USES OF NANO PARTICLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
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This document discusses nanoparticles for drug delivery. It outlines various types of nanoparticles used for drug delivery including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles. It describes ideal characteristics of nanoparticles for drug delivery such as small size, controlled drug release, high drug loading, and targeting of diseased cells. The document also covers advantages like sustained drug release and reduced side effects, as well as limitations including high production costs.
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Introduction &definition
a) Nanotechnology
b) Nanobiotechnology
History
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- Applications include carbon nanotubes for strong lightweight materials, quantum dots for displays, and nanobots potentially for drug delivery and environmental remediation.
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Nanotechnology can be used to improve drug delivery in 3 key ways:
1) Nanoparticles can effectively target drugs to specific areas, like tumors, improving treatment and reducing side effects. Different types of nanoparticles like gold nanorods, quantum dots, and liposomes are being developed for targeted delivery.
2) Nanoparticles can help protect drugs from degradation and control their release in the body over extended time periods, improving compliance. This allows drugs to be administered less frequently.
3) Nanotechnology has the potential to lower drug costs by allowing conventional drugs to be delivered more effectively in low doses using nanoparticle carriers, extending their patent lifetimes.
Self assembled nanostructures
Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) are organized layers of amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously form on substrates. SAMs consist of molecules with a "head group" that chemically binds to the substrate, and a "tail" with a functional group. Well-ordered SAMs form when alkanethiol molecules with chain lengths of 12 or more carbons chemisorb to gold surfaces from solution over time. Characterization techniques like infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements indicate high quality SAMs have densely packed, crystalline structures with few defects in the alkyl chains.
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- Nanomedicine shows promise as a field of nanotechnology for non-invasive diagnostic imaging, tumor detection, and targeted drug delivery using unique properties of nanoparticles.
- Nanoparticles for drug delivery can be spherical vesicles like liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, which allow drugs to be attached or incorporated for more effective administration and bioavailability than traditional methods.
- After nanoparticles transport drugs to targeted sites, the drugs are released through various mechanisms to produce therapeutic effects in a sustained and protected manner.
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Nanomaterials are materials with at least one dimension between 1-100 nm that exhibit unique properties compared to larger materials. They have many applications including in drug delivery due to their high surface area and ability to reach difficult areas of the body smaller than cells. Nanoscale drug delivery systems include nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, nanoshells, fullerenes, nanotubes, and quantum dots. Liposomes in particular are spherical vesicles consisting of an aqueous core surrounded by a lipid bilayer that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and provide benefits like controlled release and altered pharmacokinetics. The development of nano-carriers is improving drug therapy by enhancing efficiency and selectivity while reducing side effects
Bio synthesis of nano particles using bacteria
Bacteria can be used to biosynthesize nanoparticles through intracellular and extracellular methods. Intracellular synthesis occurs inside the cell, where bacteria reduce metal ions and deposit nanoparticles in locations like the periplasmic space. Extracellular synthesis involves enzymes secreted by bacteria reducing metal ions outside the cell and precipitating nanoparticles. Examples are given of bacteria producing silver, titanium, zinc sulfide and lead sulfide nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular pathways. While a green approach, bacterial nanoparticle synthesis can be slow with difficulty controlling size, shape and crystallinity of particles.
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Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular scale. It has many potential applications in areas like medicine, electronics, materials and computing. Some key points:
- It allows precise engineering at the nanoscale of 1-100 nanometers. Tools like STMs and AFMs are used.
- Applications include carbon nanotubes for strong lightweight materials, quantum dots for displays, and nanobots potentially for drug delivery and environmental remediation.
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This document discusses the use of nanotechnology for cancer diagnosis and therapy. It begins by defining cancer and tumors, and then introduces nanotechnology and its applications in medicine including drug delivery, imaging, and cancer treatment. Specific nanoparticles discussed for cancer diagnosis include gold nanoparticles, bismuth sulfide nanoparticles, and iron oxide nanoparticles which can be used for computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound imaging, respectively. The document also discusses various nanoparticle-based approaches for detecting different types of cancer like bladder and breast cancer. In general, the document outlines how nanotechnology enables more precise cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
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gold nanoshells
Gold nanoshells are being researched for use in photothermal cancer therapy. They are synthesized using methods such as coating silica-liposomes with gold. When exposed to near-infrared light, gold nanoshells heat up and destroy cancer cells in vitro. However, challenges remain in making them efficiently and safely for human use, which requires further research and FDA approval before clinical trials can begin.
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This document discusses nanomedicine and various nanoscale structures that can be used for medical applications. It begins by explaining how nanotechnology allows analysis and repair of the human body at the molecular level. It then describes various nanoscale structures like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their properties. These nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, imaging and diagnosis. The document also discusses some current and potential applications of these nanotechnologies in areas like cancer treatment, biomolecular sensing and gene therapy.
magnesium doped zinc oxide nano particle
This document summarizes a project to prepare pure and magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals. A group of 5 students will synthesize and characterize 1.5% Mg-doped ZnO using methods like X-ray diffraction and SEM. They will study the effect of time, catalyst loading on photocatalytic degradation of resorcinol. The goals are to prepare and analyze pure and doped ZnO nanoparticles to degrade chemicals like bisphenol and nonylphenol more efficiently through photocatalysis.
Nanotechnology baseddrugdelivery.ppt
Nanotechnology can be used to improve drug delivery in 3 key ways:
1) Nanoparticles can effectively target drugs to specific areas, like tumors, improving treatment and reducing side effects. Different types of nanoparticles like gold nanorods, quantum dots, and liposomes are being developed for targeted delivery.
2) Nanoparticles can help protect drugs from degradation and control their release in the body over extended time periods, improving compliance. This allows drugs to be administered less frequently.
3) Nanotechnology has the potential to lower drug costs by allowing conventional drugs to be delivered more effectively in low doses using nanoparticle carriers, extending their patent lifetimes.
Self assembled nanostructures
Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) are organized layers of amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously form on substrates. SAMs consist of molecules with a "head group" that chemically binds to the substrate, and a "tail" with a functional group. Well-ordered SAMs form when alkanethiol molecules with chain lengths of 12 or more carbons chemisorb to gold surfaces from solution over time. Characterization techniques like infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements indicate high quality SAMs have densely packed, crystalline structures with few defects in the alkyl chains.
Lecture 3 - biomedical applications of nanotechnology
Controlling and manipulating matter on the nanometer-length scale (1-100 nm), and
Exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical) at the nanoscale.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advances
The document discusses nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NPDDSs). It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their use in drug delivery. Various types of NPDDS are explored, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, and more. Their applications in areas like chemotherapy, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and more are then reviewed. The advantages of NPDDS include both passive and active drug targeting, increased therapeutic efficacy, controlled release profiles, and high drug loading capacity. Key factors influencing NPDDS design include particle size, drug properties, surface characteristics, biodegradability, and desired drug release. Common preparation methods are also outlined.
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Nanotechnology involves engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) and can be used in various fields including medicine. It has several applications for cancer treatment such as using nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, silica nanoparticles, and nanorobots to more precisely deliver drugs to cancer cells, detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, and potentially diagnose and treat cancer. Nanoparticles in particular show promise for overcoming limitations of conventional cancer treatments like poor solubility, lack of targeting, and side effects by selectively targeting cancer cells and increasing drug localization.
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Nanoparticles have potential for targeted anticancer drug delivery. They can be engineered to actively or passively target tumors. Passive targeting relies on nanoparticles' ability to accumulate in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which is caused by tumors' leaky blood vessels and poor lymphatic drainage. Nanoparticles can also be engineered for active targeting by attaching ligands that bind to receptors on cancer cells. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to penetrate tissues and cell membranes more readily than traditional drugs to selectively deliver anticancer therapies and improve treatment outcomes with fewer side effects.
recent advances in nano drug delivery systems
This document summarizes recent advances in nano drug delivery systems. It discusses how nanomedicine uses nanoparticles smaller than 100nm for targeted drug delivery, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Various types of nanoparticles for drug delivery are described, including metal-based, lipid-based, polymer-based and biological nanoparticles. Specific examples discussed include gold nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Applications mentioned include cancer treatment, drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier, and ocular drug delivery.
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Significance of silicon
Silicon is the second most common element in the Earth's crust. Silicones are polymeric organosilicon compounds containing Si-O-Si linkages and Si-C bonds. They have many useful properties including low conductivity, thermal stability, chemical inertness, and resistance to oxygen, ozone, and UV light. Silicones have various applications including use in textiles as coatings and softeners, in medicine as elastomers for devices like catheters, and in plants and human health where silicon plays a role in photosynthesis, stress resistance, and bone/tissue health.
Conducting polymers
This document outlines how plastics can become conductive through a process called doping. It discusses that polymers are normally insulating but certain polymers like polyacetylene can conduct electricity when doped. Doping involves introducing charges into the polymer through oxidation or reduction. This leaves holes that allow electrons to move along the polymer chain. Factors that affect conductivity include the number of charge carriers, their mobility, temperature, and presence of doping materials. Applications of conductive plastics include uses in electronics, solar cells, LEDs, electromagnetic shielding, and smart windows.
Water splitting on semiconductor catalysts under visible light irradiation
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Natural and chemical biocides
This document discusses biocides, which are formulations containing active substances that control or destroy harmful organisms. It provides background information on biocides, including types (chemical and natural), major classes, and common active ingredients. The document outlines both arguments for biocides, such as increased food supply and farmer profits, and risks, like negative health and environmental impacts. It also describes common applications of biocides in areas like agriculture, swimming pools, cosmetics/pharmaceuticals, and medical device sterilization. In conclusion, the document states that biocide use should be minimized and carefully regulated due to the risks involved.
Artificial sweeteners
Artificial sweeteners are used as sugar substitutes that provide sweetness with fewer calories than sugar. Some are produced naturally while others like aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and neotame are synthesized. They are used by those watching their sugar intake, managing diabetes, or concerned with weight gain. While safe for most in moderation, artificial sweeteners come with restrictions for those with rare conditions like phenylketonuria. They are many times sweeter than sugar but provide no calories, making them a popular sugar substitute.
Supramolecular chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of intermolecular bonds between two or more chemical species. It was pioneered in the late 19th century and Nobel Prizes have been awarded for its development. Supramolecular interactions include ion-ion, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole interactions. Building blocks include macrocycles, structural units, and biologically derived units. Control relies on thermodynamics and the molecular environment. Applications include materials technology, catalysis, medicine, and other devices. Intensive research is enabling new functional materials and more effective catalysis through template-directed synthesis.
Reactive dyes
Reactive dyes are organic dyes that form covalent bonds with cellulose fibers. They were first commercially produced in 1956 and have advantages like excellent color fastness and ease of washing. Reactive dyes contain three parts - a chromophore for color, a reactive group that bonds to fibers, and a bridging group connecting these. Dyeing involves exhaustion of dye onto fibers, fixation through alkaline conditions forming covalent bonds, and washing unfixed dye away. Reactive dyeing gives very colorfast results due to the strong covalent bonds formed.
Mesoporous materials
Mesoporous materials have pore sizes between 2-50 nm which gives them high surface areas of 400-1000 m2/g. Common types include MCM-41, MCM-48, MCM-50, HMS, and SBA-15. They can be synthesized using hard or soft templating methods. Applications include drug delivery, adsorption, chromatography, catalysis, sensors, and diagnostics due to their chemical stability, large pore volumes, and tunable surface properties.
Cationic and anionic res ponsive gels
This document discusses cationic and anionic responsive microgels. It defines microgels as crosslinked, polymeric, colloidal particles that can swell and deswell in response to stimuli. It classifies microgels based on the nature of crosslinks and response. Cationic microgels contain basic groups while anionic microgels contain acidic groups. Their properties change with pH and ionic strength. Microgels can be synthesized via precipitation or microemulsion polymerization. Applications include use in coatings, pharmaceuticals, and materials reinforcement.
Application of ionic liquids in pharmaceuticals
Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid below ambient temperature. They are composed solely of ions without water. Ionic liquids based on imidazole have been well studied as novel solvents. Ionic liquids have wide-ranging properties including low vapor pressure, high viscosity, thermal stability, and ability to dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds. They have various applications in pharmaceuticals as solvents, for drug delivery, and to address issues like low drug solubility and polymorphism.
Recent advances in battery science and technology
This document discusses the history and types of batteries. It begins with defining batteries and describing their invention by Volta in 1800. It then discusses the increasing demand for batteries to power electronics and electric vehicles. The document outlines several recent advances in batteries, including sodium-ion and solid-state designs that improve safety. It concludes that continued research in nanoscience and new materials could enable breakthroughs in sustainable battery technologies.
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Mossbauer spectroscopy uses gamma ray absorption to probe the local electronic environment of atomic nuclei. It works by measuring small shifts in the resonant absorption peaks of nuclei in different chemical states. The document outlines the basic principles, typical methods, applications in physics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy and metallurgy, as well as limitations, of Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Microbial fuel cells
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems that use bacteria to generate electricity. MFCs can be categorized as mediated or unmediated. Mediated MFCs use chemical mediators to transfer electrons from bacteria to an anode, while unmediated MFCs directly transfer electrons via bacterial membrane proteins. MFCs have the potential to generate electricity from wastewater treatment and can be used as biosensors to measure pollutant levels. However, challenges remain in improving catalytic rates, energy production levels, and reducing costs before widespread applications can be realized.
Liqued crystals
Liquid crystals are an intermediate phase between solid and liquid that have properties of both. They lack a fixed shape but their molecules align in the same direction, giving them orientational order. There are several types of liquid crystals including nematic, smectic, and cholesteric that differ in their molecular arrangements. Liquid crystals are used widely in applications like digital displays, thermometers, and protective clothing due to their optical and thermal properties.
Composites of nano zincoxide for efficientphotocatalytic activity
This document discusses composites of nano zinc oxide for efficient photocatalytic activity. It introduces various nanocomposites including ZnO-CuO and explains their properties. The document then describes the preparation of pure ZnO nanostructures and ZnO-CuO nanocomposites via hydrothermal methods. It investigates the photocatalytic activity of ZnO-CuO composites in degrading methyl orange dye under UV light and finds they have higher degradation rates than pure ZnO. In conclusion, hydrothermally synthesized ZnO/CuO nanocomposites have enhanced photocatalytic properties due to efficient charge transfer between ZnO and CuO.
Bio energy uses in pakistan
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Fly ash and its applications
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Removal of heavy metal by nano metal oxide
This document discusses the removal of heavy metals from water using nano metal oxides. It introduces heavy metals as relatively high density metals that are toxic, like lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Heavy metals accumulate in organisms and can be harmful. Nano metal oxides like ZnO are effective at removing heavy metals from water through adsorption and photocatalysis mechanisms involving the absorption of light and production of electron-hole pairs on the nanoparticle surface. This allows for the reduction of heavy metals or reaction with electron acceptors. Nano metal oxides provide an efficient and low-cost approach for heavy metal removal through these photocatalytic processes.
Majour source of energy alternative of fuel
This document discusses different sources of energy, including fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas. It also discusses alternative and renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, tidal, biomass and nuclear energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable and their combustion produces greenhouse gases, but they are easily combustible and produce large amounts of energy. Renewable sources like solar, wind and tidal do not produce emissions but have limitations around availability. Nuclear energy produces through fission or fusion reactions but has risks. In conclusion, non-renewable resources will be depleted so renewable alternatives need further development to meet future energy demands.
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This document provides an overview of ionic liquids, including their history, composition, properties, applications, and toxicity concerns. Ionic liquids are molten salts that are liquid at or near room temperature. They are composed of a combination of ions, most commonly organic cations paired with inorganic anions, which results in their unusually low melting points. Ionic liquids have numerous advantageous properties, such as low volatility, high thermal stability, and wide liquid range, making them promising as green replacements for traditional organic solvents. However, concerns remain around the toxicity of some ionic liquids, particularly those containing halogen ions, which could release toxic species in water.
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USES OF NANO PARTICLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
- 1. 1
- 3. Introduction Drug vehicles Ideal characteristics of nanoparticles Drug release mechanisms Diseases controlled using nanoparticles Modes of administration Advantages Limitations 3
- 4. Particle size ranges from 10-1000nm in diameter Particulate dispersions or solid particles A drug may be adsorbed or covalently attached to the nanocarriers surface or it can be encapsulated into it 4
- 5. Liposomes Polymeric nanoparticles Nanoparticles based on solid lipids Silica nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles 5
- 6. Usually with 80-300 nm size range composed of phospholipids and cholestrol Drug is encapsulated Examples in liposomal formulations, such as anticancer drugs, neurotransmitters (serotonin), antibiotics, anti-inflammatory etc 6
- 7. Diameter ranging from 10 to 100 nm These may be biodegradable and non-biodegradable Drug may b on the surface or incorporated Drug release by desorption and diffusion 7
- 8. A core, dendrons and surface active groups Surface functional groups enables the interaction Drug may be encapsulated or adsorbed on the surface Polyvalency 8
- 9. Solid lipid nanoparticles(SLN) o Size 100-500nm o Delivery medium for lipophilic drugs o Loading capacity limited by the solubility of drug in lipid 9
- 10. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) o Imperfect type NLC o Multiple type NLC o Amorphous type NLC Lipid drug conjugates (LDC) o For lipophobic drug molecules 10
- 11. < 50nm Highly porous framework Invading deeper parts of body Phenytoin, cisplatin, diclofenac, heparin are examples of drugs delivered by silica materials 11
- 12. Size 130nm Use for cancer treatment Relay on enhanced permeability and retention effect Suitable for delivering enzymatic degradation susceptible materials 12
- 13. Small particle size Controlled drug release rate High drug loading capacity Biochemically inert and non toxic Physically and chemically stable Restricted drug distribution to normal cells 13
- 14. Active targeting o Drug targeting by ultrasonic energy and magnetic field o Cell surface antigen should be expressed o Antibody and ligand as targeting moiety o Receptor-mediated endocytosis 14
- 15. Passive targeting o Physical targeting o Direct drug injection and catheterization o Spontaneous drug accumulation in areas with leaky vasculature 15
- 16. 16
- 17. Cancer o Ethylene glycol molecules attach to nanoparticles that deliver therapeutic drugs o Or coating nanoparticles with membrane from RBCs o Photosensitizing agents 17
- 18. Heart diseases o Clot busting o Inflamed tissue such as arterial plaque Diabetic mellitus o Nanoparticles contain both insulin and an enzyme Autoimmune diseases o Nanoparticles deliver antigens 18
- 19. Neurologic disorders o Cross the blood brain barrier(BBB) Aging o The contents of the nanoparticle released when an enzyme found in aging cells is present 19
- 20. Oral Intravenous Transdermal Pulmonary 20
- 21. Controlled and sustained release No wastage of drug No side effects Provide comfort and compliance Longer circulation half-lives High cell uptake 21
- 22. Expensive Small size and large surface area can lead to particle aggregation Limited drug loading Highly sophisticated technology 22
- 23. 23