The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of skeletal muscles presented by Nikhil Vaishnav. It begins with an outline listing the major muscle groups that will be discussed, including muscles of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, shoulder girdle and upper limb, and lower limb. The presentation then covers the muscles within each of these groups in further detail over multiple slides, describing the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of each muscle. The focus is on identifying the individual muscles and briefly explaining their structure and function.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
Muscles of head, Muscles of face, Muscles of neck, Muscles of shoulder girdle, Muscles of upper limbs, Muscles of thorax, Diaphragm, Muscles of abdomen, Muscles of back, Muscles of perineum, Muscles of pelvis, Muscles of lower limb, Muscles of leg, Muscles of foot
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
Muscles of head, Muscles of face, Muscles of neck, Muscles of shoulder girdle, Muscles of upper limbs, Muscles of thorax, Diaphragm, Muscles of abdomen, Muscles of back, Muscles of perineum, Muscles of pelvis, Muscles of lower limb, Muscles of leg, Muscles of foot
Understanding your spine and how it works can help you better understand some of the problems that occur from aging or injury.
Many demands are placed on your spine. It holds up your head, shoulders, and upper body. It gives you support to stand up straight, and gives you flexibility to bend and twist. It also protects your spinal cord.
Muscles of the axial skeleton. Pictures of the muscles, origins, insertions, actions. Does not include all the muscles we discussed in class, but includes some fun photos & side notes.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
3. Muscles of the head
Muscles of the neck
Muscles of the thorax
Muscle of the abdomen
Muscle of the pelvis
Muscle of the shoulder girdle and upper limb
Muscle of the lower limb
7. These all muscles are innervated by branches of facial
nerve.
These muscle include: The occipitofrontalis muscle
and facial muscles.
8. It is a broad muscular layer.
It has 4 parts : 2 occipital bellies( occipitalis) ,
2 frontal bellies( frontalis).
All 4 parts are supplied by the facial nerve.
The muscle raises eyebrows.
9.
10. These are subcutaneous muscles.
They bring about different facial expressions.
During communication these muscles help to convey
mood.
20. It forms the “key muscle” of the neck.
It forms the anterior surface of the manubrium part
of sternum .
The muscle is inserted into the mastoid process of
the temporal bone.
Nerve supply: The spinal part of the accessory
nerve.
21. Action: Flexes and rotates cervical spine. Protracts
head when acting together . Extends neck when neck
already partially extended .
22. Origin: Skin over lower neck and upper lat chest .
Insertion: Interior border of mandible and skin over
lower face and angle of mouth .
Nerve supply: Cervical branch of facial nerve.
Action: It depresses the mandible so express horror,
sadness.
26. These muscles occupy the intercostal spaces and
connect the adjacent ribs.
They are arranges in 3 layers:
1. External Intercostals
2. Internal Intercostals
3. Innermost Intercostals
27. Total number= 11 pairs.
Action: Fix intercostal spaces during respiration. Aids
forced inspiration by elevating ribs .
28. Total number= 11 pairs.
Action: Fix intercostal spaces during inspiration. Aids
forced inspiration by elevating rib
30. Action: External intercostal muscle is involved in
inspiration and internal intercostal muscle is involved
in expiration
Nerve supply: Intercostal nerve supplies here.
31. Diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped partition
separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity.
The fibrous central part of diaphragm is called the
central tendon.
There are 2 domes: right dome and left dome.
Right dome is supported by liver.
32. Nerve supply: Phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve.
Action: When diaphragm contracts, it facilitates
inspiration. When it relaxes , facilitates expiration.
41. They are the largest and most important muscles in
the pelvic floor.
Posterior to ccocygeus muscle they form the pelvic
floor.
Levator ani is divided into 3 parts:
1) Puborectalis
2) Puboccygeus
3) Ilioccygeus
42. Nerve supply: Levator ani is supplied by perineal
branches of S3 & S4.
Action: The pelvic diaphragm supports the pelvis
viscera. During parturition, the levator ani support the
fetal head.
45. Muscles attaching the scapula to the trunk.
Muscles attaching the humerus to the scapula.
Muscles attaching the humerus to the chest wall.
Muscles of the arm.
Muscles of the forearm.
Muscles of the hand and fingers
47. These muscles lies deep to the trapezius muscle.
Origin: R major takes origin from the spinous
processes of T2-T5. R minor takes origin from the C7
and T1.
Insertion: Both inserted to the medial border of
scapula.
Nerve supply: Both rhomboids are supplied by the
dorsal scapular nerve (C5).
48.
49. The trapezius is a broad, flat and triangular
muscle.
It covers the posterior aspect of the neck and
superior half the trunk.
Origin: Originates from the skull, Ligamentum
nuchae and the spinous processes of C7-T12.
Insertion: It is inserted to the clavicle,
acromion and the scapula spine.
50. Nerve supply: Spinal part of accessory nerve.
Action: The upper fibres of the trapezius
elevates the scapula and rotates it during
abduction of the arm.
51.
52. It is a broad sheet of muscles and forms the
medial wall of axilla.
54. Origin: Muscles take origin from the
supraspinatus & Infraspinatus fossae of
scapula.
Insertion: They inserted into the greater
tubercule of the humerus.
Nerve supply: Suprascapulaf nerve
Action: Medially and laterally rotates the
arm.
55.
56. It is a powerful. Multipennate muscle.
It is shaped like the Greek letter delta.
Origin: From the scapula and clavicle.
Insertion: Inserted to the deltoid tuberosity
of humerus bone.
Nerve supply: Axillary nerve.
Action :Flexion, adduction and medial
rotation of shoulder joint & extension and
lateral rotation of arm.
57.
58. Teres major is the thick muscle of the joint.
Origin: Lateral border of scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Nerve supply: Scapular nerve.
Action: adduct the humerus.
59.
60. It is a narrow muscle.
Origin: lateral border of the scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercule of humerus.
Nerve supply: Axillary nerve.
Action: laterally rotates the arm, stabilizes
humerus.
63. It is a large muscle covers the superficial
muscle in the thorax.
Origin: from clavicle and sternum.
Insertion: Inserted to humerus.
Nerve supply: Medial & lateral pectoral
nerve.
Action: Adduction and medial rotation of
shoulder joint.
64. It is a small triangular muscle lies underneath
the pectoralis major.
Origin: origin from the 3rd to 5th ribs.
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula.
Nerve supply: Medial and lateral pectoral
nerves.
Action: Protraction of scapula.
65. It is a large, wide, fan-shaped muscle.
Origin: the spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac
crest.
Insertion: Inserted into the humerus.
Nerve supply: Thoracodorsal nerve
Action: Extension and medial rotation at the
shoulder joint.
67. The biceps brachii is a two-headed muscle.
It has 2 head : long head and short head.
Origin: Long head originates from the supraglenoid
tubercule of the scapula. Short head originates from
the coronoid process of the scapula.
Insertion: Both head inserted into the radial
tuberosity.
68. Nerve supply: The musculocutaneous nerve.
Action: Supination of forearm and flexion of
the elbow.
69. Origin: shaft of the humerus.
Insertion: coronoid process of ulna
Nerve supply: Musculocutaneous nerve.
Action: Flexion of elbow joint.
70. Origin: coracoid process of the scapula
Insertion: Shaft of the humerus.
Nerve supply: Musculocutaneous nerve.
Action: It is a weak flexor of shoulder joint.
71. It arises by 3 heads: long head, lateral head
and a medial head.
Origin: Long head arises from the scapula and
lateral , medial head arises from the humerus.
Insertion: into the olecranon process of ulna.
Nerve supply: Radial nerve.
88. The gluteal or buttock region is an anatomical area
located posteriorly to the pelvic girdle.
The muscles in this region move the lower limb at
the hip joint.
The muscles of gluteal region is divided in 2 groups :
1. Superficial muscles.
2. Deep muscles.
89. The superficial muscles in the gluteal region
consist of the three glutei and the tensor
fascia lata.
They mainly act to abduct and extend the
lower limb at the hip joint.
92. The gluteal muscles form the fleshy part of
buttocks.
The gluteus maximus is the largest and most
superficial muscle of gluteal region.
The posterior one third of gluteus mediusis is
covered by gluteus maximus.
Gluteus minimus lies beneath the medius.
93. Origin: From the ilium and sacrum.
Insertion: Inserted into the femur.
Nerve supply: Superior and inferior gluteal
nerve.
Action: Extension of hip joint and they are
powerful abductors and lateral rotators of the
hip joint.
94. The deep gluteal muscles are a set of smaller
muscles, located underneath the gluteus
minimus.
Their action is to laterally rotate the lower
limb.
97. Muscles of the thigh are divided into 3
groups:
A. Extensor or anterior compartment.
B. Adductor medial compartment.
C. Flexor or posterior compartment.
99. The Quadriceps femoris consists of 4 muscles:
I. The Rectus femoris.
II. Vastus medialis
III. Vastus lateralis
IV. Vastus intermedius
Origin: Rectus femoris arises from the ilium
and rest of the arises from the shaft of the
femur.
100. Insertion: Into Tibial tuberosity.
Nerve supply: Femoral nerve.
Action: Extension of the knee.
101.
102.
103. Sartorius is the longest muscle in the body.
It is a long, narrow and ribbon like msucle.
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine.
Insertion: Inserted to the tibia.
Nerve supply: Femoral nerve.
Action: Adduction and lateral rotation of
thigh & Flexion of knee joint.
104. A. Adductor longus
B. Adductor brevis
C. Adductor magnus
D. Pectineus
E. Gracilis
F. Obturator externus
These all muscles are supplied by the
Obturator nerve.
105. The muscles of this compartment are
collectively known as “ Hamstrings” muscle.
Muscles of this compartment are:
1. Semitendinosus
2. Semimembranosus
3. Biceps femoris
4. Ischial head of adductor magnus.
Nerve supply: Supplied by Sciatic nerve.
106. Muscles of the leg are divided into 3
compartment:
1) Muscles of the anterior compartment
2) Muscles of the lateral compartment
3) Muscles of the posterior( flexor)
compartment
107. Nerve supply: Deep peroneal nerve.
Action: These are the dorsiflexors of the foot.
Muscles under these compartment are:
1. Tibialis anterior
2. Extensor hallucis longus
3. Extensor digitorum longus
4. Peroneus tertius.
108. Nerve supply: Supplied by peroneal nerve.
Action: They are evertors of the foot( Turns
foot outward.
Muscles under this compartment are:
1. The peroneus longus
2. The peroneus brevis
110. It is a large, muscle lies superficial to the
soleus.
Origin: Lateral and medial condyle of femur.
Insertion: Calcaneus or heel bone.
Nerve supply: Tibial nerve.
Action: Flex the leg at the knee joint.
111.
112. Soleus means sole shaped or shaped like a
fish.
This msucle lies deep to the Gastronemius.
Origin: head and shaft of the fibula and tibia.
Insertion: into the posterior surface of
calcaneus.
Nerve supply: Tibial nerve.
Action: Planter flexion of the ankle joint.
113.
114.
115. It is a flat triangular muscle forms the floor of
the popliteal fossa.
Origin: Lateral condyle of the femur.
Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia.
Nerve supply: Tibial nerve.
Action: Flexion of the knee joint.
116.
117. Extrinsic muscles Intrinsic muscles
The extrinsic muscles
arise from the anterior,
posterior and
lateral compartments
of the leg.
The intrinsic muscles
are located within the
foot and are responsible
for the fine motor
actions of the foot, for
example movement of
individual digits.
118. Intrinsic muscles of the foot can be divided
into 2 region.
Muscles situated in the dorsum of the foot.
Intrinsic muscles located in the sole of the
foot.
119. Extensor digitorum brevis.
Extensor hallucis brevis.
Both muscles are innervated by the deep
fibular nerve.
120.
121. There are 10 intrinsic muscles located in the
sole of the foot.
The muscles of the plantar aspect are
described in four layers (superficial to deep).
122. The first layer of muscles is the most
superficial to the sole.
There are three msucle in this layer.
1. Abductor Hallucis.
2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
3. Abductor Digiti Minimi
123.
124. The second layer contains two muscles:
1. Quadratus Plantae.
2. 4 Lumbricals muscle.
125.
126. The third layer contains three muscles.
1. Flexor Hallucis Brevis.
2. Adductor Hallucis
3. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
127.
128. It has 7 intrinsic muscles.
It has r dorsal interossei & 3 planter
interossei.