local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
A comprehensive description of leischmaniasis with its types, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control. It also includes details regarding lab diagnosis, disease agent, vector and host.
Etiology of Leprosy:
A chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast, rod shaped
Main route of infection:
nasal droplets,
Eating armadillos (south america)
Not very contagious, but close relatives are at high risk of infection
A comprehensive description of leischmaniasis with its types, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control. It also includes details regarding lab diagnosis, disease agent, vector and host.
Etiology of Leprosy:
A chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast, rod shaped
Main route of infection:
nasal droplets,
Eating armadillos (south america)
Not very contagious, but close relatives are at high risk of infection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Lumpy skin disease.pptx
1. Viral Diseases
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal
Husbandry
Somali National University
Mogadishu, Gaheyr Campus
OCt. 01. 2022
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
2. • Lumpy skin disease was first diagnosed in
northern Rhodesia/Zambia in 1929.
• and then spread to Botswana in 1943, South
Africa in 1944, southern Rhodesia/Zimbabwe in
1945, Kenya in 1957, Sudan in 1971, Chad and
Niger in 1973, Nigeria in 1974, and Ethiopia in
1983.
• Lumpy skin disease spread steadily to almost all
sub-Saharan countries by the end of the 1970s and
remained only in this region till 1987.
3. From 1988, the diseases spread to Egypt.
Initially it was difficult to know the etiological
agent of LSD.
LSD was first described by MacDonald in
1931 as “pseudo-urticaria”
4. Lumpy skin disease is an acute disease of
cattle characterized by fever, cutaneous
nodules and generalized lymphadenitis.
5. Etiology:
LSD is caused by a virus in the genus
Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae
related to the arthropod-borne pox virus of
sheep and goats.
6. Occurrence:
The endemic area lies in southern Africa.
In recent years epidemics have occurred
in East and West Africa.
7. Geographic Distribution and
Economic Impact
• Lumpy skin disease is currently endemic and
widespread in almost all African countries except
for a few northern African countries: Libya,
Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco.
• After being confined for almost 60 years in the
sub-Saharan African region and Egypt, the disease
has spread to the Middle East countries such as
Israel, the Palestinian Autonomous Territories,
Jordan, Lebanon, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Saudi
Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, and the United
Arab Emirates
8. LSD is thought to have originated in Zambia
from where it spread to Zimbabwe,
Mozambique, and South Africa.
In 1957, LSD was first seen in East Africa
in Kenya in the Rift Valley.
epidemics of LSD have occurred irregularly
and have extended to include the whole of
Kenya, and have also been reported from
Uganda, Somalia and Tanzania. The disease
was reported from the Nile basin of southern
Sudan in the early 1970s
9. • A report estimated a total economic loss of around
USD667,785.60 due to LSD outbreaks between
June and December 2011 in feedlot farms in
central Ethiopia.
• also estimated a milk price loss of USD44.70 per
cow during an average of 20 days when an
outbreak occurs on a dairy farm. Although
mortality rate caused by LSD is usually low, the
disease is of major economic importance owing to
costs incurred for veterinary service, cow death,
abortion, and still birth of calves
10. LSD – Distribution
LSD is generally confined to Africa
It may also occur in other Middle Eastern countries
(Kuwait)
11.
12. LSD - Species Affected
LSD is primarily a disease of cattle
Bos taurus breeds (Jersey, Guernsey and
Ayrshire) are more susceptible to clinical
disease than zebu cattle (Bos indicus)
Indigenous cattle rarely become sick and
seldom die but exotic cattle react more
severely. A few cases have been reported in
Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
13.
14. In general young calves and lactating cows
appear more susceptible.
Giraffe and impala have been shown
experimentally to be susceptible.
Wild animals are not thought to play an
important role in the spread or
maintenance of LSDV
15.
16.
17. LSD - Transmission
LSDV is thought to be transmitted primarily
by biting insects
This virus has been found in mosquitoes in the
genera Aedes and Culex during some
outbreaks
Flies and other insects might also be involved
in transmission, but this remains unproven
Direct contact could be a minor source of
infection
18. LSD - Transmission
LSDV occurs in cutaneous lesions, saliva,
respiratory secretions, milk and semen
Animals can be infected experimentally by
inoculation with material from cutaneous
nodules or blood, or by ingestion of feed
and water contaminated with saliva
19.
20. LSD - Clinical Signs
CS of LSD range from inapparent to severe (age
and breed)
Fever at the beginning then formation of
nodules on the skin and mucosae (in 2 days)
The size of the nodules vary from 1 cm to 7 cm
and penetrate the full thickness of the skin
Nodules are common on the head, neck, udder,
genitalia, perineum and legs
21. LSD - Clinical Signs
Nodules develop a characteristic inverted
conical zone of necrosis, which penetrates
the skin layers, subcutaneous tissue, and
sometimes the underlying muscle
The cores of necrotic material become
separated from the adjacent skin and are
called sit-fasts
Secondary bacterial infections occur
22. LSD - Clinical Signs
Superficial lymph nodes become enlarged
and edematous
Rhinitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis can
also be seen
Abortions and temporary or permanent
sterility may occur in both bulls and cows
A few animals die but the majority slowly
recover
28. Bovine, muzzle. There are multiple sharply-demarcated
slightly raised papules, often with eroded surfaces, that extend
into the nares.
29. Pathology:
The cut surface of the nodules is dull and
pinkish-grey and the subcutis is often
infiltrated by red serous fluid.
Sit-fasts are usually raised above the level
of the surrounding skin on granulation
tissue.
Microscopically the nodules are variable in
morphology.
30. In animals that die nodules are found to
occur in visceral organs, particularly the
lungs and the tissues of the upper
respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as
cutaneously.
All the lymph nodes are enlarged.
35. Bovine, lung. There is marked generalized interlobular edema,
and there is a small cluster of red nodules on the left side of the
specimen.
36. Diagnosis:
Typical cases are easily recognized
clinically during epidemics but subacute
cases are often difficult to diagnose.
Confirmation is best sought by examining
a biopsy sample from an early skin
nodule by electron microscopy.
37. Supportive diagnostic aids include:
virus isolation in cattle or in cell cultures
and
histopathology.
An early nodule should be excised and
forwarded to the laboratory; half the
nodule should be immersed in ten per cent
formol-saline and the other half should be
sent frozen.
38. The nodules of the Neethling type of lumpy skin
disease must be differentiated from :
those of the Allerton type of pseudolumpy skin
disease,
from the lesions of onchocerciasis,
streptothricosis,
globidiosis,
ringworm,
skin tuberculosis and urticaria, and
from tick and insect bites.
39. Other conditions of differential importance
include:
malignant catarrhal fever,
photosensitization and
sweating sickness.
40. Immunology:
The duration of immunity in recovered
animals is unknown but it is probably
lifelong.
A hypersensitivity test is used to detect
`immune' animals.
The antigen is injected intradermally and
the test is read 48 hours later, an increase
in the skin thickness of 3 mm or greater
being considered positive.
41. Control:
Quarantine measures do not prevent
spread of lumpy skin disease.
Prophylactic vaccination is therefore
recommended for the protection of cattle in
endemic areas.
Vaccines are available; an attenuated
Neethling strain of the virus is used in
south Africa and an attenuated sheep-goat
pox vaccine in East Africa.
42. If the disease occurs affected animals
should be segregated in insect-proof
buildings, and in-contact animals should be
vaccinated. proper disposal of carcasses
cleaning and disinfection of the premises
and insect control
Import restrictions can help prevent the
introduction of LSD