The document defines key terms related to weather and climate such as weather, climate, season, temperature, humidity, air pressure, and winds. It describes how weather is the short term atmospheric conditions of a place while climate refers to average conditions over a longer period. Seasons result from the Earth's revolution and axis tilt. Temperature, precipitation, air pressure, winds, and visibility are the main elements that determine weather and climate in a given place. Factors like heat, air pressure, winds, and moisture interact to cause weather. Major wind systems like the doldrums, trade winds, horse latitudes, and prevailing westerlies result from differences in heating and the Coriolis effect.

3. weather
 Refers to the conditions of the atmosphere,
temperature, pressure and humidity of a place for a
short period of time.
 generally refers to day-to-day temperature and
precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the
average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of
time
e.g.
Too rainfall
Wind direction and strength
Cloud cover and;
sunshine

5. climate
 Is the average state of the atmosphere
over a long period of time.
 the weather averaged over a long period.
 The standard averaging period is
30 years.

7. season
 A season is a subdivision of the year,
marked by changes in weather, ecology, and
hours of daylight. Seasons result from the
yearly revolution of the Earth around
the Sun and the tilt of the Earth’s
axis relative to the plane of revolution.

8. "Climate is what you
expect, weather is what
you get."

9. The main elements of the atmosphere that
determine weather and climate at a given
place are:
 Temperature
 Precipitation (including humidity and
clouds)
 Air pressure
 Winds storms and;
 visibility

10. visibility
Doppler radar - in Virac,
Catanduanes. The equipment,
developed by the Japan Radio
Co. (JRC), is the first facility in the
world to use the Solid-State
Meteorological Radar System
technology, which has 95 percent
accuracy.

11. Factors interacting to cause weather are:
 Heat energy
 Air pressure
 Winds and;
 Moisture

12. How are typhoons formed?
 Typhoons start off as tropical thunderstorms. The
strong winds pull in moisture from the oceans. The
thunderstorms convert the moisture into heat. The heat
causes more air to flow to the center of the storm which
causes more evaporation. All the heat and air flow
toward the eye creating the typhoon.

13. Difference between
weather and
climate

14. Weather differs from climate due to:
 Latitude – determines the angle at which
the sun’s rays strike the earth’s surface and
their effectiveness;
 Distribution of lands and water;
 Winds;
 Altitude;
 Mountain barriers;
 Big semi-permanent high and low
pressure centers; ocean currents; and
 Different kinds of storms.

15. Combinations of these factors in
different intensities change
temperature that makes weather
different from climate.

16. temperature

17. temperature
The degree of hotness and coldness of a
substance.

18. Thermometer
Shows that the amount of
change is different for different
materials.

19.  Temperature is the most important
element of weather because weather
changes are brought about by the change in
temperature of the different parts of the
atmosphere.
 Temperatures in the continental climates
differ according to where air masses that
blow come from.
Large & dry continents = deserts
Mountains = cooler climates
o Climates in the cities are warmer than
open countries.

20. Water vapor

21.  Water vapor in the air is humidity.
 Comes from the evaporation of:
 Oceans;
 Rivers;
 Lakes;
 Soil;
 Plants; and
 Animals.
 Warm air can hold more moisture than an
equal volume of cold air. Why?

22. Relative humidity
The amount of moisture in the air or
the percentage of the moisture the
air can holds a definite temperature

23. Relative humidity
The relative humidity of an air-water
mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial
pressure of water vapor (H2O) in the
mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of
water at a prescribed temperature.
Relative humidity is normally expressed as
a percentage and is calculated by using the
following equation:
ew
100%
ew

24. Relative Humidity
Dry-bulb Wet-bulb
%
a. 27°C 25°C
%
b. 20°C 16°C
%
c. 15°C 12°C
%
d. 17°C 12°C
%
e. 30°C 29°C
Based on the percentage relative humidity obtained tells when (a-b-c-d-e)
1. It is driest
2. It is warmest
3. It is coldest
4. Rain will soon fall

26.  Air moves either horizontally as wind or
vertically as currents.
 Winds and currents transfer heat from the
equator to the poles.
 Heat comes directly from the earth and
indirectly from the sun.
 Air has weight.

27. More molecules?
Cold Air
1cm3 Warm air
1cm3
Denser?

28.  Temperature and amount of water vapor
determine the density of air. The weight of
the air at any given place is
 It is measured by an instrument called
barometer.

29. Mercurial barometer
 The first mercurial barometer
was made by Torricelli, a student of
Galileo.

30. Aneroid barometer
 If the pressure increases, the
sides of the container bend inward.
If air pressure decreases the sides
bulge out again.
 Can be used both for
measuring air pressure and altitude
above sea level. – Altimeter
The higher the altitude, the
thinner the air, the lighter it
becomes.

31. Which zone has the
lowest and highest
air pressure? Why?

32. Cool pole air flows toward the
equator and forces warm air up
in the upper atmosphere, warm
air flows toward the poles.

33. Air pressure is determined by:
 Altitude
- the higher you go, the lower the air
pressure, as the amount of air molecules
decreases.
 Temperature
- cold air has more air molecules than hot air
 Water vapor
Temperature and amount of water vapor
determine the density of the air.

34. Local winds

36. Local winds
 At daytime, air over land areas is warmer
than air over bodies of water.
- Flow of air from the sea to land is called
sea breeze

37.  At night, land cools faster than water
bodies. Sea air is warmer than land air. Sea
air rises, land air takes its place. This is the
Land Breeze.
 The name of the wind tells where it
originates.

38.  Huge land and sea breezes are called monsoons.
–seasonal winds.
 Northeast monsoon
 October – February
 Winds blows from cooler continent to warmer
ocean.
 It comes from northern Asia and blows toward
the Pacific Ocean.
 Cold season – Philippines – cool, dry season
to the northern.
 Winter season – north temperate and polar
areas.
 “Hanging Amihan”

39.  Southwest monsoon
 Winds blows from cooler ocean to
warmer continent.
 It comes from the Pacific Ocean and
brings rainy and typhoon season to the
Philippines.
 Oceans winds bring in warm, moist air,
therefore heavy rains and warm
temperatures over the land
 “Hanging Habagat”

40. Major wind
systems of the
earth

41. Factors affecting the winds in the earth
are:
The earth’s rotation, Pressure belts,
Differences in topography and In the heating
of air masses over land and water.
Ferrell's law
The law that wind is deflected to the right
in the Northern Hemisphere
and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
.
The force that deflects it is the Coriolis
Force.

42. Wind system
 Doldrums
 Trade winds
 Horse latitudes
 Prevailing westerly winds and;
 Polar winds

43.  Doldrums
 A region of hot air, low air pressure and
calm.
 Air currents move upward or
downward.
 Trade winds
 Slanting winds
 Blow in form north and south toward
the doldrums

44.  Horse latitudes
 A regions of high pressure between the trade
wind belts and westerlies.
 Air that rises in the doldrums sinks to the
earth.
 From the HPA of the horse latitudes, air
moves toward the equator and toward the
poles.
If the equator has a LPA due to heat, the
poles have high pressure areas due to
their coldness. The cold polar winds
move toward the sub-polar low pressure
belts, turn to the east, according to
ferrel’s law, and become the polar
easterlies.

45.  Prevailing westerlies
 Moves away from the horse latitudes toward
the sub-polar low belts, but they are turned to
the east by the earth’s rotation. As they come
from the west, they are called the westerlies