Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of intermolecular bonds between two or more chemical species. It was pioneered in the late 19th century and Nobel Prizes have been awarded for its development. Supramolecular interactions include ion-ion, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole interactions. Building blocks include macrocycles, structural units, and biologically derived units. Control relies on thermodynamics and the molecular environment. Applications include materials technology, catalysis, medicine, and other devices. Intensive research is enabling new functional materials and more effective catalysis through template-directed synthesis.

2. SUPRAMOLECULAR
CHEMISTRY

3. Contents
 Definition
 History
 Supramolecular interactions
 Building blocks
 Control of Supramolecular Chemistry
 Concepts in Supramolecular chemistry
 Mechanism
 Applications
 Conclusion

4. Supramolecular Chemisrty
Definition:
“Supramolecular chemistry is the
chemistry of the intermolecular bond,
covering the structures and functions of
the entities formed by the association of
two or more chemical species”

5. History:
 Nobel laureate Hermann Emil Fischer
developed supramolecular chemistry's
philosophical roots.
 In 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry which
was awarded to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie
Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen in
development of supramolecular chemistry.

6. Supramolecular interactions
Ion ion ineractions:
 Ion ion ineractions are non
directional
in nature.

7. Ion dipol interactions:
 Moderatly strong.
 Stronger when partially covalent.

8. Dipole-dipole interactions:
 Relatively weaker then
ion dipole ineractions.
 Weakest directional
ineractions.
 Interactions requires a specific orientation.

9. Building blocks of
supramolecular chemistry
 Chemists have studied structural and functional
building blocks that they are able to use to build
up large functional architectures.
Synthetic recognition motifs:
 Pi-pi charge transfer interactions.
 Formation of carboxylic acid dimers and
other simple hydrogen bondings.

10. Macrocycles:
 They provide whole cavities that can
completely surround guest molecule.
 Supramolecular metalocycles are
macrocyclics.

11. Strucural units:
 Supramolecular systems require components
to have suitable spacing.
 Regular surfaces can be used for
construction of self assembled monolayers
and multilayers.

12. Biologically derived units:
 Binding of enzymes with their
cofactors.
 DNA used as structural and
functional unit in synthetic
supramolecular system.

13. Control of Supramolecular
Chemistry
Thermodynamics:
 Non covalent bonds have low energies
and often no activation energies.
 Thermodynamics is an important tool to
design control and study supramolecular
chemistry.

14.  Arrhenius equation shows that rate of bond
formation is not increased at high
temperature.
 Chemical equilibrium equation shows low
bond energy result in breaking of
supramolecuar complex.
Water molecule shows
chemical equilibrium.

15. Environment:
 Molecular environment is of prime
importance to its operation.
 Solvents have strong
hydrogen bonding,
electrostatic and
charge transfer capabilities.

16. Concepts in Supramolecular
Chemistry
Molecular self assembly
Molecular recognition
Imprinting
Molecular machinery

17. Mechanism
 Host molecule combine
with guest to form
host guest complex.
 Host molecule serve as lock and key
molecule serve as guest.

18. Applications
 Materials technology
 Catalysis
 Medicine
 Green chemistry
 Other devices and functions

19. Materials technology:
 Supramolecular chemistry and self assembly
processes in development of new materials.
Catalysis:
 Catalytic interactions are important in
catalysis.
 Template directed synthesis is a special case
of supramolecular catalysis.

20. Medicines:
 Development of new pharmaceutical
therapies by understanding interactions at
drug binding site.
Green chemistry:
 Reactions have been developed which
proceed in solid state directed by non
covalent bonding.

21. Other devices and functions:
 Devlopment of new functions that can not
appear from a single molecule.
 These functions include magnetic properties,
light responsivness,molecular sensor.

22. Conclusion:
Intensive researches in supramolecular
chemistry enable us to synthesize materials with
very specific properties for specific applications.
It opens up the new era of most effective catalyst
synthesis for the catalytic reactions. It enable us
template directed drugs synthesis which reduces
the side products; molecular encapsulation as
well as drug delivery to specific organs. High-
tech devices as well as data storage can be
developed by using molecular switches.