Muscle diseases
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Introduction Marker of muscle damage Muscle dystrophies Metabolic myopathies Other myopathies Introduction
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Muscle disorders
This document discusses various muscle disorders including:
1) Diseases affecting the neuromuscular junction such as myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome.
2) Effects of denervation of muscle including fibrillation, fasciculation, muscle atrophy, and denervation hypersensitivity.
3) Muscle dystrophies which are degenerative diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. The most common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy which is often fatal by age 30.
Muscular dystrophies
This document discusses Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene leading to absence of the dystrophin protein. The document outlines the clinical presentation and stages of DMD from early childhood to late stages requiring wheelchair use. It also discusses diagnostic testing, management including cardiac and nutritional support, genetic counseling and potential future treatments like exon skipping drugs.
Muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.
Myopathies
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
This document summarizes several bone and musculoskeletal disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and infectious diseases of bones such as osteomyelitis. It describes the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, and complications of these conditions. In particular, it notes that osteoporosis involves loss of bone mass, osteomalacia is a softening of bone due to mineralization defects, Paget's disease results in excessive and disorganized bone remodeling, and osteomyelitis is an infectious inflammation of bone tissue.
Myopathy
This topic is an important subject with the fact that it is usually misdiagnosed. It is very important to clear our basics on this topic.
Peripheral nerve disorders
Peripheral nerve disorders are alterations in motor, sensory or autonomic peripheral nerves that can be caused by various metabolic, toxic, infectious or genetic factors. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness and sensory loss. Peripheral neuropathies can be classified as mononeuropathies affecting single nerves, mononeuropathies multiplex affecting multiple individual nerves, or polyneuropathies broadly affecting many nerves simultaneously. Clinical exams help identify affected nerves and patterns of injury.
Myopathies
This document discusses various types of myopathies (disorders affecting muscle). It defines myopathies and distinguishes them from other causes of muscle weakness. It then describes different categories of myopathies including inflammatory myopathies (such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis), muscular dystrophies (such as Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral), congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies, and others. For each type, it discusses inheritance, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment when available.
Recommended
Muscle disorders
This document discusses various muscle disorders including:
1) Diseases affecting the neuromuscular junction such as myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome.
2) Effects of denervation of muscle including fibrillation, fasciculation, muscle atrophy, and denervation hypersensitivity.
3) Muscle dystrophies which are degenerative diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. The most common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy which is often fatal by age 30.
Muscular dystrophies
This document discusses Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene leading to absence of the dystrophin protein. The document outlines the clinical presentation and stages of DMD from early childhood to late stages requiring wheelchair use. It also discusses diagnostic testing, management including cardiac and nutritional support, genetic counseling and potential future treatments like exon skipping drugs.
Muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.
Myopathies
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
This document summarizes several bone and musculoskeletal disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and infectious diseases of bones such as osteomyelitis. It describes the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, and complications of these conditions. In particular, it notes that osteoporosis involves loss of bone mass, osteomalacia is a softening of bone due to mineralization defects, Paget's disease results in excessive and disorganized bone remodeling, and osteomyelitis is an infectious inflammation of bone tissue.
Myopathy
This topic is an important subject with the fact that it is usually misdiagnosed. It is very important to clear our basics on this topic.
Peripheral nerve disorders
Peripheral nerve disorders are alterations in motor, sensory or autonomic peripheral nerves that can be caused by various metabolic, toxic, infectious or genetic factors. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness and sensory loss. Peripheral neuropathies can be classified as mononeuropathies affecting single nerves, mononeuropathies multiplex affecting multiple individual nerves, or polyneuropathies broadly affecting many nerves simultaneously. Clinical exams help identify affected nerves and patterns of injury.
Myopathies
This document discusses various types of myopathies (disorders affecting muscle). It defines myopathies and distinguishes them from other causes of muscle weakness. It then describes different categories of myopathies including inflammatory myopathies (such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis), muscular dystrophies (such as Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral), congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies, and others. For each type, it discusses inheritance, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment when available.
Myopathy
This document discusses the diagnostic approach to myopathies. It emphasizes that obtaining a comprehensive medical history is very important for diagnosis. The history should clarify the patient's symptoms, any family history of muscle disorders, precipitating factors, associated conditions, and distribution of weakness. Different myopathies are characterized by features like muscle pain, stiffness, weakness, or damage shown by myoglobinuria. Specific myopathies can be suggested based on the pattern of muscle involvement, such as proximal or distal weakness. The document provides tables matching myopathies to various clinical features to guide diagnosis.
Muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue. The document discusses several types of muscular dystrophy including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, distal muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, and myotonic muscular dystrophy. For each type, the document outlines causes, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, natural history, and treatment.
Ischemia and Infarction
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
Myopathies
this presentation briefly discus about muscle and its related disorder. some myopathies which are common are cover here in an approach to provide basis of the same disease and treatment. this ppt is basically from chapter 32 zakazewski.
Pathology of Skeletal Muscle
Neurogenic changes in denervated skeletal muscle include angulated fibers, increased nuclei, and an absence of necrosis or fibrosis. Reinnervation results in fiber type grouping and target fibers. The reading frame hypothesis explains how in-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene cause Becker muscular dystrophy by producing an abnormally short, but present, dystrophin protein. Routine muscle biopsy has limitations in diagnosing some muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial diseases due to heterogeneity and sampling issues. Dermatomyositis is distinguished from polymyositis by features of a complement-mediated small vessel vasculitis, while inclusion body myositis shows vacuolated fibers, mononuclear inflammation, and intracellular protein
Necrosis
Necrosis is irreversible injury and death of cells and living tissue. There are several patterns of necrosis that occur in tissues including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat and gangrenous necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves the maintenance of cell outlines but loss of cellular details. Liquefactive necrosis results in the disintegration and liquefaction of dead cells. Caseous necrosis converts dead tissue into a granular mass resembling cottage cheese.
Neuromuscular Junction Disease
Neuromuscular junction diseases interfere with the transmission of signals from nerves to muscles and can be acquired or inherited. Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disorder where antibodies induce acetylcholine receptor deficiency at the neuromuscular junction, causing weakness that fluctuates with activity. Symptoms are tested using drugs like edrophonium, and treatment includes anticholinesterases, immunosuppressants, thymectomy, and plasmapheresis. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is another autoimmune condition where antibodies affect calcium channels, and is associated with lung cancer. Certain drugs can also induce myasthenic syndrome symptoms.
Brown sequard syndrome
Brown-Sequard syndrome is caused by damage to one side of the spinal cord, resulting in different symptoms on each side of the body. It leads to ipsilateral weakness and loss of proprioception due to damage of the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns. There is also contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation due to involvement of the lateral spinothalamic tract. Treatment focuses on prevention of complications and includes antibiotics to prevent infections, though steroids are controversial for traumatic injuries.
Atrophy
This document defines atrophy and discusses its causes and prevention. It begins by defining atrophy as a decrease in size of an organ resulting from a decrease in both the number and size of cells. It then discusses the microscopic and macroscopic signs of atrophy and the cellular changes that occur. The document classifies atrophy into physiological types, such as the natural atrophy of certain organs with age, and pathological types caused by factors like starvation, loss of innervation, pressure, ischemia, or decreased workload. It concludes by recommending a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and changing positions frequently to prevent atrophic changes.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY PPT pdf
Muscular Dystrophy : Description about Myopathy, types, Muscular dystrophy eitiological factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment explained in this ppt.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein. It is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Symptoms begin in early childhood and worsen over time, often resulting in the need for a wheelchair in the early teens. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications to improve quality of life. Research is ongoing to develop new treatments such as stem cell therapy and gene therapy.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als)
ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It causes the motor neurons to gradually degenerate and die, resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. Over time, this leads to increasing paralysis as more motor neurons are damaged. While the exact causes are unknown, excitotoxicity from glutamate and mutations in genes like SOD1 are thought to be involved in the neurodegeneration. The main treatment is riluzole, which extends life by a few months. Other therapies focus on managing symptoms and maintaining function and quality of life for as long as possible. Regular dental care is important for oral health and to reduce risks of pneumonia. Adaptations may be needed to accommodate physical
Metaplasia (1)
Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another in response to stress. For example, in smokers the ciliated trachea cells are often replaced with squamous cells. This change arises from the reprogramming of stem cells due to signals from cytokines, growth factors and the extracellular matrix. If the stress persists, metaplasia can predispose the tissue to malignant transformation.
Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
simple presentation about multiple sclerosis disease and its pathophysiology, diagnosis, causes, symptoms and treatment
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers. It most commonly presents in young adults between 20-40 years of age and is more prevalent in women. Symptoms vary depending on the location of lesions but commonly include weakness, numbness, vision issues, and balance problems. Diagnosis involves MRI of the brain showing characteristic white matter lesions. Treatment focuses on reducing relapses through disease-modifying drugs for relapsing-remitting MS, and managing symptoms like spasticity, pain, and bladder problems.
Skeletal muscles disease and disorder
Skeletal muscles disorder is disease and damage the brain or nerves that stimulate muscles and disorders of muscle fibers.
Types of that are :
1- Muscular Atrophy.
2- Muscular Dystrophy.
3- Inflammation of muscle (Myositis).
4- Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission.
Neuropathies
Peripheral neuropathies can be classified into several types based on the pattern of nerve involvement:
1) Mononeuropathy affects a single nerve and can be caused by direct injury, ischemia, or inflammation. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example.
2) Mononeuritis multiplex involves multiple individual nerves developing lesions over time and is often seen in vasculitis.
3) Polyneuropathy damages many nerve cells across the body symmetrically and can be caused by systemic processes like diabetes or toxins.
Neuropathies are caused by a wide range of factors including metabolic diseases, infections, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disease, drugs, and toxins. Identifying the pattern of nerve
Muscular Dystrophy.ppt
Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. The most common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which affects boys and causes muscle degeneration and weakness starting in early childhood. Signs include difficulty walking and muscle loss. While there is no cure, medications can slow disease progression. The document discusses various types of muscular dystrophy in detail, including their signs, symptoms, causes, inheritance patterns, and how the conditions progress over time.
cerebellar dysfunction-ppt
Cerebellar dysfunction can cause ataxia, a lack of muscle coordination. The cerebellum controls fine movements and posture. Damage to the cerebellum disrupts these functions. Ataxia affects walking, limb movements, speech, and eye movements. It is diagnosed through clinical exams like finger-nose and Romberg tests. The causes include lesions, tumors, or injuries to the cerebellum. While incurable, treatment focuses on easing symptoms to improve quality of life.
Neuropathy and its classification
This document discusses peripheral neuropathy, including:
1. Peripheral neuropathy is inflammation and degeneration of the peripheral nerves or cranial nerves, impairing their conductivity. Common causes include diseases like diabetes, medications, trauma, toxins, and genetic factors.
2. Peripheral neuropathies can be classified based on the type of nerve affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), number of nerves (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, polyneuropathy), or the pathological process (inflammation, compression, toxicity).
3. Clinical examination helps classify the neuropathy based on features like distribution of symptoms, timing, associated findings, and results of electrodiagnosis and lab tests
Myositis
The document discusses various types of inflammatory myopathies (myositis):
1) Polymyositis causes symmetric proximal muscle weakness and inflammation within muscle fibers. Symptoms include fatigue and a skin rash.
2) Dermatomyositis causes similar muscle symptoms but also features a characteristic rash on the skin. It can also involve other organs.
3) Inclusion body myositis typically causes asymmetric weakness of wrist, finger, and thigh muscles. It involves degeneration in addition to immune dysfunction.
4) Overlap myositis combines myopathy with connective tissue diseases like lupus. Diagnosis involves blood tests, muscle enzyme levels, muscle biopsy and MRI or EMG. Treatment
Muscular Cramps
Muscle cramps are involuntary and painful contractions of skeletal muscle that usually occur without warning. They are often experienced by athletes during or after strenuous exercise and can be a symptom of issues like fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or nutritional deficiencies. Common signs are hard, contracted muscles and painful twitching. Muscle cramps can be managed through stretching, massage, hydration, electrolyte replacement, and in some cases medication. Regular stretching and self-massage may help prevent future cramping.
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Myopathy
This document discusses the diagnostic approach to myopathies. It emphasizes that obtaining a comprehensive medical history is very important for diagnosis. The history should clarify the patient's symptoms, any family history of muscle disorders, precipitating factors, associated conditions, and distribution of weakness. Different myopathies are characterized by features like muscle pain, stiffness, weakness, or damage shown by myoglobinuria. Specific myopathies can be suggested based on the pattern of muscle involvement, such as proximal or distal weakness. The document provides tables matching myopathies to various clinical features to guide diagnosis.
Muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue. The document discusses several types of muscular dystrophy including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, distal muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, and myotonic muscular dystrophy. For each type, the document outlines causes, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, natural history, and treatment.
Ischemia and Infarction
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
Myopathies
this presentation briefly discus about muscle and its related disorder. some myopathies which are common are cover here in an approach to provide basis of the same disease and treatment. this ppt is basically from chapter 32 zakazewski.
Pathology of Skeletal Muscle
Neurogenic changes in denervated skeletal muscle include angulated fibers, increased nuclei, and an absence of necrosis or fibrosis. Reinnervation results in fiber type grouping and target fibers. The reading frame hypothesis explains how in-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene cause Becker muscular dystrophy by producing an abnormally short, but present, dystrophin protein. Routine muscle biopsy has limitations in diagnosing some muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial diseases due to heterogeneity and sampling issues. Dermatomyositis is distinguished from polymyositis by features of a complement-mediated small vessel vasculitis, while inclusion body myositis shows vacuolated fibers, mononuclear inflammation, and intracellular protein
Necrosis
Necrosis is irreversible injury and death of cells and living tissue. There are several patterns of necrosis that occur in tissues including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat and gangrenous necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves the maintenance of cell outlines but loss of cellular details. Liquefactive necrosis results in the disintegration and liquefaction of dead cells. Caseous necrosis converts dead tissue into a granular mass resembling cottage cheese.
Neuromuscular Junction Disease
Neuromuscular junction diseases interfere with the transmission of signals from nerves to muscles and can be acquired or inherited. Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disorder where antibodies induce acetylcholine receptor deficiency at the neuromuscular junction, causing weakness that fluctuates with activity. Symptoms are tested using drugs like edrophonium, and treatment includes anticholinesterases, immunosuppressants, thymectomy, and plasmapheresis. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is another autoimmune condition where antibodies affect calcium channels, and is associated with lung cancer. Certain drugs can also induce myasthenic syndrome symptoms.
Brown sequard syndrome
Brown-Sequard syndrome is caused by damage to one side of the spinal cord, resulting in different symptoms on each side of the body. It leads to ipsilateral weakness and loss of proprioception due to damage of the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns. There is also contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation due to involvement of the lateral spinothalamic tract. Treatment focuses on prevention of complications and includes antibiotics to prevent infections, though steroids are controversial for traumatic injuries.
Atrophy
This document defines atrophy and discusses its causes and prevention. It begins by defining atrophy as a decrease in size of an organ resulting from a decrease in both the number and size of cells. It then discusses the microscopic and macroscopic signs of atrophy and the cellular changes that occur. The document classifies atrophy into physiological types, such as the natural atrophy of certain organs with age, and pathological types caused by factors like starvation, loss of innervation, pressure, ischemia, or decreased workload. It concludes by recommending a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and changing positions frequently to prevent atrophic changes.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY PPT pdf
Muscular Dystrophy : Description about Myopathy, types, Muscular dystrophy eitiological factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment explained in this ppt.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein. It is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Symptoms begin in early childhood and worsen over time, often resulting in the need for a wheelchair in the early teens. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications to improve quality of life. Research is ongoing to develop new treatments such as stem cell therapy and gene therapy.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als)
ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It causes the motor neurons to gradually degenerate and die, resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. Over time, this leads to increasing paralysis as more motor neurons are damaged. While the exact causes are unknown, excitotoxicity from glutamate and mutations in genes like SOD1 are thought to be involved in the neurodegeneration. The main treatment is riluzole, which extends life by a few months. Other therapies focus on managing symptoms and maintaining function and quality of life for as long as possible. Regular dental care is important for oral health and to reduce risks of pneumonia. Adaptations may be needed to accommodate physical
Metaplasia (1)
Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another in response to stress. For example, in smokers the ciliated trachea cells are often replaced with squamous cells. This change arises from the reprogramming of stem cells due to signals from cytokines, growth factors and the extracellular matrix. If the stress persists, metaplasia can predispose the tissue to malignant transformation.
Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
simple presentation about multiple sclerosis disease and its pathophysiology, diagnosis, causes, symptoms and treatment
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers. It most commonly presents in young adults between 20-40 years of age and is more prevalent in women. Symptoms vary depending on the location of lesions but commonly include weakness, numbness, vision issues, and balance problems. Diagnosis involves MRI of the brain showing characteristic white matter lesions. Treatment focuses on reducing relapses through disease-modifying drugs for relapsing-remitting MS, and managing symptoms like spasticity, pain, and bladder problems.
Skeletal muscles disease and disorder
Skeletal muscles disorder is disease and damage the brain or nerves that stimulate muscles and disorders of muscle fibers.
Types of that are :
1- Muscular Atrophy.
2- Muscular Dystrophy.
3- Inflammation of muscle (Myositis).
4- Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission.
Neuropathies
Peripheral neuropathies can be classified into several types based on the pattern of nerve involvement:
1) Mononeuropathy affects a single nerve and can be caused by direct injury, ischemia, or inflammation. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example.
2) Mononeuritis multiplex involves multiple individual nerves developing lesions over time and is often seen in vasculitis.
3) Polyneuropathy damages many nerve cells across the body symmetrically and can be caused by systemic processes like diabetes or toxins.
Neuropathies are caused by a wide range of factors including metabolic diseases, infections, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disease, drugs, and toxins. Identifying the pattern of nerve
Muscular Dystrophy.ppt
Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. The most common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which affects boys and causes muscle degeneration and weakness starting in early childhood. Signs include difficulty walking and muscle loss. While there is no cure, medications can slow disease progression. The document discusses various types of muscular dystrophy in detail, including their signs, symptoms, causes, inheritance patterns, and how the conditions progress over time.
cerebellar dysfunction-ppt
Cerebellar dysfunction can cause ataxia, a lack of muscle coordination. The cerebellum controls fine movements and posture. Damage to the cerebellum disrupts these functions. Ataxia affects walking, limb movements, speech, and eye movements. It is diagnosed through clinical exams like finger-nose and Romberg tests. The causes include lesions, tumors, or injuries to the cerebellum. While incurable, treatment focuses on easing symptoms to improve quality of life.
Neuropathy and its classification
This document discusses peripheral neuropathy, including:
1. Peripheral neuropathy is inflammation and degeneration of the peripheral nerves or cranial nerves, impairing their conductivity. Common causes include diseases like diabetes, medications, trauma, toxins, and genetic factors.
2. Peripheral neuropathies can be classified based on the type of nerve affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), number of nerves (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, polyneuropathy), or the pathological process (inflammation, compression, toxicity).
3. Clinical examination helps classify the neuropathy based on features like distribution of symptoms, timing, associated findings, and results of electrodiagnosis and lab tests
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Myositis
The document discusses various types of inflammatory myopathies (myositis):
1) Polymyositis causes symmetric proximal muscle weakness and inflammation within muscle fibers. Symptoms include fatigue and a skin rash.
2) Dermatomyositis causes similar muscle symptoms but also features a characteristic rash on the skin. It can also involve other organs.
3) Inclusion body myositis typically causes asymmetric weakness of wrist, finger, and thigh muscles. It involves degeneration in addition to immune dysfunction.
4) Overlap myositis combines myopathy with connective tissue diseases like lupus. Diagnosis involves blood tests, muscle enzyme levels, muscle biopsy and MRI or EMG. Treatment
Muscular Cramps
Muscle cramps are involuntary and painful contractions of skeletal muscle that usually occur without warning. They are often experienced by athletes during or after strenuous exercise and can be a symptom of issues like fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or nutritional deficiencies. Common signs are hard, contracted muscles and painful twitching. Muscle cramps can be managed through stretching, massage, hydration, electrolyte replacement, and in some cases medication. Regular stretching and self-massage may help prevent future cramping.
Polymyositis
Bracken, an 11-year-old English Springer Spaniel, presented with a 5-week history of paraparesis, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Clinical examination revealed weakness in all limbs, especially the hind limbs. Diagnostic testing showed an elevated creatine kinase level and abnormal electromyography results. A small bladder mass and enlarged lymph node were also found. A muscle biopsy displayed lymphocytic infiltration and necrosis consistent with polymyositis. Bracken was diagnosed with immune-mediated polymyositis and started on immunosuppressive treatment and physical therapy. His condition is slowly improving.
Common muscle disorders and diseases
Muscle disorders, injuries, and diseases can involve painful muscle cramps, muscle soreness from overexertion, or serious conditions like muscular dystrophy. Cramps can occur in skeletal muscles from heat exposure or overexertion, or in smooth muscles of the intestines from diet or illness. Muscle strains result from too much force or improper technique causing muscle and connective tissue damage. Major muscle diseases include atrophy from nerve or brain damage and muscular dystrophy which directly weakens skeletal muscles such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy in boys. Other disorders discussed are ALS which causes motor neuron death and paralysis, and poliovirus infection which can cause paralysis.
Muscular System Disease
The document discusses various muscle injuries, diseases, and disorders. It describes strains as tears in muscle fibers, cramps as prolonged muscle contractions caused by lactic acid buildup, and bruises as discoloration from blood in injured muscles. Tendinitis is inflammation of tendons, trigger finger causes finger swelling and popping, and gangrene requires cutting off affected tissue. Tumors mainly affect women and develop in the uterus. Myasthenia gravis causes weakness while muscular dystrophy is a genetic weakening of muscles. Treatments include ice, massage, injections, surgery, medication, and avoiding weight gain.
common diseases/disorders of the skeletal system
This document discusses common diseases and injuries of the skeletal system. It covers kyphosis, rickets, arthritis, osteoporosis, bone tumors, scoliosis, sprains, and different types of fractures including compound, simple, greenstick, and comminuted fractures. The causes and characteristics of each condition are described.
Mri of muscle diseases
MRI is a powerful tool for assessing muscle disease. There are four main patterns seen on MRI of muscle: distribution, size/shape, T1 signal, and T2 signal. Increased T1 signal indicates fat or hemorrhage. Increased T2 signal shows edema. Common findings include patchy or diffuse fat/edema, atrophy, enlargement. Distribution patterns provide clues to specific diseases. For example, inflammatory myopathies typically cause symmetric edema in non-adjacent muscles while compartment syndrome causes edema between adjacent muscles. MRI is useful for diagnosing and monitoring muscle diseases.
Post Burn Contracture Neck
The patient has received an excessive dose of ketamine for her body weight. Ketamine has a long duration of action and she is still experiencing its effects 12 hours later when she should have recovered much sooner. A lower and more appropriate dose of ketamine should have been used.
Contracture Management
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Surgery on Burn Patients
The document discusses principles and methods of surgery for burn patients. It outlines key topics like principles of burn care focused on preserving life and preventing infection. Burn surgery techniques are explained, including escharotomy, excision and grafting, and reconstructive methods. Post-burn deformities like contractures are addressed. Surgical timing is also covered, whether acute, intermediate, or late stages. The document provides details on scar behavior and principles of burn reconstruction involving analyzing deformities, generating long-term plans, and matching donor skin grafts. Reorientation techniques like Z-plasty are summarized.
Skin graft and skin flap
1. The document discusses different types of skin grafts and flaps used in plastic surgery. Skin grafts involve transplanting skin tissue from one part of the body to another without maintaining its original blood supply, while skin flaps maintain their original blood supply.
2. There are two main types of skin grafts - split thickness and full thickness grafts. Split thickness grafts contain some dermis while full thickness grafts contain the full epidermis and dermis. Skin flaps can be local flaps that remain attached to their original blood supply or distant flaps that are tunneled to the recipient site.
3. Key factors for successful grafts and flaps include good contact between the graft
Polymyositis Dermatomyositis
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy is serious and the most common form of muscular dystrophy. It is invariably fatal. Until recently, there was little hope that the widespread muscle degeneration that accompanies this disease could be combated. Ayurvedic Rasayana treatment now offers that hope. Ayurvedic Rasayana molecules viz. Curcumin, Mamsagni, and Sukumar Guggul Rasayana are efficient to stop further deterioration of muscles due DMD. The medicines blocks nuclear k-factor and will help delay the muscle degeneration. Rasayana medicines do not alter the patient’s genetic code or introduce genetic materials into the body. These safe and natural medicines are developed and being clinically used by AMDS India for Care through Ayurveda research project since 1995. Questions & comments to Dr Mukesh D Jain mjainbhilai@gmail.com
Muscular Dystrophy: An Introduction
Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited muscle diseases characterized by progressive weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles. It results from genetic defects in proteins like dystrophin that help keep muscle cells intact. The dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome, so the disease is often X-linked and affects males more severely. Over time, muscle cell damage leads to increasing difficulty with movements like walking, and can impact breathing or heart function in later stages. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on physical therapy, bracing, and other approaches to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Myopathies and myotonic dystrophies
This document provides an overview of myopathies and muscular dystrophies. It begins with an introduction to inherited muscle diseases and their common presentations. It then discusses the key differences between muscular dystrophies, which involve muscle membrane or supporting proteins, and myopathies, which involve genetic defects in the muscle contractile apparatus. The document outlines best practices for muscle biopsy collection and preparation. It provides details on interpreting muscle biopsy specimens and fiber typing. Several specific myopathies and dystrophies are then described in depth, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies, myotonic dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Clinical features, pathogenesis
MUSCLE DISEASES.pdf
This document provides information on muscle diseases and myopathies. It discusses the classification, diagnosis, clinical features, histopathology, and genetics of various muscle disorders. Some key points include:
- Muscle diseases can be hereditary or acquired and affect skeletal muscle structure or function. Around 1/1000 people have a primary muscle disease.
- Diagnosis involves confirming a myogenic syndrome, determining the etiology through various tests, and ruling out neurogenic or other causes.
- Muscle is composed of fascicles of muscle fibers which contain myofibrils and other structures. There are different types of muscle fibers.
- Histopathology can identify features of muscle disease like fiber atrophy, necrosis, regeneration
Exertional rhabdomyolysis
This document discusses exertional rhabdomyolysis, which is the breakdown of skeletal muscle from excessive or unaccustomed exercise. It defines rhabdomyolysis, explains contributing factors like sickle cell trait and dehydration, lists signs and symptoms, and provides implications for coaches to prevent rhabdomyolysis through proper training programs. The purpose is to educate coaches on this condition so they can recognize it and minimize risk through specific, gradual training.
Thesis section: The role of neuroimaging in muscle and peripheral nerve disor...
Thesis section: The role of neuroimaging in muscle and peripheral nerve disor...Professor Yasser Metwally
This document discusses the role of neuroimaging in muscle and peripheral nerve diseases. It begins by explaining how MRI is commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular disorders by detecting signal changes in muscles or nerves. It then classifies peripheral neuropathies and myopathies. The document discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of several muscle and nerve diseases like GBS, CMT, muscular dystrophies and inflammatory myopathies. It provides examples of characteristic patterns of muscle involvement seen on MRI for different conditions.Muscular dystrophy: Group of more than 30 inherited diseases.
Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of more than 30 inherited diseases. It causes weakening and breaking down of muscle fibres. The muscles become weak and susceptible to damage. This disease affects the voluntary or skeletal muscles, which control the movements of legs, arms, and trunk. It can also affect the heart muscles and other involuntary muscles, such as muscles in the gut. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Myopathies new
This document discusses the approach to diagnosing and treating myopathies. It begins by defining myopathies as disorders affecting skeletal muscle structure or function. Diagnosis involves clinical features and investigations such as elevated creatine kinase levels. Common presentations include proximal or distal muscle weakness. Electromyography and muscle biopsy are important for diagnosis. Myopathies can be classified as acquired, hereditary, or inflammatory. Inflammatory myopathies like polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis are described in detail. Treatment involves glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs to improve muscle strength and control extramuscular symptoms. Prognosis depends on type of myopathy.
Muscular dystrophy and polymyositis
This document provides information on various types of muscular dystrophies. It focuses on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). DMD is caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein due to mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to muscle degeneration. It presents in childhood with weakness and pseudohypertrophy. BMD is less severe and variable as it produces an altered dystrophin protein. The document also briefly discusses polymyositis.
Myotonic dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy, also known as Steinert's disease, is a form of muscular dystrophy characterized by muscle stiffness and weakness due to an inability to relax muscles voluntarily. It is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene on chromosome 19 that results in an abnormal expansion of cytosine-thymine-guanine triplet repeats. There is no cure for myotonic dystrophy, but treatment aims to maintain muscle strength and function through exercises, posture changes, and sometimes surgery.
Myotonic dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy, also known as Steinert's disease, is a form of muscular dystrophy characterized by muscle stiffness and weakness due to an inability to relax muscles voluntarily. It is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene on chromosome 19 that results in an abnormal expansion of cytosine-thymine-guanine triplet repeats. There is no cure for myotonic dystrophy, but treatment aims to maintain muscle strength and function through exercises, posture changes, and sometimes surgery.
Muscular dystrophy presentation
Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited diseases that cause the voluntary muscles to progressively weaken over time. There are nine main types of muscular dystrophy that can affect any age or gender. Symptoms include muscle weakness, spasms, and difficulty with mobility. While there is no cure, treatment aims to relieve symptoms and slow progression through medications, therapy, exercise, and assistive devices. Researchers are working to develop new treatments like gene therapy.
myopathy.pptx
This document provides an overview of myopathy, including definitions, symptoms, classifications, and descriptions of specific myopathies. It discusses approaches to evaluating patients with muscle weakness and distinguishing true muscle weakness from other causes. Common symptoms of myopathies include weakness, exercise intolerance, myalgia, and myotonia. Myopathies are classified into several categories including congenital myopathies, muscular dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, and metabolic/toxic myopathies. Specific myopathies discussed in detail include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Myasthenia gravis is an either autoimmune or congenital neuromuscular disease that leads to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. In the most common cases, muscle weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the excitatory effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Alternatively, in a much rarer form, muscle weakness is caused by a genetic defect in some portion of the neuromuscular junction, that is inherited at birth as opposed to developing it through autoimmunity later in life or through passive transmission by the mother's immune system at birth.
Soft tissue disorders
Soft tissue disorders affect soft connective tissues like fascia, muscles and tendons. They are difficult to diagnose because it is hard to see under the skin. Musculoskeletal specialists and other clinicians treat soft tissue injuries through techniques like manipulation to relieve pain and speed healing. A promising new treatment is platelet growth factor therapy. Soft tissue disorders overlap with rheumatism and are sometimes called soft tissue rheumatic disorders. The document then defines and provides examples of various soft tissue conditions like myositis, calcification, diastasis, and atrophy. It concludes by listing ICD codes for different soft tissue disorders and diseases.
Myopathies
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and diagnosing myopathies. It discusses the clinical features of various myopathies including muscular dystrophies like Duchenne's and Becker's, metabolic myopathies, channelopathies, hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, and inflammatory myopathies like dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Laboratory evaluation includes serum enzymes, electrodiagnostic studies, DNA analysis and muscle biopsy. Management involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs.
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Muscle diseases
- 1. Supervised by:Dr.Eftekhar Peresented by:Mohsen Koolivand MSC Clinical of Biochemistry Muscle Diseases خدا نام به
- 2. Outline Introduction Marker of muscle damage Muscle dystrophies Metabolic myopathies Other myopathies
- 3. Introduction
- 6. Marker of muscle damage CK Tree forms M-B-MM CK-MB : Use of management of chest pain The highest activities in : necrosis , Duchenne Serial plasma CK : for myopathic and response to treatment Normal plasma CK
- 8. Other enzymes for marker Aldolase , lactate dehydrogenase , myoglobin In severe muscle damage, myoglobinuria can occur and cause a brown colouration of the urine. Myoglobin can precipitate out in the renal tubules and cause an obstructive nephropathy: the renal failure associated with crush injuries is in part due to this.
- 9. Muscle dystrophies Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a broad term that describes a genetic (inherited) disorder of the muscles. Muscular dystrophy causes the muscles in the body to become very weak.
- 13. Metabolic myopathies Neuromuscular disorders in which the primary symptom is muscle weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fiber
- 14. Inflammatory Myopathies Polymyositis Dermatomyositis Inclusion body myositis Viral Muscular dystrophies Duchenne muscular Limb-girdle Congenital Fasioscapulohumeral Oculopharyngeal Emery – Dreifuss Distal (Welander) Myotonic Syndromes Myotonic dystrophy Inherited Schwarz-Jampel Drug-induced Congenital myopathies Central core disease Nemaline myopathy Myotubular Fiber-type disproportion Metabolic myopathies Glycogenoses Mitochondrial Periodic paralysis Endocrine myopathies Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal/steroid Pituitary Drug-induced/toxic
- 15. 15 Other myopathies Myotonia Myasthenia gravis Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
- 16. God is looking for clean hands and a pure heart