simple presentation about multiple sclerosis disease and its pathophysiology, diagnosis, causes, symptoms and treatment
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
A brief description about Demyelination topics by Dr Sabu Augustine for MBBS Students in Medical school.
References from textbooks and other presentations.
Here is very good and amazing presentation on Multiple sclerosis ..its about brain
read this carefully and work on this because the work on brain is very good for future research...
multiple sclerosis is an auto immune disease affecting the brain and spinal cord
Multiple sclerosis (MS) or disseminated sclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, and scaring of the myelin sheath of the CNS. Myelin damage disrupts communication between your brain and the rest of your body. Ultimately, the nerves themselves may deteriorate, a process that's currently irreversible
The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. It is believed to be an autoimmune disease, in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
Early Symptoms of MS
• Blurred or double vision
• Thinking problems
• Clumsiness or a lack of coordination
• Loss of balance
• Numbness
• Tingling
• Weakness in an arm or leg
No two people have exactly the same symptoms of MS.
You may have a single symptom, and then go months or years without any others. A problem can also happen just one time, go away, and never return. For some people, the symptoms become worse within weeks or months.
Common Symptoms of MS
These are the most common changes to the mind and body in someone with MS:
Unusual sensations: People with MS often say they feel a "pins and needles" sensation. They may also have numbness, itching, burning, stabbing, or tearing pains. About half of people with MS have these uncomfortable symptoms. Fortunately, they can be managed or treated.
Bladder problems: About 8 in 10 people have bladder problems, which can be treated. You may need to pee often, urgently, need to go at night, or have trouble emptying your bladder fully. Bowel problems, especially constipation, are also common.
Trouble walking: MS can cause muscle weakness or spasms, which make it harder to walk. Balance problems, numb feet, and fatigue can also make walking hard.
Dizziness: It's common to feel dizzy or lightheaded. You usually won't have vertigo, or the feeling that the room is spinning.
Fatigue: About 8 in 10 people feel very tired. It often comes on in the afternoon and causes weak muscles, slowed thinking, or sleepiness. It's usually not related to the amount of work you do. Some people with MS say they can feel tired even after a good night's sleep.
Muscle spasms: They usually affect the leg muscles. For about 40% of people they are an early symptom of MS. In progressive MS, muscle spasms affect about 6 in 10 people. You might feel mild stiffness or strong, painful muscle spasms.
Sexual trouble: These include vaginal dryness in women and erection problems in men. Both men and women may be less responsive to touch, have a lower sex drive, or have trouble reaching orgasm.
Speech problems: Sometimes MS can cause people to pause a long time in between words and have slurred or nasal speech. Some people also develop swallowing problems in more advanced stages of MS.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) or disseminated sclerosis is an auto immune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, and scaring of the myelin sheath of the brain and spinal cord
Early Symptoms of MS
• Blurred or double vision
• Thinking problems
• Clumsiness or a lack of coordination
• Loss of balance
• Numbness
• Tingling
• Weakness in an arm or leg
No two people have exactly the same symptoms of MS.
You may have a single symptom, and then go months or years without any others. A problem can also happen just one time, go away, and never return. For some people, the symptoms become worse within weeks or months.
Common Symptoms of MS
These are the most common changes to the mind and body in someone with MS:
Unusual sensations: People with MS often say they feel a "pins and needles" sensation. They may also have numbness, itching, burning, stabbing, or tearing pains. About half of people with MS have these uncomfortable symptoms. Fortunately, they can be managed or treated.
Bladder problems: About 8 in 10 people have bladder problems, which can be treated. You may need to pee often, urgently, need to go at night, or have trouble emptying your bladder fully. Bowel problems, especially constipation, are also common.
Trouble walking: MS can cause muscle weakness or spasms, which make it harder to walk. Balance problems, numb feet, and fatigue can also make walking hard.
Dizziness: It's common to feel dizzy or lightheaded. You usually won't have vertigo, or the feeling that the room is spinning.
Fatigue: About 8 in 10 people feel very tired. It often comes on in the afternoon and causes weak muscles, slowed thinking, or sleepiness. It's usually not related to the amount of work you do. Some people with MS say they can feel tired even after a good night's sleep.
Muscle spasms: They usually affect the leg muscles. For about 40% of people they are an early symptom of MS. In progressive MS, muscle spasms affect about 6 in 10 people. You might feel mild stiffness or strong, painful muscle spasms.
Sexual trouble: These include vaginal dryness in women and erection problems in men. Both men and women may be less responsive to touch, have a lower sex drive, or have trouble reaching orgasm.
Speech problems: Sometimes MS can cause people to pause a long time in between words and have slurred or nasal speech. Some people also develop swallowing problems in more advanced stages of MS.
Treatments for attacks
Corticosteroids, such as oral prednisone and intravenous methylprednisolone,plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) are prescribed to reduce nerve inflammation.
Treatments are avaliable to slow the progression of the disease, interferons,immuno suppressants immno modulators . Anyway treatment for MS is highly coastly
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, complex neurodegenerative disease targeting the CNS, and it is believed that it is an autoimmune disease in nature. This disease occur simply by:
1- Autoreactive T cells that are able break through the endothelial cells and the basement membrane. So it could pass the blood brain barrier.
2- Because this is unfamiliar environment for the T cells, the T cells and other lymphocytes begin to attack parts of the neurons, specially the proteins on the surface of the myelin, as a foreign body.
3- As a normal response for the immune system, T cells release cytokines. These cytokines do different effects, increase the degradation of the BBB. So allow more and more cells to pass and more T cells with more cytokines. Also B cells pass the BBB and make antibodies against the myelin and make more degradation on it. Macrophages are able to pass too, which will engulf that myelin.
4- after the cytokines make a great degradation on the myelin which is called neuroinflmmation.
5- The neurons has its way to fix that degradation, by oligodendrocytes which begin the process of remyelination to repair the damaged myelin.
6- But as the time pass that process of remyelination become less effective in comparison with the power of the immune cells, and over powered by the antibodies of the B cells, the cytokines of the T cells and the macrophages. (Solaro et al, 2013)
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2. What is Multiple sclerosis (MS) ?
• It is a Demyelinating disease that effects
the CNS. It damages the myelin sheath,.
This damage slows down or blocks
messages between your brain and your
body.
• It usually develops between the ages of
20and 40 years and effects twice as many
women as men.
3. What happen in MS ?
• MS is an autoimmune condition, which means your
immune system mistakes part of your body for a
foreign substance and attacks. In the case of MS, it
attacks the myelin sheath in the brain or spinal cord .
• The attacks cause the myelin sheath to become
inflamed in small patches (plaques or lesions).These
patches can disrupt the messages travelling along the
nerves. This disruption leads to the signs of MS.
• When the inflammation goes away, it can leave behind
scarring of the myelin sheath (sclerosis). If these
attacks are frequent they can lead to permanent
damage to the underlying nerves.
4. MS pathophysiology :
• T cells gain entry into the brain via
disruption in the BBB
• T cells recognize myelin as foreign and
attack it
• attack of Myelin start inflammatory
processes which release Cytokines and
antibodies which interact macrophages
• B cells make antibodies that mark the
myelin .& macrophages will use these
antibodies to engulf the
oligodendrocytes and the myelin.
Brain blood barrierT cells B cells
Antibodies
Macrophages
Oligodendrocytes
5. MS pathophysiology :
• Without Oligodendrocytes there’s no
more remyelination to the axon.
• In MS immune attack happen in and out
that means after an attack regulatory T
cells will inhibit other immune cells.
• On early stage of disease
oligodendrocytes will heal and
remyelinate the axons but over time
remyelination will stop and the damage
will become irreversible with loss of
axons.
Brain blood barrierT cells B cells
Antibodies
Macrophages
Oligodendrocytes
6. Causes of MS :
The cause of MS is unknown , but it linked with some factors such as:
Genetic factors :
• Being a female
• Specific genes that have been linked with MS , HLA-DR2 gene (encode for identify and bind
molecules)
• Familial risk
Immunological factors:
an abnormal immune-mediated response attacks the myelin
Environmental factors:
Vitamin D deficiency .People who live closer to the equator are exposed to greater amounts of
sunlight so they have a lower risk than people who live farther from the equators .
7. MS Symptoms:
The symptoms of MS vary widely from person to
person and it depends on the location of plaque.
And here is some symptoms :
difficulty walking
Dysarthria(difficulty of speech )
Nystagmus(rapid eye movement), and vision
problem such as blurry vision.
problems controlling the bladder
numbness or tingling in different parts of the
body
muscle stiffness and spasms
problems with balance and coordination(Ataxia)
problems with thinking, learning and planning
8. MS Diagnosis :
MS is typically diagnosed based on the symptoms, in
combination with supporting medical imaging and
laboratory testing.
• Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) of brain and spinal
cord to show plaques.
• spinal tap test(lumbar puncture). high levels of antibodies
in CSF indicate having MS.
• Visual Evoked potential . Measure response to visual
stimulus
9. MS Treatment :
There is no cure for multiple sclerosis.
Treatment typically focuses on speeding
recovery from attacks, slowing the progression of
the disease and managing MS symptoms
10. Immunomodulators:
• Beta interferons :They are injected under the skin
or into muscle and can reduce the frequency and
severity of relapses
• Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone): This medication
may help block your immune system's attack on
myelin.
• Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera), Fingolimod
(Gilenya), and Teriflunomide (Aubagio)
are medication to reduce relapses .
• Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus): This humanized
immunoglobulin antibody medication. it reduces
relapse rate and slow worsening of disability
11. Corticosteroids :
are used to reduce nerve inflammation. The most
commonly used corticosteroids in MS include
methylprednisolone, dexamethasone
Immunosuppressants
are used for their ability to suppress immune
reactions. Agents such as methotrexate , Azathioprine.
12. Treatments for MS symptoms:
• Physical therapy. help manage leg weakness
and other gait problems often associated with
MS.
• Muscle Relaxants : Treatment For muscle
stiffness or spasms, Such as Baclofen and
Dantrolene