Nanotechnology has emerged as a useful tool to be utilized in combating this life threatening disease. Nanotube based Microphysiometer, painless implantable sensors or smart tattoos.

2.  Diabetes mellitus, often referred as diabetes is caused by decrease in
insulin secretion by pancreatic islet cells leading to increase in blood
glucose level (hyperglycemia).
 Diabetes mellitus is characterized by excessive weight loss, increased
urge for urination (polyuria), increased thirst (polydipsia) and an
excessive desire to eat (polyphagia).
 Diabetes mellitus has been classified as Type 1 or insulin dependent
diabetes, Type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes
mellitus is characterized by loss of insulin-producing beta cells of islets
of Langerhans in the pancreas, thereby leading to deficiency of insulin.
 The main cause of this beta cell loss is T-cell mediated autoimmune
attack. Type 1 diabetes in children is termed as juvenile diabetes. Type
2 diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin resistance or reduced insulin
sensitivity combined with reduced insulin secretion. The defective
responsiveness of body tissues to insulin almost certainly involves the
insulin receptor in cell membranes.

4.  Nanotechnology is defined as:“Research and technology development at the
atomic, molecular and macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately
1 – 100 nanometer range, to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena
and materials at the nanoscale and to create and use structures, devices and
systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or
intermediate size.”
 The size domains of components involved with nanotechnology are similar to that
of biological structures. For example, a quantum dot is about the same size as a
small protein (<10nm) and drug- carrying nanostructures are the same size as
some viruses (<100 nm). Because of this similarity in scale and certain functional
properties, nanotechnology is a natural progression of many areas of health-
related research such as synthetic and hybrid nanostructures that can sense and
repair.

5. “ Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or
semi-synthetic polymers.”
Size range : 10–1000 nm
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle
matrix.
Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity
surrounded by a unique polymer membrane.
Nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and
uniformly dispersed.

7.  Nano particle can be administered by parenteral, oral,
nasal,occular routes.
 By attaching specific ligands on to their surfaces,nano particles
can be used for directing the drugs to specific target cells.
 Improves stability and therapeutics index and reduce toxic
affects.
 Both active & passive drug targetting can be achieved by
manipulating the particel size and surface characteristics of
nano particles

8. Dispersion
polymerization
(DP) Emulsion
polymerization
(EP)
Solvent
evaporation
method
Solvent
Displacement
method
EP in aqueous
Continuous phase
EP in an organic
continuous phase
Salting out
tech.
Polymerization Preformed
polymer
Super
critical fluid
tech.

9.  Natural hydrophilic polymers
• Proteins: - Gelatin, albumin, lectins, legumin.
• Polysaccharides: - alginate, dextran, chitosan,
agarose.
 Synthetic hydrophobic polymers
• Pre-polymerized polymers: - Poly (e-caprolactone)
(PECL),Poly (Lactic acid)(PLA), Polystyrene
• Polymerized in process polymers: - Poly (isobutyl
cyanoacrylates) (PICA), Poly (butyl cyano acrylates)

10. 1. By microphysiometer:
2. By Implantable Sensor ("smart Tattoo“)
1. Nanopumps
2. Nanotubes
3. Long Term Sensors
System
4. Smart Tattoos
5. Coated insulin
nanoparticles

12. • Encyclopedia of controlled drug delivery system edited
by Edith Mathiowitz, Pg. no:551-564.
• Vyas S.P. , Khar R.K. Targeted & Controlled Drug
Delivery, Novel Carrier Systems, CBS Publication
,2002 ,Page No.249-277,331-387.
• www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/nanoparticles-and-its-
applications-field-pharmacy
• www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-in-
medicine.php