This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
See more
http://goo.gl/itobCF
http://goo.gl/rUX6nR
http://goo.gl/euQMeR
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Building simulation is the process of using a computer to build a virtual replica of a building.
The building is built from its component parts on a computer and a simulation is performed by taking that building through the weather conditions of an entire year.
In a way, building simulation is a way to quantitatively predict the future and thus has considerable value.
Building simulation is commonly divided into two categories:
Load Design,
Energy-Analysis.
The common phrase for building simulation when energy is involved is Energy-Simulation.
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
See more
http://goo.gl/itobCF
http://goo.gl/rUX6nR
http://goo.gl/euQMeR
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Building simulation is the process of using a computer to build a virtual replica of a building.
The building is built from its component parts on a computer and a simulation is performed by taking that building through the weather conditions of an entire year.
In a way, building simulation is a way to quantitatively predict the future and thus has considerable value.
Building simulation is commonly divided into two categories:
Load Design,
Energy-Analysis.
The common phrase for building simulation when energy is involved is Energy-Simulation.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
Organic-Based Sources; Landfill Methane; Biomass energy; Hydropower ; Flowing water (Hydroelectric); Tidal power (waves and tides); Wave; Geothermal Energy (Geothermal power); Hydrogen Energy; Solar energy: (Energy from sunlight Rapid growing) ; Wind Energy
With growing scientific approaches like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Green Construction and Sustainable design will be more efficient in the near future as the present design and rating systems are not scientifically and statistically enriched. Life Cycle Assessment is all about Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle”. This establishes an environmental profile of the system. Impacts taken into account include (among others) embodied energy, global warming potential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste. This presentation mainly depicts how Life Cycle Assessment is performed and applied.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
Organic-Based Sources; Landfill Methane; Biomass energy; Hydropower ; Flowing water (Hydroelectric); Tidal power (waves and tides); Wave; Geothermal Energy (Geothermal power); Hydrogen Energy; Solar energy: (Energy from sunlight Rapid growing) ; Wind Energy
With growing scientific approaches like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Green Construction and Sustainable design will be more efficient in the near future as the present design and rating systems are not scientifically and statistically enriched. Life Cycle Assessment is all about Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle”. This establishes an environmental profile of the system. Impacts taken into account include (among others) embodied energy, global warming potential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste. This presentation mainly depicts how Life Cycle Assessment is performed and applied.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Olorunnisola, A.O., Richards, A. and Omoniyi, T.E., 2021. A Review on the Renewable Energy from Agricultural and Forest Residues in Nigeria. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 3(1), pp.04-11.
How can bamboo help restore degraded land? With over 30 million hectares spread across the world (FAO 2010), bamboo offers a naturally abundant, strategic tool for poverty alleviation, environmental protection and climate change mitigation. A fact sheet, produced by INBAR and the Global Landscapes Forum.
Potentiality of Biogas Production in Mubi Slaughtering Houses, Northeastern N...ijtsrd
Intensive demand heat and electricity by slaughtering houses required an improve understanding of existing production of biogas in order to increase their efficiency, productivity, flexibility and to maintain balance of the ecosystem. It is important for this study to find out how potentially the biogas production is to be harvested for heat and electricity in Mubi slaughtering houses. It was found that the estimated volume of biogas, were viable for harvesting 167.47 KWh m3 and 83.73 kWh m3 of heat and electricity respectively for Mubi North, while 167.47 KWh m3 and 10.11 kWh m3 of heat and electricity for Mubi South daily. Therefore, authors recommends for further studies, if were implement to achieve maximum yield of biogas. A. S. Umar | N. W. Silikwa "Potentiality of Biogas Production in Mubi Slaughtering Houses, Northeastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38019.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/38019/potentiality-of-biogas-production-in-mubi-slaughtering-houses-northeastern-nigeria/a-s-umar
Turbidity and Colour Reduction of Pond Water Using Extracts of Diospyros mesp...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The study examined the coagulation performance of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet solvent extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. The extracts were each added to highly turbid (422 NTU) pond water samples at various dosages of 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135mg/l and a conventional coagulation-flocculation jar tests were conducted. The nature of the flocs formation for all the plant extracts were observed to be smoky rather than aggregating into denser masses and resulted in turbidity and colour removal efficiencies of 0.71-18.57% and 1.17-22.38% respectively. The coagulation activities were subjected to T-Test Analysis and it indicated that there was statistically (P< 0.05) significance difference at different concentrations. The results also revealed slight decrease in pH in the range of 8.1-7.55 exhibited by all the extracts. From the results of the turbidity and colour removal efficiencies, it can be concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily turbid; However, for them to perform effectively, a coagulant aid is required.
Phyto-Chemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activities of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica were investigated. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. All the extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glocosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Terpenoids was detected in Diospyros mespiliformis, Tamarindus indica extracts and Piliostigma reticulatum root bark extract. Disc sensitivity technique was conducted on eight bacteria isolates. These bacteria are: staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi streptococcus faecolis pseudomonas aeruginosa coreynebacteria species and shigelladysenteriae. The growth inhibition studies on the test isolates indicated that most of the plant extracts had significant effects against some of the isolates (microorganisms). The antimicrobial activities were subjected to Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and it indicated that there was statistically (P < 0.05) significant difference at different concentrations. It is concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the bacteriological quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily polluted with pathogenic microbes.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Characterisation of Natural Moulding Sands from selected Deposits in Maidugur...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Natural moulding sands consist of refractory sand grains associated with clay right from their deposit locations. In Maiduguri, there are some sand casting activities taking place. However, there seems to be no single graded source of moulding sand that the practitioners can use for producing qualitative sand castings. Therefore, this study was carried out to characterise moulding sands from five selected deposits in Maiduguri for possible use in sand casting applications. Chemical compositions of sand samples were determined using XRF Analyser while American Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) standard laboratory tests were used to determine the physico-mechanical properties. The results of the characterisation revealed the following ranges of values; clay content from 21.8% to 47.2% corresponding to Pompomari and Gwange/Fori, grain fineness number from 50.94 AFS to 95.02 AFS corresponding to Pompomari and Gwange/Fori deposits.. Other physico-mechanical properties determined included; green and dry compressive strengths, permeability, loss on ignition and refractoriness. Results of chemical composition analysis show SiO2 having dominance in all the samples (90.10 % to 66.77 %) with trace elements of CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, K2O, NaO2 also present within acceptable limits. The overall results show that all deposits have potential for use in sand casting applications for the casting of nonferrous metals and malleable and ductile iron. However, the clay content range given above is a major problem compared with the standards recommended by the American Foundry Society. This did not only limit their uses to low melting point alloys because of relatively lower refractoriness values but also possesses danger to their life expectancy. In conclusion, the use of the deposits characterised especially the Gwange/Fori deposit with clay content of 47.2 % should be used with caution because of the possibility of developing gas defects like blowholes and pinholes. All the other four deposits have been recommended for full exploitation for use in sand casting applications for casting of nonferrous metals as well as malleable and ductile irons. Finally, on the basis of the overall properties, the five deposits have rated in the following order of preferences; Dala Lawanti, Pompomari, Gwange/Fori, Gamboru and University of Maiduguri respectively.
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
Development of Wind Operated Passive Evaporative Cooling Structures for Stora...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A Wind operated passive evaporative cooler was developed. Two cooling chambers were made with clay container (cylindrical and square shapes). These two containers were separately inserted inside bigger clay pot inter- spaced with clay soil of 7 cm (to form pot-in-pot and wall-in wall) with the outside structure wrapped with jute sack. The soil and the jute sacks were wetted with salt solution. Five blades were constructed inside the cooling chambers with aluminium material which were connected with a shaft to a vane located on a wooden cover outside the cooling chamber. The vanes (made of aluminium) were to be powered by the wind which in turn rotates the blades inside the cooling chamber. The total volume of 40500cm3 and storage capacity of 31500cm3 were recorded for the square structures while total volume of 31792.5cm3 and storage capacity of 24727.5cm3 were recorded for the cylindrical structures. During the test period, the average temperatures of 27.07oC, 27.09oC and 33.6oC were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average relative humidity of 92.27%, 91.99% and 69.41% were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average minimum and maximum wind speed recorded for the month of October was 2.5m/s and 2.6m/s respectively
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Re-Circulatory Vegetable MoisturizerAZOJETE UNIMAID
A re-circulatory vegetable moisturizer for preventing wilting in vegetables was developed and its performance evaluation carried out. Freshly harvested Amaranthus vegetables were used for the experiments. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored daily. The vitamin A of this produce was determined at intervals of two days for 9 days. The effects of the storage parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the nutritional value of the produce were determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further analysis by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was carried out to compare the means. The vegetable moisturizer was evaluated by comparing the change in nutritional (vitamin A) of Amaranthus vegetable with hand wetting system and no wetting condition. The results showed that the moisturizer had higher mean vitamin A content (4.93mg/100g)compared to the mean vitamin A content of the manual wetting (4.88mg/100g) and no wetting condition (4.57mg/100g). The sensory characteristics showed that the Moisturizer was more desirable when compared to the manual wetting and no wetting condition after nine days. It was concluded that the Moisturizer preserved the nutritional and sensory characteristics (texture and colour) better than the manual and no wetting condition as a result of lower temperature, higher relative humidity and better water draining of the Moisturizer.
Optimization of some mineral contents of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pep...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A study to optimize three mineral contents (magnesium, potassium and manganese) of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pepper was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Five levels of osmotic solution concentration (A) (5% (w/w), 10% (w/w), 15% (w/w), 20% (w/w) and 25% (w/w)) of common salt and osmotic process durations (B) (60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 150 min and 180 min) were considered. After osmotic dehydration, all pre-treated and some control (unpre-treated) samples were dried at a constant temperature of 50˚C in a fabricated cabinet dryer. RSM under central composite design in Design Expert 8.0.3 computer software package was used to design the experiment, analyse data, optimize the process and present all results with 2-dimesional and 3-dimensional plots. From results obtained, optimized combinations were selected on the basis of their desirability values which were 0.931, 0.432 and 1.00 for magnesium, potassium and manganese respectively. From the desirability values on the response surface plots, the optimum (maximum) value of magnesium was found to be 29.18 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 180 min and osmotic solution concentration of 25% (w/w); for potassium, the optimized value was 46.13 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 60 min and osmotic solution concentration of 5% (w/w); while the optimized value for manganese was 10.96 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 150 min and osmotic solution concentration of 15% (w/w). Dried pre-treated products had values closer to fresh samples than control (dried unpre-treated) samples for all the three mineral contents considered.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Water is an integral issue needed to attain the desired targets but good quality water for irrigation purpose is gradually become scarce. The seasonal nature of rainfall can give rise to water stress at critical periods of growth. This research attempts to evaluate the irrigation application efficiency of Chanchaga irrigation scheme, Minna, Niger state. A hand auger was used to bore to a desired depth to remove samples of the moist soil. Samples of the moist soil removed was placed in a can, covered and taken to the laboratory. The specific gravity (apparent) of the soil particle and the depth of water applied were determined using volumetric method, water application efficiency is determined using Gravimetric Method of Soil Moisture Content (Pw) Determination. The moisture content of the field after irrigation water is applied falls between the ranges of 51.1% and 51.5%, with an average of 51.28%, in this case the average amount of water applied is about 4.68%, this shows a little increase in the moisture content of the soil in the field. It was concluded that the efficiency of water application obtained is adequate and a good result considering the available management practice in terms of system operation, monitoring and evaluation.
Preliminary Study on the Characterization of oil from Nurse tetra (Brycinus n...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Fish is an important source of protein providing essential amino acids. Imported fish oil are expensive, scarce and sometimes unavailable. However, extraction of oil from indigenous fish species will provide cheap, abundant and readily available product. This study therefore, aimed at the extraction of fish oil from Brycinus nurse. A total of 1368g of B. nurse was procured from Lake Alau, Borno State. The fish were divided into four samples A, B, C and D respectively. Sample A was oven dried for a period of 60 minutes, at maximum temperature of 70oC, sample B for 90 minutes at a maximum temperature of 96oC, sample C for 60 minutes at maximum of 96oC, and sample D for 90 minutes at a maximum temperature of 70oC. After oven drying, the samples were immediately transferred to mechanical workshop for oil extraction using hydraulic press. The characterization and the quality of fish oil were measured using the acid value, saponification value and relative density. Results showed that the fish oil from samples A, B, C, and D had acid value of 3.57mg/KOH, 3.59mgKOH, 2.9mg/KOH, and 2.75mg/KOH respectively, the saponification value of 82.8mg/KOH/g, 94.42mg/KOH/g, 82.8mg/KOH/g, and 70mg/KOH/g respectively while the relative density was found to be 0.04305 for sample A, 0.04301 for sample B, sample C 0.0433 and sample D 0.04307. It can be concluded that the fish oil values falls within the acceptable standard value which are suitable for application in pharmaceutical and food industries. Therefore, Brycinus nurse has the potential of producing fish oil for domestic and industrial use.
Development of an Electrically Operated Cassava Peeling and Slicing MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
The development and construction of an electrically operated cassava peeling and slicing machine was described in this paper. The objective was to design, construct and test an electrically operated machine that will peel and slice cassava root into chips, to aid the processes of drying, pelletizing and storage. The methodology adopted includes; design, construction, calculation, specification, assembly of component parts and performance test. The machine was able to Peel and slice cassava to fairly similar sizes. Performance test reveals that 7 kg of cassava tuber was peeled and chipped in one minute, which shows that, the machine developed can significantly reduce the cost of labour and time wastage associated with traditional processing of cassava tubers into dried cassava pellets, and finished products, such as; garri, and cassava flour. The machine has a capacity of 6.72 kg/min, with peeling and chipping efficiency of 66.2% and 84.0% respectively. The flesh loss of the peeled tuber was 8.52%, while overall machine efficiency obtained as 82.4%. The machine is recommended for use by small scale industries and by cassava farmers in the rural areas. It has an overall cost of N46100 ($150). The machine can easily be operated by an individual and maintained, by using warm water to wash the component parts, and sharpening of the chipping disc when required.
Investigating the bacterial inactivation potential of purified okra (Hibiscus...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability of purified okra protein (POP) as coagulant and as disinfectant material in comparison with aluminium sulphate (AS) in water treatment was assessed. A laboratory jar test experiments and Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray method of bacterial analysis were conducted using POP as coagulant in treating river water. The results show an excellent dual performance function of POP against the conventional coagulant, AS in drinking water treatment. It was observed that a marked inactivation of approximately 100% of faecal and E-coli count in raw water was achieved with POP and zero regrowth of bacteria after 72-hour post treatment. However, there was regrowth in total coliform count as a result of the presence of other microbes other than E-coli and faecal coliform in the system. In all cases AS showed a reduced performance against the two indicator organisms achieving only 93% with remarkable regrowth of E-coli and faecal coliform after prolonged storage time in the clarified water. Turbidity removal was also noted to be approximately similar, 92% across all coagulants tested. Therefore, the use of POP in water treatment could improve access to clean water in developing countries and could help in reducing the import of water treatment chemicals.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Impingement Jet Cooling with Ribs and Pins ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Numerical calculations relevant to gas turbine internal wall heat transfer cooling were conducted using conjugate heat transfer (CHT) computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) commercial codes. The CHT CFD predictions were carried out for impingement heat transfer with different types of obstacle walls (fins) on the target surfaces. A 10 × 10 row of impingement air jet holes (or hole density n of 4306 m-2) was used, which gives ten rows of holes in the cross-flow direction and only one heat transfer enhancement obstacle per impingement jet was investigated. Previously, four different shaped obstacles were investigated experimentally and were used to validate the present predictions. The obstacle walls, which were equally spaced on the centreline between each impingement jet are of the co-flow and cross-flow configurations. The impingement jet pitch X to diameter D, X/D and gap Z to diameter, Z/D ratios were kept constant at 4.66 and 3.06 for X, Z and D of 15.24, 10.00 and 3.27 mm, respectively. The obstacles investigated were ribs and rectangular pin-fins shapes, using two obstacles height H to diameter, H/D ratio of 1.38 and 2.45. Computations were carried out for three different mass flux G of 1.08, 1.48 and 1.94 kg/sm2. Relative pressure loss ∆P/P and surface average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) h predictions for the range of G, showed good agreement with the experimental results. The prediction also reveals that obstacles not only increases the turbulent flows, but also takes away most of the cooling heat transfer that produces the regions with highest thermal gradients. It also reduces the impingement gap downstream cross-flow.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
2. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, February, 2017; Vol. 13(1):77-85.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
78
Teerasountornkul, 2011; Richard, et al., 2010). The biogas is expected to supplement fossil
fuel in terms of energy supply. The first anaerobic digester was built in 1859 by a leper
colony in Bombay, India (Svoboda, 2003). In 1895, the technology was developed in Exeter,
England, where a septic tank was used to generate gas for the sewer gas destructor lamp, a
type of gas lighting (Hashimoto and Varriel, 1978). Also, in 1904, England, the first dual-
purpose tank for both sedimentation and sludge treatment was installed in Hampton. Svoboda
(2003), reported that in 1907 a patent was issued for the “imhoff” in Germany which was also
an early form of digester. A digester is often described as an extension of the digestive
system of the herd itself (Dave and John, 2006; Lawal, et al., 1995). All digesters perform the
same basic function. They hold materials in the absence of oxygen and maintain the proper
conditions for methane forming microorganisms to grow. Controlled anaerobic digestion is
by no means a new concept. Large scale industrial digesters and small domestic digesters are
in operation in many places around the world (Adeyanju, 2008; Garba and Sambo, 1992;
Lawal, et al., 1995).
The purpose of all these digesters is to produce combustible biogas which can be burned to
provide energy for a whole range of uses. Anaerobic digestion facilities have been recognized
by the United Nations Development Programme as one of the most useful decentralized
sources of energy supply in the households for cooking and lighting (Abubakar, 1990;
Fernado and Dangogo, 1986). Apart from the conventional waste materials used for the
production of biogas as mentioned above, there exist an alien grass in the dry lands which
have now invaded the irrigation canals, rivers, ponds, ditches, and low land areas (Fadama)
of Nigeria (Garba and Sambo, 1992). The grass commonly called Typha grass (Typha
latifolia) or cattail, and locally called “Kachalla” or “Gerontsuntsu” in Hausa is a perennial
marsh with high starch content. The root contains about 80% carbohydrate (30-46% starch)
and 6-8% protein which makes it an excellent resource for biogas production especially when
co-digested with animal dung as inoculums (Adeyanju, 2008; Baba and Nasir, 2012;
Berglund and Boresson, 2006; Dipu, et al., 2011). Furthermore, the invasion of typha grass is
considered threat and nuisance to biodiversity of the ponds, lakes, rivers, ditches and low
land areas (Mooney, 2004). The grass impedes water circulation along irrigation canals,
rivers and ponds, creating an ideal breeding ground in the stagnant waters for mosquitoes and
hosts of bilharzias. This is besides hosting of quill birds that wipe out an entire farm produce
(Richardson, et al., 2000). The cumulative effects of these impacts were a downturn in
economic productivity. But Akinbami, et al., (2001), reported that these vast and abundant
typha grass resource is still begging for utilization in Nigeria. In the dry lands of Nigeria
presently, there is quite a bit of ideological interest in anaerobic digestion and biogas
production, particularly from the intensive farmers, but there are no many examples of
digesters in operation. Farmers could be interested in the technology for the fact that it is a
good and clean alternative energy source (biogas), efficient cattail weeds disposal system as
well as soil amenders and liquid fertilizers are all a by-products of the technology. As a
renewable energy technology, biogas from typha grass has the potential to reduce dry lands
dependence on fossil fuels where at least it cannot be substituted for electricity generation,
cooking, lighting, and heating as ethanol production for engines operation are awaited. To
address these problems, the typha grass could be eradicated by utilizing it to co-generate
biogas, a renewable energy source that is user and environmentally friendly, is a welcome
3. Abubakar and Bello.: Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic Digester
AZOJETE, 13(1):77-85. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
79
relief in the face of decline and growing demerits in fossil fuels and firewood use and the
need for supplemental energy source in agriculture in Nigeria.
This study presents the design and fabrication of a small scale working digester suitable for
operation on the average farm in the dry lands. The aim is to develop an anaerobic digester
for co-generation of biogas for cooking purposes using typha grass, from locally available
materials with less cost.
2. Materials and Method
2.1 Design Consideration, Assumptions and Calculations
The design of this digester for the biodegradation of Typha grass/cow dung and the attendant
production of biogas was based on certain factors which affect the performance of the
digester. These factors are the type of waste, the rate of waste generation, its nature and solid
contents of the waste considered were such that the waste are capable of flowing on their own
or forming slurry with water and eventually flowing and so can be used in continuous
operation and again the local environmental conditions, like the ambient temperature was
also considered. On the engineering materials used which includes shaft, sheet of metal,
Worm and worm gear, and auger assembly. Factors considered are strength, machine ability,
durability, availability, affordability as well as maintenance of the digester. The dimensions
of the various components were chosen so as to minimize size, weight and cost of the
digester and at the same time not compromising the efficient operation of the components.
The loading and turning which is the major daily activities by the operator was supported
with a stair steps to reduce fatigue. In designing the digester, the top cover was made frustum
shape to accommodate the flat seated worm and worm gear which is centrally located to carry
the 22 mm diameter turning shaft. The middle cylinder was made 100 cm in diameter to suit
the hopper (feeder) assembly improvised for feeding in the substrates. The lower cone shaped
bottom was so shaped to allow for easy flow of spent slurry to be discharged by gravity.
Assumptions made were as follows:
i. Batch operated type digester.
ii. The cylindrical diameter is 1m based on the feeding auger improvised and used for
the construction with
iii. Retention time (RT) of 20 days.
iv. Torsional shear stress of stirrer shaft (42 MPa for mild steel).
v. Slurry loading (Sd) rate of 40 Litres of slurry per day.
The procedure of design for the biogas digester by Itodo, (2007); Budzianowski, (2012);
Khurmi and Gupta,(2005); Rajendra (1999); Aggarangsi and Teerasountornkul (2011) were
adopted, as presented below:
2.1.1 Digester Tank Volume
The volume of the digester tank was made from 18 mm gauge mild steel sheet metal
comprises of three composite solid of upper frustum, middle cylinder and lower cone shaped
bottom. It has a combine volume of about 1 m3
.
4. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, February, 2017; Vol. 13(1):77-85.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
80
2.1.2 Digester Cylindrical Volume
The digester cylindrical volume (VD) was determined from the retention time (RT) and the
amount of slurry to be loaded into the digester daily (Sd). This amount being the quantity of
wastes (typha grass, cow dung and water) with mixing ratios (1:6:6). Or (3 lit. 18. 5 lit. and
18.5 lit.) equivalent to 40 L/day.
The digester cylindrical volume is calculated from the relationship below:
( ) (1)
where,
VD is the digester cylindrical volume determined to be 800 lit equivalent to 0.8 m3
Sd is the amount of slurry loaded into digester daily in litres/day = 40 litres per day
RT is the retention time in days which is 20 days
2.1.3 Digester Cylindrical Height
The digester height was calculated from the digester volume obtained in equation (1) from
the following equation:
(2)
where;
VD is digester cylindrical volume = 0.8 m3
r is the radius of the cylinder = 0.5 m
h is height of the cylinder estimated to be 1.0 m
2.1.4 Volume of Frustum Top Cover
The frustum volume of the digester was obtained from the following relationship below:
(3)
where,
VFT is the frustum volume calculated to be 0.082 m3
R is the radius of bigger circle which is 0.5 m
r is the radius of small circle which is 0.2 m
t is the height of frustum estimated to be 0.3 m
2.1.5 Volume of Cone Shape Bottom
The cone shape bottom of the digester was estimated from the relationship below:
(4)
where,
VCB is the volume of the cone shape bottom cover estimated to be 0.092 m3
h is the height of cone determined to be 0.35 m
r is radius of the cone = 0.5 m
5. Abubakar and Bello.: Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic Digester
AZOJETE, 13(1):77-85. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
81
2.1.6 Design of Total Digester Volume
The total digester volume consists of a frustum top cover, middle cylinder and cone shape
bottom cover and was obtained by summing volumes of the individual shapes. Therefore, a
mathematical relation below was used:
(5)
where,
TDV is the total digester volume estimated to be 0.974 m3
VD is the cylinder volume determined to be 0.8 m3
VFT is the volume of Frustum top cover calculated to be 0.082 m3
VCB is the volume of cone shape bottom is 0.092 m3
2.1.7 Power Required to Mix the Digester Content
The following formula was used in determining the horse power needed to mix the digester
contents as given by Dave and John, (2006):
(6)
where,
PD is power required to mix the digester content 0.7279 kW or 1 hp
VD is the digester cylindrical volume 0.8 m3
VCB is the cone shape volume bottom 0.092 m3
TS = % total solid of slurry determined to be 0.125
2.1.8 Torque of Stirrer Shaft
The twisting moment (T) was obtained by the following relations as reported by Khummi and
Gupta, (2005):
(7)
where,
T is the torque of the stirrer shaft = 86.56 Nm
P is the power transmitted by the shaft obtained from human efforts = 0.544 kW
N is the speed of shaft in rpm, say 60 rpm
2.1.9 Stirrer Shaft Diameter
The stirrer shaft diameter was found from the following equation as reported by Rajendra,
(1999):
√ (8)
where,
d is the stirrer shaft diameter found to be 22 mm
T is the torque of the stirrer shaft estimated as 86.56 Nm
τis the shear stress of the shaft materials which is 42 MPa as mild steel constant
2.1.10 Hopper Design
The shape, location and dimension of the hopper were selected to ensure mass in-flow of the
slurry. The dynamic angle of repose of melon seed was adopted as equivalent angle of the
typha grass after size reduction. It then followed that the angle of inclination of the hopper to
6. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, February, 2017; Vol. 13(1):77-85.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
82
the horizontal is 430
. To avoid e frequent loading of the digester hopper, 20 litre slurry
volume was chosen as the equivalent hopper capacity.
2.1.11 Solid out-let
A 60 mm diameter ball valve was chosen considering the conical shape of bottom cover
designed. This will allow for easy out flow of the substrates after digestion.
2.1.12 Frame
The frame is made up of a 3 inches (76.2 mm) gauge angle iron. This was chosen to
withstand both the weight of the structural work and the weight of the slurry.
2.2 Material Selection and Construction
The materials used for the fabrication of the digester were made up of mild steel sheet and
angle iron. This is because of easy workability, durability, availability, cheapness and
strength of the mild steel materials. Appropriate gauges and grades of the materials was
selected and used for the construction. The dimensions and nature of the materials was as
determined in the designed calculation and will last long without failure. The prime mover
(Human efforts) for (feeding and turning) selected will provide the required horse power for
the maximum load required by the digester. The inner coating with Bitumen substance and
the outer finishing (Black body) was meant to make environmental effects manifest. The heat
from the sun (ambient) will serve the purpose reliably given the capacity and work load it
was subjected to in the design. The construction was carried out using electric arc welding,
bolt and nut as described by Adebusoye, et al., 2007; Itodo, 2007; Matthew, 1982.
2.3 Description and Operational Procedure of the Digester
The anaerobic digester consisted of a digester tank, substrate mixer with turning bar, feeder
(hopper) assembly, gas holder, solid outlet and supporting frame. The digester tank is a
cylindrical container of approximately 1 m2
(0.974 m3
) in volume which holds the substrate
inside it. It is made of mild steel sheet (G 18). The base of the digester was made conical in
shape to allow for easy flow of the slurry after digestion. A 60 mm diameter ball valve was
centrally fixed to the bottom to serve as the regulator for the solid outlet. The frame was
made of 35 mm 35 mm angle iron. The height is 500 mm; the width is 300 mm and length
of 300 mm. The frame was to provide the digester with rigid support. The substrate mixer
comprises of a turning shaft with fingers powered by an improvised worm gear that transmit
circular motion of human efforts to rotary motion of the shaft. The shaft is 22 mm diameter as
designed and 180 mm long. Also attached to it are 8 number equally spaced fingers for
efficient mixing of the content. The shaft was inserted and fixed into a cone at the base to
enhance rigidity.
In operating the digester, the already mixed sample of the substrate (slurry) was put into the
digester tank via the feeder (hopper) assembly. The substrate was poured into the digester
continuously until the level of the slurry rises and catch-up with the feeder tip and then seals
the system against air. Attached to it is a hopper assembly for feeding the digester with
feedstock driven by an auger which is powered by human efforts. In the same vein, the
7. Abubakar and Bello.: Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic Digester
AZOJETE, 13(1):77-85. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
83
mixing of the substrate inside of the digester is achieved by a worm gear which converts
rotary motion into circular motion turning the substrate. It is powered by human efforts. The
outer surface of the digester was painted black to enable environmental effects manifest since
the dry land ambient temperature is in the range of 370
C which corresponds to the mesophilic
temperature range required for biodegradation.
Figure 1 (a and b) present the orthographic and exploded views of the digester. The main
components of the anaerobic digester are the digester tank, substrate mixer, feeder (hopper)
assembly, gas holder, substrate outlet and the support frame.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1: (a) Orthographic view of the digester, (b) Exploded view of the digester
8. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, February, 2017; Vol. 13(1):77-85.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
84
3. Conclusion
The problem posed by the use of fossil fuels, firewood, burning of dung cake, improper
disposal of animal waste and the nuisance posed by typha grass forced the dry land farmers to
look for alternative sources of energy in the form of biogas and that was addressed by
developing an anaerobic digester for co-generation of biogas.
The anaerobic digester for biogas production developed was made up of three composite
solids of upper frustum, middle cylinder and lower cone shaped bottom with combined
volume of 0.974 m3
. In designing the digester, the top cover was made frustum shape to
accommodate the flat seated worm and worm gear which is centrally located to carry the 22
mm diameter turning shaft. The middle cylinder was made 100 cm in diameter to suit the
hopper (feeder) assembly improvised for feeding in the substrates. The lower cone shaped
bottom was so shaped to allow for easy flow of spent slurry to be discharged by gravity. The
anaerobic digester was successfully designed, constructed and at the end, preliminary
flammability test was conducted and the biogas produced was found to be flammable
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the grant offered for the conduct of this research by the Centre for Dry
land Agriculture (CDA), Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
References
Abubakar, MM. 1990. Biogas Generation from Animal Wastes. Nigerian Journal of
Renewable Energy, 1, 69-73.
Adebusoye, SA., Ilori, MO., Lawal, AK., and Awotiwon, OA. 2007. Production of Biogas
from Banana and Plantain Peels. Advances in Environmental Biology, 1(1), 33-38.
Adeyanju, AA. 2008. Effect of Seeding of Wood-ash on Biogas Production Using Pig Waste
and Cassava Peels. Journal of Engineering Applied Science, 3, 242-245.
Aggarangsi, P., and Teerasountornkul, T. 2011. Practical Design and Efficiency of Large
Scale Biogas Digesters for Swine Farms in Thailand. Journal sustainable Energy
Environment, 51-55.
Akinbami, JFK., Ilori, MO., Oyebsi, TO., and Adeoti, O. 2001. Biogas Energy Use in
Nigeria: Current Status, Future Prospects and Policy Implications. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 3(5), 97-112.
Baba, SUA., and Nasir, I. 2012. Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung for Biogas Production.
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 10-18.
Berglund, M., and Boresson, P. 2006. Assessment of Energy Performance in the Life Cycle
of Biogas Production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30, 254-266.
Budzianowski, WM. 2012. Sustainable Biogas Energy in Poland: Prospects and Challenges.
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 16, 342-349.
Dave, R., and John, B. 2006. Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste: Factors to Consider.
UK: ATTRA, Ltd.
9. Abubakar and Bello.: Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic Digester
AZOJETE, 13(1):77-85. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
85
Dipu, S., Anju, A., Kumar, V., and Salom, GT. 2011. Potential Application of Macrophytes
Used in Phytoremediation. World Applied Sciences Journal, 13(3), 482-486.
Fernado, CE., and Dangogo, SM. 1986. Investigation of Some Parameters that Affect the
Performance of Biogas Plants. Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy, 5, 21-27.
Garba, A., and Sambo, A. S. 1992. Effects of Operating Parameters on Biogas Production
Rates. Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy, 3, 36-44.
Hashimoto, G., and Varriel, H. 1978. Factors Affecting Methane Yield and Production Rate.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
Itodo, IN. 2007. Agricultural Energy Technology: Agricultural Engineering Department,
Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi (1st
ed ed.). Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria: Aboki
Publishers.
Khurmi, RS., and Gupta, JK. 2005. A textbook of Machine Design (14th
ed ed.). New Delhi
India: EURASIA Publishing House (PVT) LTD.
Kline, CL., Green, DA., Dpnetive, R. L., and Stout, B. A. 1969. Agricultural Mechanization
in Equatorial Africa (No. 6). Michigan State University, East Lansing: Institute of
International Research.
Lawal, AK., Ayanleye, TA., and Kuboye, AO. 1995. Biogas Production from some Animal
Wastes. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 10, 124-130.
Matthew, P. 1982. Gas production from Animal Wastes and Its Prospects in Nigeria.
Nigerian Journal Solar Energy, 2(98), 103-112.
Mooney, H. 2004. Invasive Species in a Changing World. Washington, D.C: Island Press.
Omer, AM. 2008. Energy Environment and Sustainable Development Renew Sustainable
Energy Revised 12, 2265-2300.
Rajendra, K. 1999. A textbook on Machine Design (First edition ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi
Publications(P) Ltd.
Richard, JC., Stephanie, L., and Jay, M. F. 2010. Energy Analysis of Biogas Production and
Electricity Generation from Small-scale Agricultural Digesters. An Ecological Engineering
Journal, 12, 35-57.
Richardson, DM., Pysek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, MG., Panetta, FD., and West, CJ. 2000.
Concepts and Definitions: Naturalization and Invasion of Alien Plants. Diversity and
Distribution 6, 93-107.
Svoboda, I. 2003. Anaerobic Digester, Storage, Olygolysis, Lime, Heat and Aerobic
Treatment of Livestock Manure