This document describes a proposed Iteration Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of photovoltaic (PV) systems under irregular shadow conditions. The conventional PSO algorithm has difficulty tracking the global maximum power point when PV characteristics exhibit multiple local peaks due to irregular shading. The proposed IPSO algorithm improves on PSO by adding an "iterative best" value and adapting the cognitive and social coefficients over time, allowing it to more effectively track the global maximum power point under complex shading scenarios. Simulation results show the IPSO method converges faster than conventional PSO and achieves higher tracking efficiency under varying irradiance conditions defined by industry standards.
Particle Swarm Optimization PSO Algorithm Based MPPT for PV System Operating ...ijtsrd
With ever increasing demand, solar energy has emerged as one of the most significant renewable energy sources consequently, operating photovoltaic panels to maximize efficiency is vital. However, solar panels have difficulties, such as the Partial Shading Condition, which has a substantial influence on the efficiency of the PV system. MPPT plays a critical role in improving the power of PV systems. PV trajectories will be diverse and exceedingly complicated due to the numerous peaks accessible during PSC. Traditional MPPT approaches will fail to achieve the Global Maximum Power Point and instead will linger at the Local Maximum Peak Point, decreasing the PV modules efficiency and performance. The Particle Swarm Optimization technique is used in this work to determine the GM PP by measuring peak power. In terms of Maximum Power Point, this approach offers a high degree of reliability, robustness, and proficiency. MATLAB Simulink is used to verify the suggested approach. Sarad Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm Based MPPT for PV System Operating under Partial Shading Condition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52182.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52182/particle-swarm-optimization-pso-algorithm-based-mppt-for-pv-system-operating-under-partial-shading-condition/sarad-kumar
1) The document describes a project to develop a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a solar energy system using a buck boost converter.
2) The objectives are to develop an MPPT algorithm and use a buck boost converter to achieve system specifications such as matching the impedance of the solar module and load.
3) It provides details on the photovoltaic module, DC-DC converter, methods for obtaining peak power including the perturb and observe algorithm, and advantages such as increased efficiency and extracting maximum available power from the solar module.
Brief description of solar PV system and study of Maximum Power point tracking techniques. Here two methods has been discussed - 1) Perturbation and observation 2) Incremental conductance.
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used with photovoltaic solar systems. MPPT algorithms aim to maximize solar panel output power by adjusting the load impedance to match the maximum power point. The summary is:
1) MPPT techniques aim to continuously track the maximum power point of solar panels under varying conditions to optimize power extraction.
2) Common MPPT methods include perturb and observe and incremental conductance, which adjust voltage and measure changes in power output to determine the maximum power point.
3) Other MPPT methods include current sweep, constant voltage/open circuit voltage tracking, and techniques using neural networks, fuzzy logic, or temperature measurements.
Solar PV Model With MPPT (P & O method)SURBHI PATHAK
This document discusses a project on implementing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using the perturb and observe (P&O) method for a solar PV module. It first introduces MPPT and its objective to increase solar panel efficiency. It then explains the basic components and characteristics of solar cells and arrays. The document proceeds to describe the P&O MPPT technique, including its working principle, simulation model, and waveform results. It concludes by discussing applications, advantages, and future work for this solar PV MPPT system using the P&O method.
This document discusses methods for obtaining peak power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, including manual tracking and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes how PV cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) are used to automatically track the peak power point by matching the impedance of the solar module to the load. These algorithms help ensure PV systems operate efficiently without needing manual adjustment.
This document discusses simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. It notes that PV panels have non-linear output characteristics and produce maximum power at a single operating point, but this point varies with temperature and light intensity. Various MPPT algorithms have been developed to track this maximum power point (MPP) under changing conditions. The document outlines the components of a typical PV system and describes the role of the MPPT in matching the PV panel impedance to the load impedance to extract maximum available power. It also provides details on the perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm and concludes that accurate simulation models are important for evaluating PV system performance under different operating environments
Particle Swarm Optimization PSO Algorithm Based MPPT for PV System Operating ...ijtsrd
With ever increasing demand, solar energy has emerged as one of the most significant renewable energy sources consequently, operating photovoltaic panels to maximize efficiency is vital. However, solar panels have difficulties, such as the Partial Shading Condition, which has a substantial influence on the efficiency of the PV system. MPPT plays a critical role in improving the power of PV systems. PV trajectories will be diverse and exceedingly complicated due to the numerous peaks accessible during PSC. Traditional MPPT approaches will fail to achieve the Global Maximum Power Point and instead will linger at the Local Maximum Peak Point, decreasing the PV modules efficiency and performance. The Particle Swarm Optimization technique is used in this work to determine the GM PP by measuring peak power. In terms of Maximum Power Point, this approach offers a high degree of reliability, robustness, and proficiency. MATLAB Simulink is used to verify the suggested approach. Sarad Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm Based MPPT for PV System Operating under Partial Shading Condition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52182.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52182/particle-swarm-optimization-pso-algorithm-based-mppt-for-pv-system-operating-under-partial-shading-condition/sarad-kumar
1) The document describes a project to develop a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a solar energy system using a buck boost converter.
2) The objectives are to develop an MPPT algorithm and use a buck boost converter to achieve system specifications such as matching the impedance of the solar module and load.
3) It provides details on the photovoltaic module, DC-DC converter, methods for obtaining peak power including the perturb and observe algorithm, and advantages such as increased efficiency and extracting maximum available power from the solar module.
Brief description of solar PV system and study of Maximum Power point tracking techniques. Here two methods has been discussed - 1) Perturbation and observation 2) Incremental conductance.
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used with photovoltaic solar systems. MPPT algorithms aim to maximize solar panel output power by adjusting the load impedance to match the maximum power point. The summary is:
1) MPPT techniques aim to continuously track the maximum power point of solar panels under varying conditions to optimize power extraction.
2) Common MPPT methods include perturb and observe and incremental conductance, which adjust voltage and measure changes in power output to determine the maximum power point.
3) Other MPPT methods include current sweep, constant voltage/open circuit voltage tracking, and techniques using neural networks, fuzzy logic, or temperature measurements.
Solar PV Model With MPPT (P & O method)SURBHI PATHAK
This document discusses a project on implementing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using the perturb and observe (P&O) method for a solar PV module. It first introduces MPPT and its objective to increase solar panel efficiency. It then explains the basic components and characteristics of solar cells and arrays. The document proceeds to describe the P&O MPPT technique, including its working principle, simulation model, and waveform results. It concludes by discussing applications, advantages, and future work for this solar PV MPPT system using the P&O method.
This document discusses methods for obtaining peak power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, including manual tracking and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes how PV cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) are used to automatically track the peak power point by matching the impedance of the solar module to the load. These algorithms help ensure PV systems operate efficiently without needing manual adjustment.
This document discusses simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. It notes that PV panels have non-linear output characteristics and produce maximum power at a single operating point, but this point varies with temperature and light intensity. Various MPPT algorithms have been developed to track this maximum power point (MPP) under changing conditions. The document outlines the components of a typical PV system and describes the role of the MPPT in matching the PV panel impedance to the load impedance to extract maximum available power. It also provides details on the perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm and concludes that accurate simulation models are important for evaluating PV system performance under different operating environments
This document discusses different types of grid-tied wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. It describes fixed-speed and variable-speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Fixed-speed WECS directly connect the induction generator to the grid, while variable-speed systems use power electronic converters like doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) or synchronous generators with frequency control. The document also outlines different generator and power conversion configurations used in variable-speed WECS, including wound-rotor induction generators with external resistances.
The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.
A grid connected photovoltaic (PV) solar power plant is described. It works by converting sunlight into direct current electricity via solar panels. The electricity is then converted to alternating current by an inverter and fed into the electric grid. When more electricity is produced than needed, it is supplied to the grid. At night or when not producing, power comes from the main grid. There are three main types of solar grids: grid tied without storage, grid interactive with battery storage, and off grid with battery storage. Grid tied systems directly supply the grid, hybrid systems store excess power, and off grid systems are independent of the grid with batteries. Advantages are low operating costs and clean energy production while disadvantages include initial costs and
Hey Guys,
This Project we made it for final year Engineering students and for well knowledge. It was an amazing experience when we made it successfully.
If you want this project then contact :
Kalpesh Badgujar - 8879254715
if any query about this project mail :
badgujarkalpesh201@gmail.com
The document discusses different types of grid-connected solar PV electricity systems. It describes large scale PV plants that consist of solar panels, inverters, racks and other components that generate electricity fed into the grid. Grid connected projects can be ground mounted or rooftop PV. Ground mounted projects discussed include a 750 MW project in India. Rooftop PV is popular for meeting electricity loads and injecting surplus to the grid for buildings like schools and hospitals. Off-grid stand-alone solar systems are also described, including components like batteries, charge controllers and inverters. Grid-tied systems are explained as the most common, where solar power supplies homes and excess feeds back to the utility grid.
This document provides a summary of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology for photovoltaic systems. It discusses modeling of solar cells and how their output is affected by irradiation and temperature. It also describes the basic operation of a boost converter used in MPPT systems. Several common MPPT algorithms are examined, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and other methods. Flow charts are provided to illustrate the perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms. The conclusion is that the incremental conductance method provides better performance than other methods under varying conditions.
A brief overview of PV market globally and regionally is presented and how it has disrupted the current network business model. Energy Storage has become a necessity as penetration of PV in the current network increases and created challenging ramping issues as the daily load curves have changed to what is now popularly called “Duck” curves. The value of energy storage in the network is presented, clearly demonstrating that maximum value is realised at end users, commercial and residential. Battery storage is one of the most practical option. Commercial battery technologies are presented, followed by selected case studies.
Using statistical and machine learning techniques to forecast the PV solar power, which can be implemented for: • Managing the economic dispatch, unit commitment, and trading of PV solar power generations with other conventional generations; • Using with situational awareness tools to manage the ramp limitation; Optimal energy management of energy storage systems; • Voltage regulator settings on feeders with PV distributed generation.
The document provides an overview of microgrids, including their components, operating modes, advantages, and applications. It discusses that microgrids allow local power generation for local loads through various small power sources, improving flexibility and efficiency. Microgrids can operate connected to or isolated from the main utility grid. Their advantages include high quality power during grid disturbances, reduced transmission losses, and environmental benefits from renewable energy use. Examples of microgrid applications given are campuses/institutions, military bases, and industrial facilities.
The document analyzes various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses factors experimentally shown to influence PV module performance such as cable thickness, temperature, shadows, dust particles, charge controllers, and solar cell IV characteristics. It also discusses factors theoretically shown to affect performance such as environmental and operating conditions, solar radiation, spectrum effects, degradation, air mass flow, maximum power point tracking, inverter efficiency, and battery efficiency. The document presents experimental results measuring the effects of these factors on voltage, current, and output power of a PV system over time. It concludes that PV module performance depends on environmental conditions like temperature, irradiation, dust, and shadows.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It outlines the components of a PV array system and factors that affect the arrays' power output such as temperature, irradiance, and shading. The document then presents a mathematical model of a PV array developed in Simulink and shows how changing temperatures and irradiances affect the power curve. It introduces MPPT and two common MPPT algorithms, perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance, developed and compared in Simulink. An experimental setup is described and results show the P&O oscillates more while incremental conductance finds the maximum power point more precisely.
The document discusses a seminar presentation on Magneto Optical Current Transformers (MOCT). It begins with an introduction on the need for accurate current transformers and limitations of conventional transformers. It then covers the principles and workings of MOCT, which uses the Faraday effect to measure current through a glass prism. The document outlines the design, block diagram, applications and advantages of MOCT over conventional transformers, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference. It concludes by stating MOCT eliminates many drawbacks of conventional current transformers.
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
Design & Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemSulaman Muhammad
Aim of this project was to boost the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system to the required DC value through DC-DC boost converter and then to invert that DC voltage to AC voltage through H-bridge inverter. The output of the inverter is then filtered through a low pass filter to get a pure sinusoidal wave form. This output is then synchronized with the grid by converting the sine wave of grid into square wave and then compare that square wave with the PWM and then give that output wave of comparator to H-bridge, so if there is any change in the grid as a result the output of inverter will also have same change.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
Dr. Praveen Kumar presented on the concept of Grid to Vehicle (G2V) power. He explained that as electric vehicles become more common, their batteries could provide power storage and generation back to the electric grid. This would allow electric vehicles to provide ancillary power services to help maintain grid stability. G2V power could benefit both vehicle owners through additional revenue and utilities by reducing costs and emissions compared to traditional peak power generation. However, integrating large numbers of electric vehicles into the grid also presents technical and regulatory challenges that would need to be addressed.
The document discusses load forecasting techniques and scheduling procedures in India's power system. It provides an overview of load forecasting, including the factors that affect load and different forecasting methods like extrapolation and correlation. It also describes the responsibilities of different load dispatch centers in India for scheduling generation and load. The scheduling procedure involves various timelines for generators to declare availability, beneficiaries to submit requisitions, and final schedules to be issued.
IRJET- A Fast Converging MPPT Control Technique (GWO) for PV Systems Adaptive...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique called gray wolf optimization (GWO) for photovoltaic systems that can track the global peak power point faster under changing irradiation and partial shading conditions. The GWO algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and experimentally tested. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed GWO MPPT technique has faster tracking speeds and higher efficiencies compared to traditional Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) MPPT methods.
This document presents the seminar details for a project on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic system. The project aims to compare the Buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic and Zeta DC-DC converters for use in an MPPT system using an incremental conduction MPPT algorithm. The methodology will involve simulating the four converters in MATLAB, observing their output characteristics, and selecting the best converter. A literature review covers previous work on MPPT algorithms and converter selection. The project schedule outlines tasks over 10 months including simulation implementation, comparisons of results, and final submission.
This document discusses different types of grid-tied wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. It describes fixed-speed and variable-speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Fixed-speed WECS directly connect the induction generator to the grid, while variable-speed systems use power electronic converters like doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) or synchronous generators with frequency control. The document also outlines different generator and power conversion configurations used in variable-speed WECS, including wound-rotor induction generators with external resistances.
The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.
A grid connected photovoltaic (PV) solar power plant is described. It works by converting sunlight into direct current electricity via solar panels. The electricity is then converted to alternating current by an inverter and fed into the electric grid. When more electricity is produced than needed, it is supplied to the grid. At night or when not producing, power comes from the main grid. There are three main types of solar grids: grid tied without storage, grid interactive with battery storage, and off grid with battery storage. Grid tied systems directly supply the grid, hybrid systems store excess power, and off grid systems are independent of the grid with batteries. Advantages are low operating costs and clean energy production while disadvantages include initial costs and
Hey Guys,
This Project we made it for final year Engineering students and for well knowledge. It was an amazing experience when we made it successfully.
If you want this project then contact :
Kalpesh Badgujar - 8879254715
if any query about this project mail :
badgujarkalpesh201@gmail.com
The document discusses different types of grid-connected solar PV electricity systems. It describes large scale PV plants that consist of solar panels, inverters, racks and other components that generate electricity fed into the grid. Grid connected projects can be ground mounted or rooftop PV. Ground mounted projects discussed include a 750 MW project in India. Rooftop PV is popular for meeting electricity loads and injecting surplus to the grid for buildings like schools and hospitals. Off-grid stand-alone solar systems are also described, including components like batteries, charge controllers and inverters. Grid-tied systems are explained as the most common, where solar power supplies homes and excess feeds back to the utility grid.
This document provides a summary of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology for photovoltaic systems. It discusses modeling of solar cells and how their output is affected by irradiation and temperature. It also describes the basic operation of a boost converter used in MPPT systems. Several common MPPT algorithms are examined, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and other methods. Flow charts are provided to illustrate the perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms. The conclusion is that the incremental conductance method provides better performance than other methods under varying conditions.
A brief overview of PV market globally and regionally is presented and how it has disrupted the current network business model. Energy Storage has become a necessity as penetration of PV in the current network increases and created challenging ramping issues as the daily load curves have changed to what is now popularly called “Duck” curves. The value of energy storage in the network is presented, clearly demonstrating that maximum value is realised at end users, commercial and residential. Battery storage is one of the most practical option. Commercial battery technologies are presented, followed by selected case studies.
Using statistical and machine learning techniques to forecast the PV solar power, which can be implemented for: • Managing the economic dispatch, unit commitment, and trading of PV solar power generations with other conventional generations; • Using with situational awareness tools to manage the ramp limitation; Optimal energy management of energy storage systems; • Voltage regulator settings on feeders with PV distributed generation.
The document provides an overview of microgrids, including their components, operating modes, advantages, and applications. It discusses that microgrids allow local power generation for local loads through various small power sources, improving flexibility and efficiency. Microgrids can operate connected to or isolated from the main utility grid. Their advantages include high quality power during grid disturbances, reduced transmission losses, and environmental benefits from renewable energy use. Examples of microgrid applications given are campuses/institutions, military bases, and industrial facilities.
The document analyzes various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses factors experimentally shown to influence PV module performance such as cable thickness, temperature, shadows, dust particles, charge controllers, and solar cell IV characteristics. It also discusses factors theoretically shown to affect performance such as environmental and operating conditions, solar radiation, spectrum effects, degradation, air mass flow, maximum power point tracking, inverter efficiency, and battery efficiency. The document presents experimental results measuring the effects of these factors on voltage, current, and output power of a PV system over time. It concludes that PV module performance depends on environmental conditions like temperature, irradiation, dust, and shadows.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It outlines the components of a PV array system and factors that affect the arrays' power output such as temperature, irradiance, and shading. The document then presents a mathematical model of a PV array developed in Simulink and shows how changing temperatures and irradiances affect the power curve. It introduces MPPT and two common MPPT algorithms, perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance, developed and compared in Simulink. An experimental setup is described and results show the P&O oscillates more while incremental conductance finds the maximum power point more precisely.
The document discusses a seminar presentation on Magneto Optical Current Transformers (MOCT). It begins with an introduction on the need for accurate current transformers and limitations of conventional transformers. It then covers the principles and workings of MOCT, which uses the Faraday effect to measure current through a glass prism. The document outlines the design, block diagram, applications and advantages of MOCT over conventional transformers, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference. It concludes by stating MOCT eliminates many drawbacks of conventional current transformers.
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
Design & Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemSulaman Muhammad
Aim of this project was to boost the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system to the required DC value through DC-DC boost converter and then to invert that DC voltage to AC voltage through H-bridge inverter. The output of the inverter is then filtered through a low pass filter to get a pure sinusoidal wave form. This output is then synchronized with the grid by converting the sine wave of grid into square wave and then compare that square wave with the PWM and then give that output wave of comparator to H-bridge, so if there is any change in the grid as a result the output of inverter will also have same change.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
Dr. Praveen Kumar presented on the concept of Grid to Vehicle (G2V) power. He explained that as electric vehicles become more common, their batteries could provide power storage and generation back to the electric grid. This would allow electric vehicles to provide ancillary power services to help maintain grid stability. G2V power could benefit both vehicle owners through additional revenue and utilities by reducing costs and emissions compared to traditional peak power generation. However, integrating large numbers of electric vehicles into the grid also presents technical and regulatory challenges that would need to be addressed.
The document discusses load forecasting techniques and scheduling procedures in India's power system. It provides an overview of load forecasting, including the factors that affect load and different forecasting methods like extrapolation and correlation. It also describes the responsibilities of different load dispatch centers in India for scheduling generation and load. The scheduling procedure involves various timelines for generators to declare availability, beneficiaries to submit requisitions, and final schedules to be issued.
IRJET- A Fast Converging MPPT Control Technique (GWO) for PV Systems Adaptive...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique called gray wolf optimization (GWO) for photovoltaic systems that can track the global peak power point faster under changing irradiation and partial shading conditions. The GWO algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and experimentally tested. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed GWO MPPT technique has faster tracking speeds and higher efficiencies compared to traditional Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) MPPT methods.
This document presents the seminar details for a project on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic system. The project aims to compare the Buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic and Zeta DC-DC converters for use in an MPPT system using an incremental conduction MPPT algorithm. The methodology will involve simulating the four converters in MATLAB, observing their output characteristics, and selecting the best converter. A literature review covers previous work on MPPT algorithms and converter selection. The project schedule outlines tasks over 10 months including simulation implementation, comparisons of results, and final submission.
A hybrid maximum power point tracking for partially shaded photovoltaic syste...nizhonglian
This document proposes a hybrid maximum power point tracking technique for photovoltaic systems operating under partially shaded conditions. It combines a conventional perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method with an artificial neural network-based method. A low-cost method is presented to predict the global maximum power point region using only current measurements when expensive irradiance sensors are not available. The proposed technique was demonstrated through simulations and experiments to outperform existing maximum power point tracking methods in tracking the global maximum power point with fast speed under various shading patterns.
A cost-effective and optimized maximum powerpoint tracking system for the pho...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is naturally available from sun, and it can be extracted by using a photovoltaic (PV) cell. However, solar energy extraction entirely depends on the climatic conditions and angle of rays falling on PV cells. Hence, maximum powerpoint tracking (MPPT) is considered in most areas under variable climatic conditions, which acts as a controller unit for PV cells. MPPT can enhance the efficiency of PV cells. However, designing an MPPT model is challenging as different uncertainties in the climatic condition may lead to more fluctuations in voltage and current in PV cells. Under the shaded condition, the PV cell may have other MPPT points that lead to the PV cell’s low efficiency in analyzing maximum power. Hence, this paper introduces a cost-effective and optimized system for the PV model that can find optimal power and improve PV cells’ efficiency. The proposed system achieves better computational performance with ~35% and ~42% than existing MPPT techniques. The improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) is smoother due to the enhanced form of MPP tracking. Hence, improved PSO takes 0.038 sec while the existing PSO technique takes 0.045 sec to obtain the MPP tracking.
IRJET - Maximum Power Extraction by Introducing P&O Technique in PV GridIRJET Journal
This document discusses maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its importance for extracting maximum power from solar panels. It then describes the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, which is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques. The P&O algorithm periodically perturbs the operating voltage of the PV array and compares the power before and after to track the maximum power point. The document also discusses improved P&O algorithms and other techniques like incremental conductance. It provides comparisons of different MPPT methods and concludes that an adaptive step size in P&O can achieve fast tracking with minimal oscillations near the maximum power point.
2013 a comparative_study_on_mppt_techniques_for_pv_power_systems-libreSathiya kumar
This paper provides a review and comparison of various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used in photovoltaic power systems. It describes several common MPPT techniques such as curve-fitting, fractional short-circuit current, fractional open-circuit voltage, look-up table, one-cycle control, differentiation, voltage/current feedback, and perturbation and observation. The paper aims to serve as a reference for future MPPT users by comparing the techniques based on their advantages, disadvantages, complexity, and applications. It seeks to provide an up-to-date comparative review of efficient MPPT techniques reported in literature up to January 2012.
Presentation 1 of Phd Ali literature review.pptxAlzuhairyAli1
This document summarizes several research papers on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic systems. The papers presented and compared different MPPT methods including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, fuzzy logic control, particle swarm optimization, sliding mode control, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system approaches. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that advanced algorithms like fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization and sliding mode control methods provided faster tracking speeds, lower power fluctuations, and better performance under changing environmental conditions compared to traditional perturb and observe based MPPT methods.
Integral sliding-mode controller for maximum power point tracking in the grid...IJECEIAES
The output power generated in the photovoltaic modules depends both on the solar radiation and the temperature of the solar cells. To maximize the efficiency of the system, it is required to monitor the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system. For this purpose, monitoring the maximum power point (MPPT) of photovoltaic systems should be as quick and accurately as possible for increasing energy production, which ultimately increases the cost-efficiency of the photovoltaic system. This paper proposes a new approach for MPPT) using the concept of the integral sliding mode controller (ISMC) to ensure fast and precise monitoring of the peak power. The performance of the ISMC is significantly influenced by the choice of the sliding surface. To assess the reliability ISMC control, the results have been compared with those of a PI controller. The results obtained are used to evaluate the performance of the ISMC strategy under different climatic conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed solution is confirmed using simulations in PSIM tools and experimental results were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Tunicate swarm algorithm based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
A new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique based on the bioinspired metaheuristic algorithm for photovoltaic system (PV system) is proposed, namely tunicate swarm algorithm-based MPPT (TSA-MPPT). The proposed algorithm is implemented on the PV system with five PV modules arranged in series and integrated with DC-DC buck converter. Then, the PV system is tested in a simulation using PowerSim (PSIM) software. TSA-MPPT is tested under varying irradiation conditions both uniform irradiation and non-uniform irradiation. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance, TSA-MPPT is compared with perturb & observe-based MPPT (P&O-MPPT) and particle swarm optimization-based MPPT (PSO-MPPT). The TSA-MPPT has an accuracy of 99% and has a reasonably practical capability compared to the MPPT technique, which already existed before.
This paper presents a maximum power point (MPP) tracking method based on a hybrid combination between the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and the conventional Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) method. The proposed algorithm utilizes the FLC to initialize P&O algorithm with an initial duty cycle. MATLAB/Simulink models consisting of, the photovoltaic system, boost converter and controllers, are built to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. To accurately illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, comparisons with standalone FLC and P&O are carried out. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated difficult weather conditions including sudden changes and partial shading. The results showed that the proposed algorithm successfully reaches MPP in all scenarios.
IRJET- Perturb & Observe MPPT Technique used for PV System Under Differen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using the perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for a solar photovoltaic (PV) system under different environmental conditions. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and the need for MPPT under changing conditions. It then discusses modeling a PV system in Simulink using a boost converter controlled by a P&O MPPT algorithm. Simulation results under different irradiance and temperature levels are presented and analyzed. The document concludes that the P&O MPPT technique can effectively extract maximum power from solar PV panels under varying environmental conditions.
Comprehensive Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for SPV SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews over 30 maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods for solar photovoltaic systems. It provides an overview of various conventional and advanced MPPT techniques, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, fuzzy logic control, and evolutionary algorithms. The document analyzes and compares the performance of these methods in terms of tracking speed, efficiency under changing weather conditions, ability to handle partial shading, and complexity of implementation. It aims to help researchers select the most suitable MPPT technique for their application.
A fast and accurate global maximum power point tracking controller for photo...IJECEIAES
The operating conditions of partially shaded photovoltaic (PV) generators created a need to develop highly efficient global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT) methods to increase the PV system performance. This paper proposes a simple, efficient, and fast GMPPT based on fuzzy logic control to reach the point of global maximum power. The approach measures the PV generator current in the areas where it is almost constant to estimate the local maximums powers and extracts the highest among them. The performance of this method is evaluated firstly by simulation versus four well-known recent methods, namely the hybrid particle swarm optimization, modified cuckoo search, scrutinization fast algorithm, and shade-tolerant maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on current-mode control. Then, experimental verification is conducted to verify the simulation findings. The results confirm that the proposed method exhibits high performance for complex partial irradiances and can be implemented in low-cost calculators.
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Keywords: MPPT, Tracking techniques, Convergence speed, Digital or analogical implementation.
A Reliable Tool Based on the Fuzzy Logic Control Method Applying to the DC/DC...phthanh04
Solar energy performs an important role in electric energy based on renewable energy generation systems when referring to
clear energy. Systems for harvesting renewable energy frequently use DC/DC converters, especially solar photovoltaic systems. The
DC/DC boost converter has been used for converting the output voltage from the solar PV system to the required voltage rating of the
utility grid under the disturbance in the photovoltaic temperature and irradiation level. Because of that, a new maximum power point
tracking based on the fuzzy logic controller (MPPT-FLC) algorithm applying the DC/DC boost converter is developed. The proposed
approach aims toward improving the PV system's performance and tracking effectiveness. This aim can be achieved by adjusting the
DC/DC boost converter's duty cycle to ensure that the PV system operates close to its MPP under varying environmental conditions. The
effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the off-grid PV system under conditions of the change of irradiation and temperature,
and the comparison of between the proposed method, the incremental conductance (INC), perturb and observe (P&O), and modified P&O
methods is also made. The obtained simulation results show that the MPPT capability significantly improved and achieved the highest
MPPT efficiency of 99.999% and an average efficiency of 99.98% in total when applying the proposed method.
An Improved Constant Voltage Based MPPT Technique for PMDC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
This document presents an improved constant voltage based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for a permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC) driven by a standalone photovoltaic (SAPV) system. The technique uses a pilot PV panel to measure the open circuit voltage of the main PV panel in order to track the MPP without disconnecting the panel from the load. A proportional-integrator controller is used to adjust the duty cycle of a DC-DC converter such that the PV voltage matches the MPP voltage. Simulation results show that the array efficiency increases under varying temperature and solar insolation conditions when using the improved MPPT technique compared to directly coupling the PV panel to the motor load.
This document reviews various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It discusses 17 different MPPT techniques, comparing them based on their method (direct control, sampling, modulation), variables tracked (voltage, current), required circuitry (analog, digital), need for tuning, relative cost, and hardware complexity. The techniques range from simple hill-climbing methods like perturb and observe to more advanced intelligent techniques using fuzzy logic, neural networks, and particle swarm optimization. The document concludes that fuzzy logic and other hybrid/intelligent techniques provide good performance for rapidly changing temperature and irradiance conditions with fast response and less fluctuation, though they require more complex hardware.
This document reviews different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It discusses several common MPPT methods including perturb and observe and incremental conductance. These techniques aim to maximize solar panel output power by tracking the maximum power point under changing environmental conditions. The document provides an overview of the basic principles behind MPPT and reviews prior literature on various MPPT techniques, comparing aspects like implementation complexity, tracking speed, and effectiveness.
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Maximum power point tracking techniques a review 37Chandani Sharma
This document reviews different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It discusses several common MPPT methods including perturb and observe and incremental conductance. These techniques aim to maximize solar panel output power by tracking the maximum power point under changing environmental conditions. The document provides an overview of the basic principles behind MPPT and reviews prior literature on various MPPT techniques, comparing aspects like implementation complexity, tracking speed, and effectiveness.
Similar to MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for PV System Using iteration-PSO under Irregular shadow Conditions (20)
Turbidity and Colour Reduction of Pond Water Using Extracts of Diospyros mesp...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The study examined the coagulation performance of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet solvent extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. The extracts were each added to highly turbid (422 NTU) pond water samples at various dosages of 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135mg/l and a conventional coagulation-flocculation jar tests were conducted. The nature of the flocs formation for all the plant extracts were observed to be smoky rather than aggregating into denser masses and resulted in turbidity and colour removal efficiencies of 0.71-18.57% and 1.17-22.38% respectively. The coagulation activities were subjected to T-Test Analysis and it indicated that there was statistically (P< 0.05) significance difference at different concentrations. The results also revealed slight decrease in pH in the range of 8.1-7.55 exhibited by all the extracts. From the results of the turbidity and colour removal efficiencies, it can be concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily turbid; However, for them to perform effectively, a coagulant aid is required.
Phyto-Chemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activities of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica were investigated. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. All the extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glocosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Terpenoids was detected in Diospyros mespiliformis, Tamarindus indica extracts and Piliostigma reticulatum root bark extract. Disc sensitivity technique was conducted on eight bacteria isolates. These bacteria are: staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi streptococcus faecolis pseudomonas aeruginosa coreynebacteria species and shigelladysenteriae. The growth inhibition studies on the test isolates indicated that most of the plant extracts had significant effects against some of the isolates (microorganisms). The antimicrobial activities were subjected to Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and it indicated that there was statistically (P < 0.05) significant difference at different concentrations. It is concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the bacteriological quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily polluted with pathogenic microbes.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Characterisation of Natural Moulding Sands from selected Deposits in Maidugur...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The document characterizes natural moulding sands from five deposits in Maiduguri, Nigeria for use in sand casting applications. Chemical analysis showed that silicon dioxide levels ranged from 66.77% to 90.10% across deposits. Physico-mechanical testing determined properties like clay content, grain size, compressive strength, permeability, and refractoriness. Results found the deposits suitable for casting nonferrous metals, with some appropriate for ferrous alloys as well. The Gwange/Fori deposit had the highest clay content of 47.2% and thus risks defects, while Dala Lawanti and Pompomari showed best overall properties. Characterization of local sands can support growth of foundry
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
Development of Wind Operated Passive Evaporative Cooling Structures for Stora...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A Wind operated passive evaporative cooler was developed. Two cooling chambers were made with clay container (cylindrical and square shapes). These two containers were separately inserted inside bigger clay pot inter- spaced with clay soil of 7 cm (to form pot-in-pot and wall-in wall) with the outside structure wrapped with jute sack. The soil and the jute sacks were wetted with salt solution. Five blades were constructed inside the cooling chambers with aluminium material which were connected with a shaft to a vane located on a wooden cover outside the cooling chamber. The vanes (made of aluminium) were to be powered by the wind which in turn rotates the blades inside the cooling chamber. The total volume of 40500cm3 and storage capacity of 31500cm3 were recorded for the square structures while total volume of 31792.5cm3 and storage capacity of 24727.5cm3 were recorded for the cylindrical structures. During the test period, the average temperatures of 27.07oC, 27.09oC and 33.6oC were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average relative humidity of 92.27%, 91.99% and 69.41% were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average minimum and maximum wind speed recorded for the month of October was 2.5m/s and 2.6m/s respectively
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Re-Circulatory Vegetable MoisturizerAZOJETE UNIMAID
A re-circulatory vegetable moisturizer for preventing wilting in vegetables was developed and its performance evaluation carried out. Freshly harvested Amaranthus vegetables were used for the experiments. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored daily. The vitamin A of this produce was determined at intervals of two days for 9 days. The effects of the storage parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the nutritional value of the produce were determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further analysis by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was carried out to compare the means. The vegetable moisturizer was evaluated by comparing the change in nutritional (vitamin A) of Amaranthus vegetable with hand wetting system and no wetting condition. The results showed that the moisturizer had higher mean vitamin A content (4.93mg/100g)compared to the mean vitamin A content of the manual wetting (4.88mg/100g) and no wetting condition (4.57mg/100g). The sensory characteristics showed that the Moisturizer was more desirable when compared to the manual wetting and no wetting condition after nine days. It was concluded that the Moisturizer preserved the nutritional and sensory characteristics (texture and colour) better than the manual and no wetting condition as a result of lower temperature, higher relative humidity and better water draining of the Moisturizer.
Optimization of some mineral contents of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pep...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A study to optimize three mineral contents (magnesium, potassium and manganese) of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pepper was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Five levels of osmotic solution concentration (A) (5% (w/w), 10% (w/w), 15% (w/w), 20% (w/w) and 25% (w/w)) of common salt and osmotic process durations (B) (60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 150 min and 180 min) were considered. After osmotic dehydration, all pre-treated and some control (unpre-treated) samples were dried at a constant temperature of 50˚C in a fabricated cabinet dryer. RSM under central composite design in Design Expert 8.0.3 computer software package was used to design the experiment, analyse data, optimize the process and present all results with 2-dimesional and 3-dimensional plots. From results obtained, optimized combinations were selected on the basis of their desirability values which were 0.931, 0.432 and 1.00 for magnesium, potassium and manganese respectively. From the desirability values on the response surface plots, the optimum (maximum) value of magnesium was found to be 29.18 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 180 min and osmotic solution concentration of 25% (w/w); for potassium, the optimized value was 46.13 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 60 min and osmotic solution concentration of 5% (w/w); while the optimized value for manganese was 10.96 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 150 min and osmotic solution concentration of 15% (w/w). Dried pre-treated products had values closer to fresh samples than control (dried unpre-treated) samples for all the three mineral contents considered.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
Preliminary Study on the Characterization of oil from Nurse tetra (Brycinus n...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The document describes a study that aimed to extract and characterize oil from the Brycinus nurse fish. B. nurse fish samples were dried at different temperatures and times, then oil was extracted using a hydraulic press. The extracted oils were analyzed to determine acid value, saponification value, and relative density. Acid values ranged from 2.75 to 3.6 mg/KOH, saponification values ranged from 70 to 94.42 mg/KOH/g, and relative densities ranged from 0.04301 to 0.0433. Heating temperature significantly affected oil yield, ranging from 1.37% to 3.4%, while differences in other measured values were not statistically significant. The results indicate the B
Development of an Electrically Operated Cassava Peeling and Slicing MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
The development and construction of an electrically operated cassava peeling and slicing machine was described in this paper. The objective was to design, construct and test an electrically operated machine that will peel and slice cassava root into chips, to aid the processes of drying, pelletizing and storage. The methodology adopted includes; design, construction, calculation, specification, assembly of component parts and performance test. The machine was able to Peel and slice cassava to fairly similar sizes. Performance test reveals that 7 kg of cassava tuber was peeled and chipped in one minute, which shows that, the machine developed can significantly reduce the cost of labour and time wastage associated with traditional processing of cassava tubers into dried cassava pellets, and finished products, such as; garri, and cassava flour. The machine has a capacity of 6.72 kg/min, with peeling and chipping efficiency of 66.2% and 84.0% respectively. The flesh loss of the peeled tuber was 8.52%, while overall machine efficiency obtained as 82.4%. The machine is recommended for use by small scale industries and by cassava farmers in the rural areas. It has an overall cost of N46100 ($150). The machine can easily be operated by an individual and maintained, by using warm water to wash the component parts, and sharpening of the chipping disc when required.
Investigating the bacterial inactivation potential of purified okra (Hibiscus...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability of purified okra protein (POP) as coagulant and as disinfectant material in comparison with aluminium sulphate (AS) in water treatment was assessed. A laboratory jar test experiments and Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray method of bacterial analysis were conducted using POP as coagulant in treating river water. The results show an excellent dual performance function of POP against the conventional coagulant, AS in drinking water treatment. It was observed that a marked inactivation of approximately 100% of faecal and E-coli count in raw water was achieved with POP and zero regrowth of bacteria after 72-hour post treatment. However, there was regrowth in total coliform count as a result of the presence of other microbes other than E-coli and faecal coliform in the system. In all cases AS showed a reduced performance against the two indicator organisms achieving only 93% with remarkable regrowth of E-coli and faecal coliform after prolonged storage time in the clarified water. Turbidity removal was also noted to be approximately similar, 92% across all coagulants tested. Therefore, the use of POP in water treatment could improve access to clean water in developing countries and could help in reducing the import of water treatment chemicals.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Impingement Jet Cooling with Ribs and Pins ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document presents a numerical study of enhanced impingement jet cooling with ribs and pins on target surfaces. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted using commercial codes to predict heat transfer with different obstacle wall configurations. The obstacles investigated were ribs and rectangular pin-fins in both co-flow and cross-flow alignments. The CFD predictions showed good agreement with previous experimental results and revealed that obstacles increase turbulence but also reduce the highest thermal gradients and downstream cross-flow.
Characterization of Leachate Contaminants from Waste Dumpsites in Maiduguri, ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document characterizes leachate contaminants from four uncontrolled waste dumps in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chlorine, sulfate, calcium, metals and other parameters. Analysis found pH ranged from 8.19-11.32 and total dissolved solids from 208-7460mg/l, indicating contamination of groundwater below dumps. Iron concentrations were highest, followed by lead, zinc, chromium, manganese and copper, attributed to materials like metals, lamps, appliances and preservatives in waste. To prevent health hazards from groundwater contamination, the study recommends Borno State implement proper waste management practices like engineered landfill
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Water on Evapotranspiration of TomatoAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses a study on the effect of magnetic treatment of water on evapotranspiration of tomato plants. Three magnetic flux densities were used to treat water for tomato irrigation, along with a control of non-treated water. The amount of water lost daily from buckets containing tomato plants due to evapotranspiration was measured. Plants irrigated with magnetically treated water had higher daily evapotranspiration rates compared to the control, indicating treated water allowed easier water absorption and faster plant growth despite equal water quantities.
Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic DigesterAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
Material Recovery from Wastes: An Employment and Poverty Alleviation ToolAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses material recovery from wastes in Maiduguri, Nigeria as a tool for employment and poverty alleviation. It examines three waste collection scenarios involving 5000 participants over 24 months. Key findings include:
- Annual estimates of material recovered include 16.8 tons of bottles/glasses, 158.4 tons of plastics/rubber, and 264 tons of metal.
- Considerable income was generated from sales of recovered materials, totaling over N2 million annually.
- Material recovery, reuse and recycling provided livelihoods and constituted human capacity development for many involved in the activity.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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the first stage, the operating point of the PV system moves from the vicinity of the global
MPP by estimating the equivalent load line. Then, in the second stage, the incremental
conductance method is employed which converges the MPP. However, this method fails to
track the global MPP if the global MPP lies on the left of the load line. In (Miyatake et al.,
2011), a global stage was employed to locate the regions of the local MPP, while a perturb-
and-observe algorithm was employed at the local stage to find the global MPP. A sequential
extremum seeking control (ESC)-based MPPT technique was proposed in (Luo et al., 2009)
based on approximate modelling and analysis of the characteristics of PV modules under
variable partial-shading conditions. However, this method exhibits steady-state error and is
system-dependent. (Zang et al. 2012) proposed a PV system which adapts the parallel
configuration at a particular cell level so that an individual cell in the PV module can achieve
its MPP under partial-shading conditions. The input voltage of this configuration is very low,
which may increase the difficulty of designing an appropriate power converter. Moreover, the
proposed configuration is only suitable for low power applications.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has high potential for MPPT due to its simple structure,
easy implementation and fast computation capability. Since PSO is based on search
optimization in principle, it should be able to locate the MPP for any type of PV curve
regardless of environmental variations. The direct control structure was adopted by some
researchers for the PSO algorithm, where the positions of the PSO particles are used as the
duty cycles. Excellent dynamic tracking speeds under severe partial-shading conditions were
able to be handled using the method. Furthermore, the steady state oscillations were found to
be exceptionally low. For instance, to track the global point in a constant bus voltage
application, the conventional PSO was utilized in (Venugopalan et al., 2013). An analytical
expression of the objective functions based on PV current, irradiance and temperature was
formulated as in (Miyatake et al., 2011) and the conventional PSO was then utilized to track
the MPP.
The current-based PSO method was proposed by (Miyatake et al. 2011), where the series
inductor current of the boost converter is used as the reference signal to generate the pulse
width modulation signals for the switching converter. A repulsive term in the velocity
equation of the PSO was also introduced (Phimmasone et al., 2009). (Miyatake et al. 2011)
proposed an adaptive perceptive PSO (APPSO)-based MPPT algorithm. Ishaque et al.
presented an improved PSO-based MPPT algorithm for PV systems and discussed the
advantages of using PSO in conjunction with the direct duty cycle control in detail. However,
no system design guidelines and practical design considerations are provided in these papers.
(Miyatake et al. 2011) attempted to approach the global MPP using the PSO algorithm. In
these investigations, the authors tried to realize centralized MPPT control of the modular
(multi-module) PV system (Coelho et al, 2010). These MPPT algorithms have good
performance under various partial-shading conditions; however, these methods are only
suitable for systems that consist of multiple converters.
Therefore, the conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques can hardly
track the global maximum power point (GMPP) because the power-voltage characteristics of
photovoltaic (PV) exhibit multiple local peaks in irregular shadow, and therefore easily fall
into the local maximum power point. These conditions make it very challenging, and to
tackle this deficiency, an efficient Iteration Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) has been
3. Abdulkadir et al.: MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for Pv System Using Iteration-PSO Under
Irregular Shadow Conditions.
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developed to improve the quality of solution and convergence speed of the traditional PSO
(Phimmasone et al., 2009, Liu and Liu, 2011), so that it can effectively track the GMPP
under irregular shadow conditions. This proposed technique has such advantages as simple
structure, fast response and strong robustness, and convenient implementation. It is applied to
MPPT control of PV system in irregular shadow to solve the problem of multi-peak
optimization in partial shadow. In order to verity the rationality of the proposed algorithm,
however, recently the dynamic MPPT performance under varying irradiance conditions has
been given utmost attention to the PV society. As the European standard EN 50530 which
defines the recommended varying irradiance profiles, was released lately, the corresponding
researchers have been required to improve the dynamic MPPT performance. This paper also
tries to evaluate the dynamic MPPT performance using EN 50530 standard. The simulation
results show that iterative-PSO method can fast track the global MPP, increase tracking speed
and higher dynamic MPPT efficiency under EN 50530 than the conventional PSO.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Particle Swam Optimization
PSO is a stochastic, population-based evolutionary algorithm search method, modelled after
the behavior of bird flocks (Miyatake et al., 2007). The PSO algorithm maintains a swarm of
individuals (called particles), where each particle represents a candidate solution. Particles
follow a simple behavior: they emulate the success of neighboring particles and their own
achieved success. The position of a particle is therefore influenced by the best particle (pbest)
in a neighborhood, as well as the best solution found by all the particles in the entire
population (gbest). The particle position, xi, is adjusted using:
(1)
where the velocity component, , represents the step size.
The velocity is calculated by:
( ) ( )
(2)
where denotes the particle position for i; the velocity of the particle at i is represented by
vi; the number of iterations is denoted by t; the inertia weight is represented by ω; and
are uniformly distributed random variables within [0, 1]; and the cognitive and social
coefficients are denoted by , respectively (Venugopalan et al., 2013, Chen et al, 2010).
The best position for the storage of the ith particle that has been found so far is denoted by
the variable pbest,i and the best position for the storage of all the particles is represented by
gbest. Figure 1 depicts the movement of the particle in the optimization process.
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Figure 1: Movement of particles in the optimization process
2.2 Iterative Particle Swarm Optimization
A new PSO technique is introduced in this paper to mitigate the effect of oscillations in
maximum power point tracking power systems. The standard PSO is modified by adding a
new directory called Iterative Best (Ibest) to enhance the computational time and the quality of
the solution. Ibest is known to be the best value of the fitness function that will be achieved by
any agent (particle) in the iteration. A new PSO strategy time varying acceleration coefficient
is also introduced. Equation (7) shows the modified form of (3) and is referred to as the
Repetitive Particle Swarm Optimization (RPSO) here.
( ) ( ) ( )
(3)
where c3 represents the weight of the stochastic acceleration terms that is pulling each agent
towards the iteration best. refers to the best value of the fitness function that has been
obtained by any agent in the tth
iteration during optimization process. The cognitive and
social learning factors c1 and c2 in the classical PSO algorithm are usually pre-specified to
fixed values of 2.0 basically (Chatteijee et al, 2013, Fu and Tong 2010). This may lead to
premature convergence and may allow the particles to wander around the search space due to
relatively high values of coefficients. The cognitive and social learning factors c1 and c2 are
updated as in equations (4) and (5) Furthermore, the dynamic acceleration constant parameter
c3 is introduced and presented in equation (6).
( ) (4)
( ) (5)
( ) ( ( )
) (6)
where t is number of iterations. Therefore, the new velocity update of the proposed algorithm
can be updated as follows:
( t
t
cc if
i
11
,1c ) ( ) ( t
t
cc if
i
22
,2c ) (
( )1()(c
)(
13
2
tcct
) ( )) (7)
5. Abdulkadir et al.: MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for Pv System Using Iteration-PSO Under
Irregular Shadow Conditions.
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Figure 2 depicts the convergence behaviors for the IPSO algorithm fitness over the original
PSO, it can be seen that the fitness value of IPSO offers better result as compared to the
original PSO. Not only that, IPSO also convergence faster with attractive result (3rd
iteration)
compared to the PSO algorithm that required nearly 10th
iteration before it converged. Even
though the difference between IPSO and PSO appears too minor as shown in Figure 2, but it
has a significant impact to the performance of MPPT in PV systems. The eigen-values
obtained by both optimization algorithms.
Figure 2: Convergence Characteristics of PSO and iteration-PSO based Optimization
2.3 Proposed iterative-PSO based MPPT control algorithm
Basically, PSO algorithms are utilized to solve the optimization problem so that the optimum
result is time invariant. However, in this case, the fitness value (which is the global MPP)
sometimes varies or depends on environmental factors as well as loading states, thus, the
iterative-PSO-based MPPT is utilized in this study and the procedure are as follows;
i. The Iteration-PSO parameters including number of particles (duty cycle) which
cover the search space [dmin, dmax] with equal distance where dmin and dmax are the
minimum and maximum values of the duty cycle of the dc-dc converter
respectively, the weighting factors, c1, c2, and c3 and the maximum number of
iteration are initialized.
ii. Initialize the Iteration-PSO-based MPPT technique is to extract the optimal power
PPV of the photovoltaic system; therefore, the fitness value which is designated as
the generated power is evaluated. The PWM acts according to the particle position
i that denotes the duty cycle state; then the PV voltage VPV and current IPV can be
measured to calculate the fitness value PPV of particle i, which can then be
utilized.
iii. Initialize Pbest and Gbest and obtain the fitness of each particle in the search
space.
iv. Record and update the velocity of each particle according to equation (3).
v. Record and update the position of each particle according to equation. (2).
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vi. End the program if the displacements between gbest and all the pbests become
lower the 1%; and transfer the best particle, doptimum to the dc-dc converter
otherwise repeat steps iii to v.
Figure 3 shows the flow diagram of the proposed iteration-PSO based MPPT algorithm. The
steps followed for the iteration-PSO algorithm is mostly similar to that of the original PSO;
the slight difference comes from updating the new velocity for ascertaining the new position.
Two convergence criteria are employed in this study. The proposed IPSO-based MPPT
method will terminate and yield the gbest solution if the maximum number of iterations is
attained or if all the particles’ velocities become smaller than a certain threshold. Basically,
PSO algorithms are utilized to solve the optimization difficulty so that the optimum result is
time invariant. However, in this case, the fitness value (which is the global MPP) sometimes
varies or depends on environmental factors as well as loading states. To search for the new
global MPP again in these cases, the particles must be reinitialized.
Iterative-PSO Initialization, no. of
particles np, duty cycle di, velocity
of particle, itermax, i=1;t=1
Iterative-PSO Initialization, no. of
particles np, duty cycle di, velocity
of particle, itermax, i=1;t=1
i > itermaxi > itermax
Update particles’ velocity and
position using Eq. (7), (8).
Update particles’ velocity and
position using Eq. (7), (8).
Pgbest =PiPgbest =Pi
i=i+1i=i+1
i=1, t=t+1i=1, t=t+1
Is particle positions
differ by <1%
Is particle positions
differ by <1%
Output di of the gbestOutput di of the gbest
Measure VPV(i) and IPV(i)Measure VPV(i) and IPV(i)
Send the duty cycle to
converter according to
the position of particle
Send the duty cycle to
converter according to
the position of particle
Calculate the power PPV(i)=VPV(i) x IPV(i)Calculate the power PPV(i)=VPV(i) x IPV(i)
Pbest,i=PiPbest,i=Pi
Is Ppbest,i>PgbestIs Ppbest,i>Pgbest
Is Pi>PbestIs Pi>Pbest
Shading pattern
changed?
Shading pattern
changed?
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
StartStart
Initiate Iterative-PSO
Figure 3: Flowchart of the proposed iteration-PSO-Based MPPT algorithm.
Considering the change in irradiance and shading pattern to be detected here, the following
constraint is utilized. In the proposed technique, the particles will be reinitialized whenever
the following condition is satisfied as in Equation (8):
7. Abdulkadir et al.: MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for Pv System Using Iteration-PSO Under
Irregular Shadow Conditions.
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( ) (8)
where Ppv,new is the new PV power, Ppv,old is the PV power at the global MPP of the last
operating point and ( ) is the normalized power tolerance. Its value is set to 10% or
selected as 0.1. Thus, if the normalized power mismatch is larger than 0.1, the samples will
be dispersed on the PV curve; otherwise they remain on the MPP. Figure 4 depicts the
comprehensive flowchart of the proposed system.
G=1W/m2
IPV
VPV
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3
IPV IPV
VPV VPV
G=1 W/m2
G=1 W/m2 G=1 W/m2
G=1 W/m2
G=1 W/m2
G=0.3 W/m2
G=0.3 W/m2
G=0.7 W/m2
G=0.7 W/m2
G=0.6 W/m2
G=0.6 W/m2
G=0.1 W/m2
G=0.1 W/m2
G=0.3 W/m2
G=0.3 W/m2
G=0.4 W/m2
-
- -
G=0.4 W/m2
+
+ +
Figure 4: Layout of PV configurations under study with PSC
2.4 Phenomenon of Irregular Shadow Conditions
A PV module comprises many PV cells either connected in series to produce a higher voltage
or connected in parallel to increase current. Many PV cells are therefore connected either in
series or in parallel to form a PV system. The PV curve of the PV cell would exhibit multiple
MPPs under partial-shading conditions because of the bypass diodes as reported in (Ishaque
et al., 2011; Bastidas-Rodriguez et al, 2014, and Abdulkadir et al., 2012). The PV module
characteristics under irregular-shadow conditions are connected at the module terminal with
bypass diodes were described in Ishaque et al. (2011). In the irregular-shadow pattern, the
shaded portion of the cells acts as a load rather than as a generator and creates the hot shot;
hence, the bypass diodes of these shadowed cells will conduct in order to avert this
undesirable situation (Ganjefar et al., 2014, Eltawil and Zhao 2013). Multiple peaks in the PV
curve would be obtained since the shadowed modules are bypassed. The PV curves that result
when this system is under different shadow conditions are shown in Figure 5.
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Figure 5: P-V characteristic curves of PV system under different shading conditions
Generally speaking, the column of cell that is shelter from the same shadow is classified as a
pattern, as shown in pattern1, pattern2 and pattern3 of Figure 5. As can be seen in the figure,
the global MPP could occur either below or above the voltage range (i.e. either on the left or
right of the PV curve) depending on the type of shadow pattern. For this reason, the
conventional MPPT algorithms will be very difficult to apply directly.
3. Simulation of Results and Discussion
The selection of proper values for algorithm control parameters plays a significant role in
solution’s quality. In order to obtain the best performance, fitness of the objective was
implemented to evaluate the convergence speed of the algorithm in finding the best solution.
It should be noted that the convergence test is performed using the size of population. It is
evidently observed from Figure 2 that the maximum number of iterations needed for IPSO
and conventional PSO are 3 and 10 respectively. The effect of the initial and final values of
cognitive and social components acceleration factors on solution performance are studied by
varying their values. Figure 6 show the MPP searching mechanism by iteration-PSO method
under partial shading.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Voltage (V)
Power(W)
GMPPGMPP
BB
AA
CC
AA
CC
BB
Power(w)Power(w)
Voltage (V)Voltage (V)
Particle is currently tryingParticle is currently trying
Particle tried so farParticle tried so far
Future particleFuture particle
Particle with the best
result so far
Particle with the best
result so far
ConvergingConverging
Inertia
Influence
Inertia
Influence
Pbest
Influence
Pbest
Influence
gbest
Influence
gbest
Influence
PbestPbest
GPGP
Figure 6 The MPP searching mechanism by iteration-PSO method under partial shading.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Voltage (V)
Power(W)
Pattern 3
Pattern 1
Pattern 2
9. Abdulkadir et al.: MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for Pv System Using Iteration-PSO Under
Irregular Shadow Conditions.
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To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IPSO-based MPPT technique, simulations
is performed appropriately. The simulation model parameters of the PV module are shown in
Table 1.
TABLE 1: Simulation Parameters of ICO-SPC 100 w Photovoltaic
Parameter Value
Maximum Power (Pmax) 100 W
Voltage at Pmax (Vmax) 17.3
Current at Pmax (Imax) 5.79
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 20.76
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 6.87
In this paper, the simulations are implemented using the MATLAB Simulink model.
According to the design principle, the specification parameters of the complete IPSO-based
MPPT algorithm are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2: Simulation Parameter Setting of the IPSO-Based MPPT
Parameter Value
Number of particles 3
Minimum duty cycle 0.02
Maximum duty cycle 0.98
Sampling time 0.1s
Maximum iteration 20
ωmax 1.0
ωmin 0.1
C1, min 1
C1,max 1.2
C2,min 1
C2,max 1.6
As can be seen from Figure 8, tracking time of conventional PSO algorithm is about 0.8 s,
and there is relatively large fluctuation near MPP.
For the rapidly irregular shadow, Figure 7 and Figure 8 has shown the experimental results
for the tracking power of the proposed technique and the conventional PSO respectively
under rapidly irregular shadow conditions. The experiment was conducted under the same
conditions as described in the simulation. It can be seen that the experimental results match
very closely to the simulations. For each condition, the MPP is attained in relatively short
time and exhibits almost zero oscillation in steady state. Hence the correctness of the
proposed technique is validated.
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3311 22 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010
100100
200200
Time (s)Time (s)
Power(w)Power(w)
IPSOIPSO
Figure 7: Simulated power tracked using iteration-PSO algorithm for variation in irradiation
condition
100100
200200
Power(w)Power(w)
3311 22 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010
Time (s)Time (s)
PSOPSO
Figure 8: Simulated power tracked using conventional PSO algorithm for variation in
irradiation condition
On the contrary, the MPP can be quickly tracked if using Iteration PSO technique, its
tracking time is only 0.35 s, which accelerates by 60% compared to the former. These curves
show that PSO based algorithm is capable of reaching the GMPP with lesser time for
convergence. Further the conventional PSO based algorithm produces oscillations in PV
output power for a longer duration when compared to the iteration PSO algorithm.
Also, to further verify the rationality of the proposed technique, the performance of the
proposed iteration PSO MPPT techniques is tested under dynamic environmental conditions
as in Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11 respectively. This dynamic condition was adopted
using the European Efficiency Test EN 50530, which is a newly standard for evaluating the
dynamic performance of PV system. As can be seen in Figure 11, iteration PSO method
adequately tracks the ideal MPP power for the whole dynamic profile (ramps sequence).
However, a consistent deviation between the dotted line (ideal MPP power) and solid line
(actual PV power) is clearly visible.
11. Abdulkadir et al.: MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for Pv System Using Iteration-PSO Under
Irregular Shadow Conditions.
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0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Insolations
Time (sec)
untitled/Signal Builder2 : Group 1
10001000
300300
Time (s)Time (s)
Insolation(W/m2
)Insolation(W/m2
)
Dwell timeDwell time
Dwell timeDwell time
RampupRampup
RampdownRampdown
Initial settling
time
Initial settling
time
n Repetitionsn Repetitions
Figure 9: Ramp test sequence (low-medium insolation) for the characterization of the MPPT
efficiency under changing insolation conditions
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Insolations
Time (sec)
IncreMental_Conductance_MPPT_Simulation_Model_test/Signal Builder2 : Group 1
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100
X 105
X 105
Irradiance(W/m2
)Irradiance(W/m2
)
Figure 10: The complete dynamic test profile
Figure 11: Performance of iteration-PSO method under dynamic test conditions
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3.1 Experimental results
Test of the MPPT technique, a DC-DC boost converter, a programmable DC power supply
emulated as solar photovoltaic is used as a result of the experimental constraint of educational
laboratory equipment. Figure 12 show the experimental set-up of the iteration-PSO method.
The characteristics generated by the Matlab simulation model of the PV (ICO-SPC-100
watts) are then used to program the programmable DC power supply via interfacing software,
providing the foundation for the experimental work. The DC power supply is able to emulate
solar arrays with its Application Area Programming (AAP) feature which permits the
loading, editing and storing of hundreds of current and voltage values.
Figure 12: Experimental set-up of iteration-PSO method
The PV system had been tested for rapidly irregular shadow condition. This condition would
change the characteristics of photovoltaic array, thereby altering the global maximum point
(GMP) of P–V curve. The result as shown in Figure 7 is the output power of the PV
emulating system of the proposed techniques. Figure 8 shows the conventional PSO has a
slow tracking response time and larger oscillation in the output power because the
conventional PSO failed to reach MPP faster.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, an iteration-PSO based MPPT method for tracking MPP was presented. The
proposed algorithm was studied, and the advantages of this strategy over conventional PSO-
based method were highlighted. The performance of the proposed system was validated using
MATLAB simulation and an experimentation system comprising a digital signal controller, a
boost converter, and a programmable DC power supply emulated as PV simulator. Fast and
accurate performance under different conditions, including irregular shadow condition, was
proven as the main advantage of the proposed algorithm. The performance of the proposed
iteration PSO MPPT techniques is tested under dynamic environmental conditions using the
European Efficiency Test EN 50530. The simulation and experimental results indicate that
the converter can track the MPP of the PV system. The obtained results also confirmed that
the response time of the proposed method is faster compared to the other methods, and the
structure of the algorithm is simple. From these results, it is concluded that the control
scheme can be utilized for reliable and high quality PV systems.
13. Abdulkadir et al.: MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for Pv System Using Iteration-PSO Under
Irregular Shadow Conditions.
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