This document summarizes key concepts about weather and climate. It defines weather as short-term atmospheric conditions that can change from hour to hour or day to day, while climate refers to average weather conditions over a long period of time. The document then describes different methods for measuring elements of weather like temperature, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover, sunshine, and air pressure. It provides details on tropical cyclones and their categories based on wind speed. Finally, it outlines the public storm warning signals used in the Philippines.