This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium that causes leprosy or Hansen's disease. It is a gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus that primarily infects nerves and skin. It has not been successfully cultured in labs. Leprosy exists in two main types - tuberculoid and lepromatous - depending on the immune response. Symptoms range from localized skin lesions to extensive damage of skin and nerves. Diagnosis involves visualization of bacteria in skin or nerve samples. Treatment involves multidrug regimens including dapsone and rifampin.
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in humans.
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in humans.
Do you know Mycoacterium leprae cannot e cultured in normal medium? Do you know leprosy is one of the least contagious diseases? To know more interesting facts see the slide
Do you know Mycoacterium leprae cannot e cultured in normal medium? Do you know leprosy is one of the least contagious diseases? To know more interesting facts see the slide
Leprosy also known as Hansen's disease (HD) is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. It is a medical emergency.
Oldest disease known to mankind
First described in ancient Indian
texts as “Kustha roga” attributed ]
to curse from God
Leper : Greek “scaly”
Hansen’s Disease – 1873 Norwegian Armauer Hansen discovered that leprosy is caused by bacterium - Mycobacterium leprae
Albert Neisser (1879) – stained the organism with fuchsin & gentian violet ( AFB )
Key facts
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria, Mycobacterium leprae.
The disease predominantly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Left untreated, the disease may cause progressive and permanent disabilities.
The bacteria are transmitted via droplets from the nose and mouth during close and frequent contact with untreated cases.
Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT).
Leprosy is reported from all the six WHO Regions; the majority of annual new case detections are from South-East Asia.
Overview
Leprosy is an age-old disease and is described in the literature of ancient civilizations. It is a chronic infectious disease which is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. The disease affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent disability. Apart from the physical deformity, persons affected by leprosy also face stigmatization and discrimination.
Scope of the problem
Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) which still occurs in more than 120 countries, with more than 200 000 new cases reported every year. Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem globally (defined as prevalence of less than 1 per 10 000 population) was achieved in 2000 (as per World Health Assembly resolution 44.9) and in most countries by 2010. The reduction in the number of new cases has been gradual, both globally and in the WHO regions. As per data of 2019, Brazil, India and Indonesia reported more than 10 000 new cases, while 13 other countries (Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka and the United Republic of Tanzania) each reported 1000–10 000 new cases. Forty-five countries reported 0 cases and 99 reported fewer than 1000 new cases.
Transmission
The disease is transmitted through droplets from the nose and mouth. Prolonged, close contact over months with someone with untreated leprosy is needed to catch the disease. The disease is not spread through casual contact with a person who has leprosy like shaking hands or hugging, sharing meals or sitting next to each other. Moreover, the patient stops transmitting the disease when they begin treatment.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of leprosy is done clinically. Laboratory-based services may be required in cases that are difficult to diagnose.
The disease manifests commonly through skin lesion and peripheral nerve involvement. Leprosy is diagnosed by finding at least one of the following cardinal signs: (1) definite loss of sensation in a pale (hypopigmented) or reddish skin patch; (2) thickened or enlarged peripheral nerve, with loss of sensation and/or weakness of the muscles supplied by that nerve; (3) microscopic detection of bacilli in a slit-skin smear.
Based on the above, the cases are classified into two types for treatment
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
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inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
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mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. INTRODUCTION
IT IS A GRAM POSITIVE ORGANISM
CAUSING LEPROSY OR HANSEN’S
DISEASE.
IT IS NON-MOTILE, NON-SPORING,
ACID FAST BACILLI WHICH IS MAINLY
RESPONSIBLE FOR CAUSING DAMAGE
TO NERVES.
3. – this organism was
described by Hansen
in 1873
–it has not been
cultivated on
nonliving
bacteriologic media
– There are more than
10 million cases of
leprosy, mainly in
Asia
Armauer Hansen in 1873
4. Cultivation
• No artificial media / tissue
culture available.
• Mouse :
• intradermaly inoculated into
FOOT PADS and develop
local granulomatous lesions
with limited multiplication of
bacilli
• . Inoculated armadillos
develop extensive
lepromatous leprosy
5. Epidemiology
• Without prophylaxis, about 10% of exposed children
may acquire the disease
• The incubation period is probably 2–10 years.
• The naturally infected armadillos found in Texas and
Mexico probably play no role in transmission of
leprosy to humans.
6. Pathogenesis
• Source : Nasal or Skin
• discharges from lesion.
Portal of entry: Damaged
• skin -Inoculation.
Nasal mucosa- Inhalation
• MOST OF THE DAMAGE DONE
IS BY ENTERING THE NERVES,
MAINLY SPINAL NERVES AND
CAUSE DAMAGE TO THEM.
• IT LEADS TO LOSS OF
SENSATION OF TOUCH, PAIN,
TEMPERATURE.
7. • IT LEADS TO WHITE PATCHES ON THE SKIN WHICH
ARISE DUE TO LOSS OF PIGMENTATION FROM SKIN.
• IF THIS DISEASE STARTS DETERIORATING , NODES
APPEAR ON THE SKIN WHICH CONTAINS BUNDLES OF
BACTERIA, SLOWLY IT DISSESEMINATES INTO THE
COMPLETE BODY AND CAUSES FORMATION OF “
GRANULOMA”
• THIS GRANULOMA IS DIFFERENT FROM TUBERCLE
GRANULOMA DUE TO ABSENCE OF CENTRAL
CASEIATING NECROSIS.
8. STAGES OF LEPROSY
• The disease is divided into two
major types, lepromatous and
tuberculoid, with several
intermediate stages
9. Tuberculoid leprosy
•Lesions are
large maculae on skin,
superficial nerve
endings.
•CMI is intact.
•Low infectivity
Lepromatous leprosy
• Extensive
maculae,
papules or
nodules;
Extensive
destruction of skin.
•CMI severely depressed
•High infectivity
Regression
Progression
10. Generalized form with decreased CMI.
“Lepromata” : Granulation tissue
with plenty of vacuolated
cells
Ulceration
Secondary infection &
Mutilation of limbs.
Skin lesions are extensive and bilaterally
symmetrical.
Lepromatous leprosy
11. Face,ear lobules,hands and feet.
Symmetrical thickening of peripheral nerves &
anesthesia.
Bacilli invade mucosa of Nose , Mouth and
Respiratory tract → shed in secretions.
Bacteremia present.
Auto antibodies are produced.
Lateral part of eyebrows are lost.
13. Localized form in individuals with
intact CMI.
Skin lesions :
Few hypo or hyper pigmented
macular patches.
Seen on Face, trunk and limbs.
Bacilli are scanty or absent.
Infectivity is low.
Tuberculoid leprosy
14. Lab. Diagnosis
• Specimens :
1. Scrapings from
Lesion ,Nasal mucosa.
Z-N staining.
Acid fast bacilli within
the undifferentiated
• Live bacilli : Solid, uniformly
stained.
• Dead bacilli :Fragmented
and granular.
15. • 2. Skin & Nerve biopsy.
• 3.Ear lobules ( Slit skin smear ).
• 5. Lepromin test : To know prognosis.
• Not for diagnosis.
• 6.Molecular diagnosis: Identifying DNA codes
for
• 65 & 18-kDa M.leprae proteins.
16. Treatment :
• Sulfones such as dapsone are first-line therapy for
both tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy
• RMP or clofazimine generally is included in the initial
treatment regimens
• Other drugs active against M leprae include
minocycline, clarithromycin, and some
fluoroquinolones.
