by measurements (lab experiments, sample taking & analysis)
- by means of environmental fate scenarios
- by probabilistic modelling
Toxic hazard potential:
- experimental animal testing (in vivo)
- non-animal testing methods (in vitro)
- Experience-based methods
- read-across method (analogy to a known reference substance)
- grouping of substances by physico-chemical properties
- quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs).
8. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Transformations of ENM:
- physical-chemical properties (solubility, agglomeration/aggregation, absorbtion, etc)
- Interactions with technical systems (e.g. cross-contamination)
- Interactions with environmental compartments (dillution, sedimentation …)
- Interactions with biota (bio-persistency, bio-accumulation …)
Release of ENM can occur at each stage of the life cycle:
- during production and manufacturing processes,
- leakages during transportation, handling and waste disposal,
- accidents,
- detachment from products during their use phase (intended or unintended),
- recycling and final disposal of nano-products.
9. HAZARD CHARACTERISTION
Toxicity depends from the kind of substance and its dosage
Toxicology is about measuring the dose-response relationship
Nanomaterials may show a different toxicity than bulk materials
(classical chemicals) because:
- smaller particle size -> increased surface size
- different toxicokinetic mechanisms (bio-uptake, distribution, and
elimination within an organism)
- different immune-system response
- there seems to be no size-relared threshold for nanotoxic effects
10. POSSIBLE MODES OF NANO-TOXICITY
• Oxidative stress: ENM can induce inflammatory reactions due to the
formation of Reactive Oxygen Species within organisms.
• Inflammation: ENM can lead to a chronic overload of immune system
cells that are responsible for removing foreign substances from the
body.
• Genotoxic potential: possibility of DNA damage due to cellular uptake
of ENM, which may result in cancer.
• Endocrine disruptors: various types of ENM can disturb the reproductive
systems of male as well as female organisms
• Changes of body tissue (e.g. lung) caused by mechanical interaction with
incorporated ENM. Accumulation of large amounts of foreign particles
can clog normal tissue functions and lead to chronic diseases.
• Protein and lipid damage, enzyme disruption.
11. STANDARDISATION ACTIVITIES
• CEN TC 352
- WG 1 “Measurement, characterization and performance evaluation”
- WG 3 “Health, safety and environmental aspects”
• ISO TC 299
- JWG 1 “Terminology and nomenclature”
- JWG 2 “Measurement and characterization”
- WG 3 “Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects of Nanotechnologies”
• OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPNM)
- Sponsorship Programme for the Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials
safety testing of 13 specific Manufactured Nanomaterials and Endpoints
Results: toxicological test results to be made publicly available by March 2015
Series of guidelines for phys-chem characterization and toxicological testing