Chapter 5The proessor status and the FLAGS registerswarda aziz
solution manual to COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CHAPTER 5.
If you find any mistake in the manual please share with me ... it will be appreciated
Logical instructions in assembly language for 8086 processor. Instructions covered are AND, OR, XOR, NOT and Test instruction. Effect on flags is discussed.
Chapter 5The proessor status and the FLAGS registerswarda aziz
solution manual to COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CHAPTER 5.
If you find any mistake in the manual please share with me ... it will be appreciated
Logical instructions in assembly language for 8086 processor. Instructions covered are AND, OR, XOR, NOT and Test instruction. Effect on flags is discussed.
chapter 7 Logic, shift and rotate instructionswarda aziz
this is a solution to exercise of chapter 7 from Assembly language programming and organization of the IBM PC.
If you find any mistakes in my solution , please discuss with me. as i am also a human and can do mistakes.
Chap 8 The stack and introduction to procedures & Chapter 9 multiplication an...warda aziz
this pdf covers solution to chapter 8 and 9 of assembly language and organization of the IBM PC. if you find any mistakes in my writing , please disccuss with me.
Introduction to ibm pc assembly languagewarda aziz
The Solution manual of COAL
Chapter NO 4. exercise
if anyone has Questions Regarding this exercise.
contact me on my given Email-ID.
i will guide you. Thank you!
Organization of the ibm personal computerswarda aziz
The Solution manual of COAL
Chapter NO 3. exercise
if anyone has Questions Regarding this exercise.
contact me on my given Email-ID.
i will guide you. Thank you!
chapter 7 Logic, shift and rotate instructionswarda aziz
this is a solution to exercise of chapter 7 from Assembly language programming and organization of the IBM PC.
If you find any mistakes in my solution , please discuss with me. as i am also a human and can do mistakes.
Chap 8 The stack and introduction to procedures & Chapter 9 multiplication an...warda aziz
this pdf covers solution to chapter 8 and 9 of assembly language and organization of the IBM PC. if you find any mistakes in my writing , please disccuss with me.
Introduction to ibm pc assembly languagewarda aziz
The Solution manual of COAL
Chapter NO 4. exercise
if anyone has Questions Regarding this exercise.
contact me on my given Email-ID.
i will guide you. Thank you!
Organization of the ibm personal computerswarda aziz
The Solution manual of COAL
Chapter NO 3. exercise
if anyone has Questions Regarding this exercise.
contact me on my given Email-ID.
i will guide you. Thank you!
instruction set of 8086 microprocessor has following categories:
-Data transfer instructions
-Arithmetic instructions
-Logical instructions
-Flag manipulation instructions
-shift and rotate instructions
-String instructions
-8086 assembler directives
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
Mastering Assembly Language: Programming with 8086sravanithonta79
Unlock the secrets of 8086 assembly language programming with this comprehensive document. Delve into the intricacies of low-level coding, understand the architecture, and harness the full potential of the 8086 processor. From foundational concepts to advanced techniques, this guide empowers you to craft efficient and powerful programs for the 8086 platform.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
Module-2, Arithmetic and Logic information
Unsigned numbers are defined as data in which all the bits are used to represent data.Operand can be between 00 and FFH(0to255decimal)for 8-bitdata.
Between 0000 and FFFFH(0 to 65535decimal)for 16-bitdata.
The x86 uses internal adder circuitry to perform the subtraction command.
Hence,the 2'scomplement method isused by the microprocessor to perform the subtraction. The steps involved are–
Take the 2'scomplement of the subtrahend(source operand)
Add it to the minuend(destination operand)
Invert the carry.
This Presentation was prepared to tell the students how to write a letter to the teacher and business type letters were discussed in this presentation.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. TOPIC:
MULTIPLICATI
ON AND
DIVISION
Group member:
M Hamza Nasir
(12063122-067)
M Usaman Ali
(12063122-086)
Syed Farhan Abbas
(12063122-009)
M Faran Ali
(12063122-055)
Ateeb Saeed
(12063122-094)
University Of Gujrat
5. MUL INSTRUCTION
Note that the product is stored in a register (or
group of registers) twice the size of the
operands.
The operand can be a register or a memory
operand
9. IMUL INSTRUCTION
Suppose AX contains 1 and BX contains FFFFh
Mov AX, 1h
Mov BX, FFFFh
IMUL BX ;
Decimal product=-1,
Hex Product =FFFFFFFFh
DX = FFFFh, AX=FFFFh CF/OF=0
DX is a sign extension of AX for this CF/OF=0
10. IMUL INSTRUCTION
IMUL sets the Carry and Overflow flags if the
high-order product is not a sign extension of
the low-order product
Mov al, 48
Mov bl, 4
Imul bl ;AX = 00C0h, OF = 1
AH is not a sign extension of AL, so the
Overflow flag is set
11. IMUL INSTRUCTION
Suppose AX contains FFFFh and BX contains FFFFh
Mov AX, FFFFH
Mov BX, FFFFh
IMUL BX
Decimal product=1
Hex Product = 00000001 h
DX = 0000h, AX=0001h CF/OF=0
DX is a sign extension of AX for this CF/OF=0
12. IMUL INSTRUCTION
Suppose AX contains 0FFFh.and BX contains 0FFFh
Mov AX, 0FFFH
Mov BX, 0FFFh
IMUL BX
Decimal product=16769025
Hex Product = 00FFE001 h
DX = 00FFh, AX=E001h CF/OF=0
DX is a not sign extension of AX for this CF/OF=1
13. IMUL INSTRUCTION
Suppose AL contains 80h.and BL contains FFh
Mov AL, 80H
Mov BL, FFh
IMUL BL
Decimal product=128,
Hex Product = 0080 h
AH = 00h, AL=80h CF/OF=01
DX is a not sign extension of AX for this CF/OF=1
14. APPLICATION OF MUL AND IMUL
Translate the high level language assignment
statement
A=5×A-12×B
Let A and B be word variables, and suppose
there is no overflow.
Use IMUL for multiplication
17. DIVIDE AND IDIVIDE
When division is performed we obtain two
results
The quotient and
The remainder.
Similarly like Multiplication there are separate
instructions for unsigned and signed division
18. CONT..
Syntax:
DIV divisor
IDIV divisor
Byte Form:
The divisor is eight bit register or memory byte
The 16 – bit dividend is assumed to be in AX. After
division 8-bit quotient is in AL and 8-bit remainder in
AH.
19. CONT..
Word Form:
The divisor is a 16-bit register or memory word
The 32-bit dividend is assumed to be in DX:AX
After division, the 16-bit quotient is in AX and 16-
bit remainder is in DX
Effect on flags:
All status flags are undefined
20. CONT..
Divide Overflow:
It is possible that the quotient s too big to fit
in the specified destination(AL or AX).
This Happens Because the divisor is much
smaller than the dividend.
When this Happens the program terminates
and system displays message “divide overflow”
21. CONT..
Examples:
EXAMPLE 9.8:
Suppose DX contains 0000h , AX contains 0005h, and BX
contains 0002h.
EXAMPLE 9.9:
Suppose DX contains 0000h , AX contains 0005h and BX
contains FFFEh.
EXAmple 9.10:
Suppose AX contains 00FBh and BL contains FFh.
22. DECIMAL INPUT AND
OUTPUT
Computer represent every thing in binary
But it is convenient for user to represent
input and output in decimal
If we input 21543 character string then it
must to converted internally
Conversely on output the binary contents of
R/M must be converted to decimal equivalent
before being printed
23. DECIMAL INPUT
Convert a string of ASCII digits to the binary
representation of decimal equivalent
For input we repeatedly multiply AX by 10
Algorithm (First version):
Total=0
Read an ASCII
REPEAT
convert character to number
Total=total*10+value
Read a character
Until character is carriage return
24. CONT..
Example: input of 123
Total =0
Read ‘1’
Convert ‘1’ to 1
Total=10*0 +1=1
Read ‘2’
Convert ‘2’ to 2
Total=10*1 +2=12
Read ‘3’
Convert ‘3’ to 3
Total=10*12 +3=123
25. CONT..
Range: -32768 to 32767
Optional sign followed by string of digits
& carriage return
Outside ‘0’ to ‘9’
jumps to new line and ask for input
again
27. CONT..
Else
Convert character to binary value
Total=10*total+value
End_if
Read a character
Until character is carriage return
If negative =true
Then
total=-total
43. Decimal Output
Algorithm for Decimal Output:
If AX < 0 /*AX holds output value */
THEN
Print a minus sign
Replace AX by its twos complement
End_IF
Get the digits in AX’s decimal representation
Convert these digits into characters and print
them
44. CONT..
To see what line 6 entitles, suppose the contents of
AX, expressed in decimal is 24168. To get the digits
in decimal representation , we can proceed as
follows,
Divide 24618 by 10, Quotient= 2461,
remainder=8
Divide 2461 by 10, Quotient= 246, remainder=1
Divide 246 by 10 , Quotient=24, remainder=6
Divide 24 by 10, Quotient=2, remainder=4
Divide 2 by 10, Quotient=0, remainder=2
45. CONT..
LINE 6:
Cout =0 /*will count decimal digit */
REPEAT
divide quotient by 10
Push remainder on the stack
Count= count +1
UNTILL
Quotient=0
46. CONT..
LINE 7:
FOR count times DO
Pop a digit from the stack
Convert it to a character
Output the character
END_FOR
47. CONT..
Program Listing PMG9_1.ASM
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.CODE
OUTDEC PROC
;prints AX as a signed decimal integer
;input: AX
;output: none
PUSH AX ;save registers
PUSH BX
PUSH CX
PUSH DX
48. CONT..
;if AX < 0
OR AX,AX ;AX < 0?
JGE @END_IF1 ;NO >0
;then
PUSH AX ; save number
MOV DL,’-’ ;get ‘-’
MOV AH,2 ;print character function
INT 21H ;print ‘-’
POP AX ;get Ax back
NEG AX ;AX= -AX
@END_IF1:
49. CONT..
;get decimal digits
XOR CX,CX ;CX counts digits
MOV BX,10D ;BX has divisor
@REPEAT1:
XOR DX,DX ;prepare high word of dividend
DIV BX ;AX=quotient, DX=remainder
PUSH DX ;save remainder on stack
INC CX ;count = count +1
;until
OR AX,AX ;quotient = 0?
JNE @REPEAT ;no, keep going
50. CONT..
;convert digits to character and print
MOV AH,2 ;print character function
;for count time do
@PRINT_LOOP
POP DX ;digit in DL
OR DL,30H ;convert to character
INT 21H ;print digit
;end_for
POP DX ; restore registers
POP CX
POP BX
POP AX
OUTDEC ENDP