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Chapter 3 Arithmetic for Computers
Arithmetic for Computers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  §3.1 Introduction
Integer Addition ,[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  §3.2 Addition and Subtraction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Integer Subtraction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Dealing with Overflow ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Arithmetic for Multimedia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Multiplication ,[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  Length of product is the sum of operand lengths multiplicand multiplier product §3.3 Multiplication 1000 ×  1001 1000 0000  0000  1000  1001000
Multiplication Hardware Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  Initially 0
Optimized Multiplier ,[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Faster Multiplier ,[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  ,[object Object],[object Object]
MIPS Multiplication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  1001 1000 1001010 -1000 10 101  1010 -1000 10 n -bit operands yield  n -bit quotient and remainder quotient dividend remainder divisor §3.4 Division
Division Hardware Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  Initially dividend Initially divisor in left half
Optimized Divider ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Faster Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
MIPS Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating Point ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  normalized not normalized §3.5 Floating Point
Floating Point Standard ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
IEEE Floating-Point Format ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  S Exponent Fraction single: 8 bits double: 11 bits single: 23 bits double: 52 bits
Single-Precision Range ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Double-Precision Range ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating-Point Precision ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating-Point Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating-Point Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Denormal Numbers ,[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Two representations of 0.0!
Infinities and NaNs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating-Point Addition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating-Point Addition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Adder Hardware ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Adder Hardware Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Floating-Point Multiplication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Floating-Point Multiplication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Arithmetic Hardware ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Instructions in MIPS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Instructions in MIPS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Example: °F to °C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Example: Array Multiplication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
FP Example: Array Multiplication Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  ,[object Object],[object Object]
FP Example: Array Multiplication Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  …   sll  $t0, $s0, 5  # $t0 = i*32 (size of row of y)   addu  $t0, $t0, $s2  # $t0 = i*size(row) + k   sll  $t0, $t0, 3  # $t0 = byte offset of [i][k]   addu  $t0, $a1, $t0  # $t0 = byte address of y[i][k]   l.d  $f18, 0($t0)  # $f18 = 8 bytes of y[i][k]   mul.d $f16, $f18, $f16 # $f16 = y[i][k] * z[k][j]   add.d $f4, $f4, $f16  # f4=x[i][j] + y[i][k]*z[k][j]   addiu $s2, $s2, 1  # $k k + 1   bne  $s2, $t1, L3  # if (k != 32) go to L3   s.d  $f4, 0($t2)  # x[i][j] = $f4   addiu $s1, $s1, 1  # $j = j + 1   bne  $s1, $t1, L2  # if (j != 32) go to L2   addiu $s0, $s0, 1  # $i = i + 1   bne  $s0, $t1, L1  # if (i != 32) go to L1
Accurate Arithmetic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Interpretation of Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  The BIG Picture
Associativity ,[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  §3.6 Parallelism and Computer Arithmetic: Associativity ,[object Object]
x86 FP Architecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  §3.7 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the x86
x86 FP Instructions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  Data transfer Arithmetic Compare Transcendental F I LD  mem/ST(i) F I ST P  mem/ST(i) FLDPI FLD1 FLDZ F I ADD P   mem/ST(i) F I SUB RP  mem/ST(i) F I MUL P   mem/ST(i) F I DIV RP  mem/ST(i) FSQRT FABS FRNDINT F I COM P F I UCOM P FSTSW AX/mem FPATAN F2XMI FCOS FPTAN FPREM FPSIN FYL2X
Streaming SIMD Extension 2 (SSE2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Right Shift and Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  §3.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls
Who Cares About FP Accuracy? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —
Concluding Remarks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers —  §3.9 Concluding Remarks

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Chapter 3

  • 1. Chapter 3 Arithmetic for Computers
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  • 8. Multiplication Hardware Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers — Initially 0
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  • 13. Division Hardware Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers — Initially dividend Initially divisor in left half
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  • 30. FP Adder Hardware Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers — Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
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  • 39. FP Example: Array Multiplication Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers — … sll $t0, $s0, 5 # $t0 = i*32 (size of row of y) addu $t0, $t0, $s2 # $t0 = i*size(row) + k sll $t0, $t0, 3 # $t0 = byte offset of [i][k] addu $t0, $a1, $t0 # $t0 = byte address of y[i][k] l.d $f18, 0($t0) # $f18 = 8 bytes of y[i][k] mul.d $f16, $f18, $f16 # $f16 = y[i][k] * z[k][j] add.d $f4, $f4, $f16 # f4=x[i][j] + y[i][k]*z[k][j] addiu $s2, $s2, 1 # $k k + 1 bne $s2, $t1, L3 # if (k != 32) go to L3 s.d $f4, 0($t2) # x[i][j] = $f4 addiu $s1, $s1, 1 # $j = j + 1 bne $s1, $t1, L2 # if (j != 32) go to L2 addiu $s0, $s0, 1 # $i = i + 1 bne $s0, $t1, L1 # if (i != 32) go to L1
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Editor's Notes

  1. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  2. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  3. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  4. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  5. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  6. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  7. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  8. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  9. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  10. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  11. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  12. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  13. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  14. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  15. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  16. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  17. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  18. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  19. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  20. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  21. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  22. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  23. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  24. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  25. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  26. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  27. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  28. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  29. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  30. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  31. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  32. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  33. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  34. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
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  36. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  37. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  38. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  39. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  40. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  41. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  42. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  43. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  44. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  45. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  46. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  47. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers
  48. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 9 March 2010 Chapter 3 — Arithmetic for Computers