This summary provides the key details about a study on the moisture-dependent physical properties of Àbèèrè (Picralima nitida) seeds:
1. The study investigated the geometric, gravimetric, and frictional properties of Àbèèrè seeds at different moisture content levels ranging from 7.98-47.77% wet basis.
2. The results showed that dimensions, densities, surface area, volume, and angle of repose generally increased with increasing moisture content, while porosity decreased.
3. Static coefficient of friction on different surfaces also increased linearly with moisture content, with the lowest values on stainless steel and highest on plywood surfaces.
The document investigates the engineering properties of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) seeds relevant to processing. Physical properties measured include size, shape, weight, density, surface area, angle of repose, and coefficient of friction. Major findings were that seed dimensions averaged 17.52mm x 11.79mm x 1.52mm, weight was 0.18g, density was 0.88g/cm3, and angle of repose was 29.6° on wood and 27° on steel. These properties provide important design considerations for equipment to process the seeds for oil extraction.
Turbidity and Colour Reduction of Pond Water Using Extracts of Diospyros mesp...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The study examined the coagulation performance of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet solvent extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. The extracts were each added to highly turbid (422 NTU) pond water samples at various dosages of 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135mg/l and a conventional coagulation-flocculation jar tests were conducted. The nature of the flocs formation for all the plant extracts were observed to be smoky rather than aggregating into denser masses and resulted in turbidity and colour removal efficiencies of 0.71-18.57% and 1.17-22.38% respectively. The coagulation activities were subjected to T-Test Analysis and it indicated that there was statistically (P< 0.05) significance difference at different concentrations. The results also revealed slight decrease in pH in the range of 8.1-7.55 exhibited by all the extracts. From the results of the turbidity and colour removal efficiencies, it can be concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily turbid; However, for them to perform effectively, a coagulant aid is required.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
1. A study was conducted to evaluate different in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded lands. The most effective method was preparing a 1m wide microcatchment area surrounded by a 25cm ridge with a 30cm opening, filling the depression with straw and covering with black polythene. This method increased survival and growth of aonla seedlings the most.
2. A perennial type of chili germplasm was identified and explored from Bihar that has successfully fruited for seven consecutive years. This unique genotype could benefit kitchen gardens and food security.
3. Foliar applications of potassium, calcium, zinc and boron were found to enhance yield
This summary provides the key details about a study on the moisture-dependent physical properties of Àbèèrè (Picralima nitida) seeds:
1. The study investigated the geometric, gravimetric, and frictional properties of Àbèèrè seeds at different moisture content levels ranging from 7.98-47.77% wet basis.
2. The results showed that dimensions, densities, surface area, volume, and angle of repose generally increased with increasing moisture content, while porosity decreased.
3. Static coefficient of friction on different surfaces also increased linearly with moisture content, with the lowest values on stainless steel and highest on plywood surfaces.
The document investigates the engineering properties of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) seeds relevant to processing. Physical properties measured include size, shape, weight, density, surface area, angle of repose, and coefficient of friction. Major findings were that seed dimensions averaged 17.52mm x 11.79mm x 1.52mm, weight was 0.18g, density was 0.88g/cm3, and angle of repose was 29.6° on wood and 27° on steel. These properties provide important design considerations for equipment to process the seeds for oil extraction.
Turbidity and Colour Reduction of Pond Water Using Extracts of Diospyros mesp...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The study examined the coagulation performance of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet solvent extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. The extracts were each added to highly turbid (422 NTU) pond water samples at various dosages of 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135mg/l and a conventional coagulation-flocculation jar tests were conducted. The nature of the flocs formation for all the plant extracts were observed to be smoky rather than aggregating into denser masses and resulted in turbidity and colour removal efficiencies of 0.71-18.57% and 1.17-22.38% respectively. The coagulation activities were subjected to T-Test Analysis and it indicated that there was statistically (P< 0.05) significance difference at different concentrations. The results also revealed slight decrease in pH in the range of 8.1-7.55 exhibited by all the extracts. From the results of the turbidity and colour removal efficiencies, it can be concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily turbid; However, for them to perform effectively, a coagulant aid is required.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
1. A study was conducted to evaluate different in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded lands. The most effective method was preparing a 1m wide microcatchment area surrounded by a 25cm ridge with a 30cm opening, filling the depression with straw and covering with black polythene. This method increased survival and growth of aonla seedlings the most.
2. A perennial type of chili germplasm was identified and explored from Bihar that has successfully fruited for seven consecutive years. This unique genotype could benefit kitchen gardens and food security.
3. Foliar applications of potassium, calcium, zinc and boron were found to enhance yield
This document describes a study that assessed the effects of altitude, shade, and fertilizer type on the growth of carica plants (Vasconcellea pubescens) transplanted to slopes of Mount Lawu in Central Java, Indonesia. Carica seedlings were transplanted to three altitudes (1400m, 1600m, and 1800m) and subjected to shade or no shade treatments. Fertilizer treatments included manure, ammonium sulfate, a combination of manure and ammonium sulfate, and a control with no fertilizer. Plant growth parameters like height, leaf number, thickness and weight were measured over 12 weeks. The results showed that higher altitudes slowed growth but shade facilitated better growth. The
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Premier Publishers
A potted experiment was conducted in the screen house between February and April, 2017. Seeds of five cowpea varieties were obtained and placed in plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity, perforated at the bottom and filled with top soil. Three soil moisture level treatments of Severe Stress (SS), Mild Stress (MS) and Non-Stress (NS) conditions were imposed. Pots were weighed in the morning of each day for the period of eight weeks to obtain daily cumulative water transpired. The experiment was a 5 x 3 factorial combination arranged using completely Randomized Design with six replications. Some of the Growth and Yield indices measured were, Leaf Relative Water Content (%), Seed Setting Efficiency (Ef), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Pod Growth Rate (PGR), Water use efficiency (WUE), and Seed Yield (kg/ha). From the study, water stress negatively affects leaf relative water content, seed setting efficiency and cowpea yield by inducing reproductive organ abortion during reproductive development of cowpea. Consequently, the crop seed setting efficiency is lowered. Poor seed yield of cowpea under the severe water stress condition occurred as a result of reduced rate of assimilates production caused by water stress which reduced water potential in cowpea leaf and pods. Varieties exhibiting higher (WUE) were recorded more at non stress level and this was recorded for all the varieties except for Oloyin Brown which had higher (WUE) under mild-stress condition. At severe water stress conditions, most of the varieties recorded lower (WUE) except in varieties IT98K-503-1. Water stress reduced leaf relative water content and grain yield of cowpea. Among the varieties evaluated, IT98K-503-1 performed better at Non stress condition with higher seed setting efficiency (1.94), leaf relative water content (86.9%), and seed yield (14.8kg/ha).
The document examines some engineering properties of dika nut (Irvingia gabonensis) kernels at two moisture content levels. Samples were collected and dried to moisture contents of 13.75% (Sample A) and 8.74% (Sample B). The physical properties measured for both samples included size, weight, geometric dimensions, surface area, sphericity, volume and density. Sample A generally had higher property values than Sample B. The coefficient of static friction was also measured, with the highest values on plywood and lowest on glass. Mechanical tests found the force to fracture Sample A was 25N (axial), 12.5N (longitudinal) and Sample B was 37.5N, 27.5
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and sesame varieties on yield and yield components of sesame under irrigation in Gode, Ethiopia. Three sesame varieties were grown with five nitrogen rates ranging from 0-92 kg/ha. The variety Barsan produced the highest number of capsules, seed yield, and harvest index when applied with 46 kg N/ha. Similarly, Mehado-80 with 92 kg N/ha had the highest aerial biomass yield. Based on economic analysis, 46kg N/ha applied to the Barsan variety was found to be the most profitable treatment combination under the conditions tested in Gode.
This study examined the effect of ambient temperature on the roost tree selection of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Thazi, Myanmar from July 2015 to April 2016. A total of 20 trees from 4 species were used as roosts. The population on Holoptelea integrifolia remained stable monthly, while numbers on Tamarindus indica and Samanea saman fluctuated from July to February. Roosting on Borassus flabellifer increased in March and April when temperatures rose. Overall, T. indica was the most selected roost tree. The bats shifted roost trees according to temperature, selecting trees that provided shelter from heat and cold and
Studies on some physical properties of dikanut seedsAlexander Decker
This document studied various physical properties of dikanut seeds. It found that the average dimensions of the seeds were 2.375cm by 1.592cm by 0.778cm. Additional properties included an average seed weight of 1.904g, density of 0.832g/cm3, bulk density of 0.475g/cm3, and porosity of 43%. Angle of repose and coefficient of friction were found to vary quadratically with moisture content. Specific heat capacity ranged from 1.9333 to 6.075 J/g°C depending on moisture content and temperature, and was modeled using multiple regression equations.
The document examines the effects of varying moisture content on the frictional properties of Dika nut seeds. Five moisture levels were tested: 8.25%, 10.14%, 13.57%, 14.89%, and 18.98%. The researchers found that as moisture content increased, seed dimensions and sphericity increased while porosity decreased. They also found that the angle of repose increased with moisture content, as did coefficients of static, internal, and external friction. Bulk and true densities were found to decrease with increasing moisture content. Regression models with correlation coefficients were developed relating each physical property to moisture content. The results provide useful information for designing equipment used in handling, processing, storage and other applications involving Dika nuts.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Effect of Seed Storage Period and Storage Environment on Seed QualityPremier Publishers
Seed quality deterioration is inevitable process. Since seed is a vital input in agriculture which determines not just the production but also the productivity, it is crucial to maintain the seed quality as well as seed vigor during the storage. Storage is a basic practice in the control of the physiological quality of the seed and is a method through which the viability of the seeds can be preserved and their vigor kept at a reasonable level during the time between planting and harvesting. Many researches on seed storage period has been worked and reported that seeds which stored for short period of time found in least deterioration. In contrast changes associated with seed deterioration are depletion in food reserve, increased enzyme activity, increased fat acidity and membrane permeability. As the catabolic changes continue with increasing age, the ability of the seed to germinate is reduced. Gradual decrease in the seed quality parameters were observed, as the storage period increased. For instance; germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigor index decreased with the increase in storage period etc. Seed and its quality among others are vital input in crop production. Crop response to other inputs largely depends on the quality of seed. It is estimated that good quality seeds of improved varieties alone can contribute about 18 to 20 per cent increase in crop yield keeping all the other inputs constant. Lastly using seeds as planting material which stored with in short period of time and in proper environment is very important.
The influence of pre and post-emergence herbicides on theAlexander Decker
The study evaluated 15 pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed control in wheat in Nigeria. Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg/ha, propanil plus bentazon at 2.0 + 1.0 kg/ha, and metolachlor plus prometryne at 1.25 + 1.25 kg/ha provided the best weed control and highest wheat yields, comparable to hand weeding. These herbicides effectively controlled various weed species while demonstrating good crop safety. Untreated weedy plots resulted in 43% lower yields than the best herbicide treatments. Some herbicides like atrazine caused phytotoxicity and yield reductions in wheat. Overall, certain herbic
Productivity of Soybean on Different AgroecosystemsIJEABJ
This study aims to see the growth and productivity of soybeans in different agroecosystems. The study was conducted on paddy field located in Bumi Setia village, Seputih Mataram sub-district, Central Lampung district, and on dryland located in Mandah village, Natar sub-district, South Lampung district, Lampung Province, Indonesia, from April to July 2015. Soybean varieties grown at each location were Grobogan varieties. The variables observed were crop emergence, plant height at harvest, number of plant harvested, number of pods per plant, empty pods, weight of 100 grains, pod pests and productivity. Data were analyzed by t test. The results showed that soybean productivity in dryland was 64.25% lower than productivity in paddy fields. The low yield of soybean varieties of Grobogan in dryland was caused due to drought factor when forming and filling pods. This can be seen from the decrease of weight of 100 grains of soybean seed in dryland up to 51.82% than in paddy field. The status of Grobogan varieties soybean vigor may change from large seed to medium seed if the water requirement is not optimum during the growing season.
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic practices of sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka. The study surveyed 251 farmers across 5 districts representing different agro-ecological zones. Results showed that sesame is mainly grown as a secondary crop during the Yala season to maintain agricultural lands. Many farmers were unaware of recommended varieties and cultivation practices. White seeded sesame was popular in the south while black seeded varieties were common in the north. Farmers primarily selected varieties based on availability and marketability. Sesame was cultivated on small plots with minimal agrochemical inputs. There is potential to expand sesame cultivation on degraded dry lands utilizing traditional organic practices.
The document analyzes the effect of moisture content on various physical properties of sunflower seeds. Key findings include:
- Bulk density decreased from 330.7 to 320.88 kg/m3 while true density increased from 688.1 to 725.56 kg/m3 as moisture increased from 10-18%.
- Porosity increased from 51.94 to 55.77% over the same moisture range. Static coefficient of friction increased from 0.51 to 0.61 against different surfaces.
- Angle of repose increased from 18.1 to 24.07 degrees. Hardness and initial cracking force decreased from 98.63 to 35.92 N and 36.18 to 19.34
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Assessment of iba (indole butyric acid) levels and planting time for rootingAlexander Decker
This study assessed different levels of the plant hormone indole butyric acid (IBA) and planting times on rooting and growth of Alstonia cuttings. Cuttings were treated with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% IBA and planted on March 15th, March 30th, or April 14th. IBA at 10% resulted in the best leaf area, sprout length, stem diameter, number of roots, and root diameter, while 5% IBA resulted in the best number of leaves, root length, and survival rate. April 14th planting time generally resulted in better growth parameters than the earlier dates. The study concluded that treating Alstonia cuttings with 10% IBA
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
1. The document contains 7 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 1(3) from 2012. The abstracts discuss research on topics related to agroforestry, seed germination of fruit crops, effects of organic amendments on ashwagandha growth and yield, path analysis of tomato yield components, effects of chemicals on guava shelf life and quality, effects of ethrel on post-harvest papaya, and effects of zinc application on peach yield and quality.
2. The abstracts provide overviews of studies that analyzed the microclimate changes under trees in agroforestry systems, reviewed developments in seed germination of various fruit crops, examined the impact of organic amendments and bio
This document summarizes 10 articles published in the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 2(2) from April-June 2013. The articles cover a range of topics related to horticulture and agriculture, including disease management strategies for faba beans and gerbera, the effect of planting material and density on turmeric and carnation growth, and powdery mildew incidence on bottle gourd and strawberry. The document provides abstracts of the individual articles, which analyzed factors like dry matter content, fruit quality, disease severity, and vegetative growth under different treatments and conditions.
This study determined various physical properties of neem seeds and kernels that are relevant for designing processing machinery. The properties tested included dimensions, density, surface area, sphericity, moisture content, coefficient of friction, angle of repose, and porosity. Results showed that seeds had larger dimensions than kernels. True density was higher for kernels, while bulk density and surface area were higher for seeds. Moisture content was about 14% for seeds and 12% for kernels. Coefficient of friction and angle of repose differed between seeds, kernels and surface types. Porosity was much higher for seeds at around 90% compared to 43% for kernels. These physical properties provide important data for engineering designs involving neem seeds and kernels
Dormancy breaking and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth o...Innspub Net
This study evaluated different methods for breaking seed dormancy and enhancing early growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings in Mubi, Nigeria. Treatment of seeds with concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes resulted in the highest germination rate (100%) and water uptake (80.41%), making it the most effective dormancy breaking method. Application of gibberellic acid increased seedling height, number of leaves, and stem girth compared to untreated seedlings, demonstrating that it promotes early and rapid growth. The findings indicate that dormancy can be overcome through scarification treatments and that gibberellic acid application optimizes T. indica seedling production.
This document describes a study that assessed the effects of altitude, shade, and fertilizer type on the growth of carica plants (Vasconcellea pubescens) transplanted to slopes of Mount Lawu in Central Java, Indonesia. Carica seedlings were transplanted to three altitudes (1400m, 1600m, and 1800m) and subjected to shade or no shade treatments. Fertilizer treatments included manure, ammonium sulfate, a combination of manure and ammonium sulfate, and a control with no fertilizer. Plant growth parameters like height, leaf number, thickness and weight were measured over 12 weeks. The results showed that higher altitudes slowed growth but shade facilitated better growth. The
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Premier Publishers
A potted experiment was conducted in the screen house between February and April, 2017. Seeds of five cowpea varieties were obtained and placed in plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity, perforated at the bottom and filled with top soil. Three soil moisture level treatments of Severe Stress (SS), Mild Stress (MS) and Non-Stress (NS) conditions were imposed. Pots were weighed in the morning of each day for the period of eight weeks to obtain daily cumulative water transpired. The experiment was a 5 x 3 factorial combination arranged using completely Randomized Design with six replications. Some of the Growth and Yield indices measured were, Leaf Relative Water Content (%), Seed Setting Efficiency (Ef), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Pod Growth Rate (PGR), Water use efficiency (WUE), and Seed Yield (kg/ha). From the study, water stress negatively affects leaf relative water content, seed setting efficiency and cowpea yield by inducing reproductive organ abortion during reproductive development of cowpea. Consequently, the crop seed setting efficiency is lowered. Poor seed yield of cowpea under the severe water stress condition occurred as a result of reduced rate of assimilates production caused by water stress which reduced water potential in cowpea leaf and pods. Varieties exhibiting higher (WUE) were recorded more at non stress level and this was recorded for all the varieties except for Oloyin Brown which had higher (WUE) under mild-stress condition. At severe water stress conditions, most of the varieties recorded lower (WUE) except in varieties IT98K-503-1. Water stress reduced leaf relative water content and grain yield of cowpea. Among the varieties evaluated, IT98K-503-1 performed better at Non stress condition with higher seed setting efficiency (1.94), leaf relative water content (86.9%), and seed yield (14.8kg/ha).
The document examines some engineering properties of dika nut (Irvingia gabonensis) kernels at two moisture content levels. Samples were collected and dried to moisture contents of 13.75% (Sample A) and 8.74% (Sample B). The physical properties measured for both samples included size, weight, geometric dimensions, surface area, sphericity, volume and density. Sample A generally had higher property values than Sample B. The coefficient of static friction was also measured, with the highest values on plywood and lowest on glass. Mechanical tests found the force to fracture Sample A was 25N (axial), 12.5N (longitudinal) and Sample B was 37.5N, 27.5
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and sesame varieties on yield and yield components of sesame under irrigation in Gode, Ethiopia. Three sesame varieties were grown with five nitrogen rates ranging from 0-92 kg/ha. The variety Barsan produced the highest number of capsules, seed yield, and harvest index when applied with 46 kg N/ha. Similarly, Mehado-80 with 92 kg N/ha had the highest aerial biomass yield. Based on economic analysis, 46kg N/ha applied to the Barsan variety was found to be the most profitable treatment combination under the conditions tested in Gode.
This study examined the effect of ambient temperature on the roost tree selection of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Thazi, Myanmar from July 2015 to April 2016. A total of 20 trees from 4 species were used as roosts. The population on Holoptelea integrifolia remained stable monthly, while numbers on Tamarindus indica and Samanea saman fluctuated from July to February. Roosting on Borassus flabellifer increased in March and April when temperatures rose. Overall, T. indica was the most selected roost tree. The bats shifted roost trees according to temperature, selecting trees that provided shelter from heat and cold and
Studies on some physical properties of dikanut seedsAlexander Decker
This document studied various physical properties of dikanut seeds. It found that the average dimensions of the seeds were 2.375cm by 1.592cm by 0.778cm. Additional properties included an average seed weight of 1.904g, density of 0.832g/cm3, bulk density of 0.475g/cm3, and porosity of 43%. Angle of repose and coefficient of friction were found to vary quadratically with moisture content. Specific heat capacity ranged from 1.9333 to 6.075 J/g°C depending on moisture content and temperature, and was modeled using multiple regression equations.
The document examines the effects of varying moisture content on the frictional properties of Dika nut seeds. Five moisture levels were tested: 8.25%, 10.14%, 13.57%, 14.89%, and 18.98%. The researchers found that as moisture content increased, seed dimensions and sphericity increased while porosity decreased. They also found that the angle of repose increased with moisture content, as did coefficients of static, internal, and external friction. Bulk and true densities were found to decrease with increasing moisture content. Regression models with correlation coefficients were developed relating each physical property to moisture content. The results provide useful information for designing equipment used in handling, processing, storage and other applications involving Dika nuts.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Effect of Seed Storage Period and Storage Environment on Seed QualityPremier Publishers
Seed quality deterioration is inevitable process. Since seed is a vital input in agriculture which determines not just the production but also the productivity, it is crucial to maintain the seed quality as well as seed vigor during the storage. Storage is a basic practice in the control of the physiological quality of the seed and is a method through which the viability of the seeds can be preserved and their vigor kept at a reasonable level during the time between planting and harvesting. Many researches on seed storage period has been worked and reported that seeds which stored for short period of time found in least deterioration. In contrast changes associated with seed deterioration are depletion in food reserve, increased enzyme activity, increased fat acidity and membrane permeability. As the catabolic changes continue with increasing age, the ability of the seed to germinate is reduced. Gradual decrease in the seed quality parameters were observed, as the storage period increased. For instance; germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigor index decreased with the increase in storage period etc. Seed and its quality among others are vital input in crop production. Crop response to other inputs largely depends on the quality of seed. It is estimated that good quality seeds of improved varieties alone can contribute about 18 to 20 per cent increase in crop yield keeping all the other inputs constant. Lastly using seeds as planting material which stored with in short period of time and in proper environment is very important.
The influence of pre and post-emergence herbicides on theAlexander Decker
The study evaluated 15 pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed control in wheat in Nigeria. Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg/ha, propanil plus bentazon at 2.0 + 1.0 kg/ha, and metolachlor plus prometryne at 1.25 + 1.25 kg/ha provided the best weed control and highest wheat yields, comparable to hand weeding. These herbicides effectively controlled various weed species while demonstrating good crop safety. Untreated weedy plots resulted in 43% lower yields than the best herbicide treatments. Some herbicides like atrazine caused phytotoxicity and yield reductions in wheat. Overall, certain herbic
Productivity of Soybean on Different AgroecosystemsIJEABJ
This study aims to see the growth and productivity of soybeans in different agroecosystems. The study was conducted on paddy field located in Bumi Setia village, Seputih Mataram sub-district, Central Lampung district, and on dryland located in Mandah village, Natar sub-district, South Lampung district, Lampung Province, Indonesia, from April to July 2015. Soybean varieties grown at each location were Grobogan varieties. The variables observed were crop emergence, plant height at harvest, number of plant harvested, number of pods per plant, empty pods, weight of 100 grains, pod pests and productivity. Data were analyzed by t test. The results showed that soybean productivity in dryland was 64.25% lower than productivity in paddy fields. The low yield of soybean varieties of Grobogan in dryland was caused due to drought factor when forming and filling pods. This can be seen from the decrease of weight of 100 grains of soybean seed in dryland up to 51.82% than in paddy field. The status of Grobogan varieties soybean vigor may change from large seed to medium seed if the water requirement is not optimum during the growing season.
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic practices of sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka. The study surveyed 251 farmers across 5 districts representing different agro-ecological zones. Results showed that sesame is mainly grown as a secondary crop during the Yala season to maintain agricultural lands. Many farmers were unaware of recommended varieties and cultivation practices. White seeded sesame was popular in the south while black seeded varieties were common in the north. Farmers primarily selected varieties based on availability and marketability. Sesame was cultivated on small plots with minimal agrochemical inputs. There is potential to expand sesame cultivation on degraded dry lands utilizing traditional organic practices.
The document analyzes the effect of moisture content on various physical properties of sunflower seeds. Key findings include:
- Bulk density decreased from 330.7 to 320.88 kg/m3 while true density increased from 688.1 to 725.56 kg/m3 as moisture increased from 10-18%.
- Porosity increased from 51.94 to 55.77% over the same moisture range. Static coefficient of friction increased from 0.51 to 0.61 against different surfaces.
- Angle of repose increased from 18.1 to 24.07 degrees. Hardness and initial cracking force decreased from 98.63 to 35.92 N and 36.18 to 19.34
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Assessment of iba (indole butyric acid) levels and planting time for rootingAlexander Decker
This study assessed different levels of the plant hormone indole butyric acid (IBA) and planting times on rooting and growth of Alstonia cuttings. Cuttings were treated with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% IBA and planted on March 15th, March 30th, or April 14th. IBA at 10% resulted in the best leaf area, sprout length, stem diameter, number of roots, and root diameter, while 5% IBA resulted in the best number of leaves, root length, and survival rate. April 14th planting time generally resulted in better growth parameters than the earlier dates. The study concluded that treating Alstonia cuttings with 10% IBA
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
1. The document contains 7 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 1(3) from 2012. The abstracts discuss research on topics related to agroforestry, seed germination of fruit crops, effects of organic amendments on ashwagandha growth and yield, path analysis of tomato yield components, effects of chemicals on guava shelf life and quality, effects of ethrel on post-harvest papaya, and effects of zinc application on peach yield and quality.
2. The abstracts provide overviews of studies that analyzed the microclimate changes under trees in agroforestry systems, reviewed developments in seed germination of various fruit crops, examined the impact of organic amendments and bio
This document summarizes 10 articles published in the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 2(2) from April-June 2013. The articles cover a range of topics related to horticulture and agriculture, including disease management strategies for faba beans and gerbera, the effect of planting material and density on turmeric and carnation growth, and powdery mildew incidence on bottle gourd and strawberry. The document provides abstracts of the individual articles, which analyzed factors like dry matter content, fruit quality, disease severity, and vegetative growth under different treatments and conditions.
This study determined various physical properties of neem seeds and kernels that are relevant for designing processing machinery. The properties tested included dimensions, density, surface area, sphericity, moisture content, coefficient of friction, angle of repose, and porosity. Results showed that seeds had larger dimensions than kernels. True density was higher for kernels, while bulk density and surface area were higher for seeds. Moisture content was about 14% for seeds and 12% for kernels. Coefficient of friction and angle of repose differed between seeds, kernels and surface types. Porosity was much higher for seeds at around 90% compared to 43% for kernels. These physical properties provide important data for engineering designs involving neem seeds and kernels
Dormancy breaking and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth o...Innspub Net
This study evaluated different methods for breaking seed dormancy and enhancing early growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings in Mubi, Nigeria. Treatment of seeds with concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes resulted in the highest germination rate (100%) and water uptake (80.41%), making it the most effective dormancy breaking method. Application of gibberellic acid increased seedling height, number of leaves, and stem girth compared to untreated seedlings, demonstrating that it promotes early and rapid growth. The findings indicate that dormancy can be overcome through scarification treatments and that gibberellic acid application optimizes T. indica seedling production.
Isolation Of Salmonella Gallinarum From Poultry Droppings In Jos Metropolis, ...IOSR Journals
The study evaluated the effects of five different rates of poultry manure (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons/hectare) on the growth and yield of watermelon over two growing seasons. Plants that received the highest rate of poultry manure (20 tons/hectare) had significantly greater vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, and fruit weight than plants that received lower rates or no manure. Based on the results, the study recommended that farmers in the area apply 20 tons/hectare of poultry manure to increase watermelon growth and yield.
Improving the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) by magnetized wat...Innspub Net
Magnetic water is considered one of several physical factors affects plant growth and development. A pot experiment was carried out in research farm of the Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran during summer 2012 to comparison between magnetic and non magnetic water on some traits of cowpea. Results showed that Irrigation with magnetized water increased leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight as well as total biomass as compared to ordinary water. Magnetic water also raised stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) (in term of total biomass produced to amount of water consumed), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and root weight ratio (RWR) than that the control. However magnetized water decreased shoot root ratio (SRR) and also had not significant effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR) and stem weight ratio (SWR) as compared to non magnetized water. The stimulatory impact of magnetic water may be ascribed to the increasing of root growth and stomatal conductance which increase absorption and assimilation of nutrients. It appears that irrigation with magnetic water may be considered a promising technique to improving growth and WUE of cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-january-2013-2/
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated the effects of salicylic acid (SA) concentration and kernel position on sunflower grain filling. SA was applied at 0, 0.1, and 0.2 g/L to sunflower plants. Kernels were sampled from the inner, middle, and outer parts of the inflorescence. SA concentration and its interaction with kernel position significantly affected kernel weight, with the highest weights observed in outer kernels treated with 0.2 g/L SA. Kernel position alone significantly impacted kernel weight, with outer kernels heaviest and inner lightest. The interaction between SA and position significantly influenced grain filling rate and duration, with outer kernels treated with 0.2 g/L SA showing the highest rate and longest
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of salinity and priming on cotton seed germination and seedling characteristics. The study found that salinity decreased germination percentage and rate, as well as root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight, and the root to shoot ratio. Priming mitigated the negative effects of salinity and increased germination and seedling growth compared to unprimed seeds. Delinted seeds showed higher germination rates than fuzzy seeds. Priming with KNO3 was most effective at increasing germination and growth under saline conditions. Increasing salinity levels from 0 to 16 ds/m progressively decreased all measured seed germination and seedling characteristics.
Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics Changes of Wheatamir rahmani
This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculation on biochemical and physiological characteristics of two wheat cultivars under salinity stress. Wheat plants were inoculated with Glomus intraradices and subjected to three salinity levels. Mycorrhizal inoculation improved plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, proline content, and relative water content under salinity stress. It increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities more in the cultivar Akbari. The results indicate that G. intraradices inoculation can alleviate the negative effects of salinity stress in wheat by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems.
Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower Helianthus annuus l to Spacing and Nit...ijtsrd
The experiments were conducted during 2016 and2017 rainy season to determine the optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizer and adequate plant spacing for production of sunflower in southern guinea savanna agroecology zone of Nigeria. The treatments consisted of planting spacing three 20cm, 30cm, 40 , four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 0, 80, 100 and 120 N Kgha 1 . A factorial experiment laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD and replicated three times. The results showed that planting at 40cm significantly produced plants with higher number of leaves the tallest plants 57.86 and 58.21cm and bigger plants with stem girth of 2.93cm and 2.94cm respectively. The shortest plants 51.82 and 52.34cm and the smallest stem girths 2.03 and 2.08cm were recorded on sunflower that were planted on 20cm plant spacing in both years of cropping. Application of 120 N kg ha 1 significantly produced sunflower plants with the highest number of leaves 18.76 and 18.83 , tallest sunflowers 60.45 and 61.23cm and biggest stem girth of 3.03 and 3.12cm in both 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. These results above were at par with the other rates of nitrogen fertilizer application, but higher than the control plots. Sunflower planted at 40cm apart also significantly produced the heaviest head weight per plant of 149.40 and 152.30g seed weight per head 78.12 and 87. 66 g and seed yield of 512. 45 and 524.21kg ha 1.Application of 120 N kg ha 1 produced the highest seed yield of 561.59 and 549.42 kg ha 1 of sunflower in both cropping seasons. This result is statistically at par with application rate of 100 N kg ha 1 which produced 557.41 and 547.06 kg ha 1 seed yield of sunflower. This is also the same with application of rate of 80N kg ha 1 which produced 528.87 and 525. 10kg ha 1 seed yield of sunflower in both cropping seasons respectively. The control plots produced the lowest seed yield 312.89 and 322.23 kg ha 1 in both years of cropping. It can be concluded that 80 N kg ha 1 is the optimal nitrogen requirement and planting at 75cm X 40cm apart is adequate plant spacing for production of sunflower in southern guinea savanna agroecology zone of Nigeria. Ndor, E | Anzaku, H | Nasir, U. I "Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus l) to Spacing and Nitrogen Fertilization in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27986.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/27986/growth-and-yield-response-of-sunflower-helianthus-annuus-l-to-spacing-and-nitrogen-fertilization-in-southern-guinea-savanna-ecological-zone-of-nigeria/ndor-e
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Yield response of intercropped maize (zea mays l.) and okra (abelmoschus escu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the yield response of intercropped maize and okra under different seasonal conditions in Makurdi, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) Okra yield was higher in the wet season than the dry season, and monocropped okra yielded more than intercropped okra. Intercropping reduced okra yield more in the dry season.
2) Maize yield was unaffected by intercropping and was higher in the wet season for both sole and intercropped maize.
3) Total intercrop yield and land equivalent ratio were higher in the wet season, indicating intercropping was more productive in the wet season.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
This document examines dry matter production and accumulation in different parts of three cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata) during growth stages in summer and rainy seasons over two years. Total dry matter production was higher in summer than rainy seasons and increased with plant age. Dry matter accumulated more in pods than leaves or stems. Among varieties, Maharani had the highest dry matter in stems (3.38 g/plant) and pods (25.26 g/plant) in summer, while Lafa performed best in rainy seasons with 1.98 g/plant in stems and 19.81 g/plant in pods. Dry matter partitioning varied between seasons and cultivars, with higher
Effects of tuber age and variety on physical propertiesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of tuber age (12, 15, and 18 months after planting) and variety (TME 419, TMS 30572, and a local variety called Oko-iyawo) on the physical properties of cassava roots. A number of physical properties were measured for the tubers, including diameter, peel thickness, mass, length, peel proportion by weight, and density. The results showed that tuber age significantly influenced most physical properties except diameter at the middle and tail, while variety did not significantly influence mass, diameter at the head, diameter at the middle, or density. The study aimed to provide information on how tuber age and variety affect the engineering
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley Hordeu...ijtsrd
Arundo donax was screened for their allelopathic potential to the growth of barley seedlings. The 3 aqueous leachate was tested for seed germination of barley in laboratory bioassay. The Arundo donax was found to enhance the growth of barley seedlings. The aqueous leachate of Bg parts was more pronounced growth of barley seedlings than Ag parts. This study suggested the future prospects of the integrated management of barley crop using the allelopathic potential of A. donax. Dr. Rajendra Kumar "Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) by using Arundo Donax in Integrated Management of Barley Crop" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50193.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/50193/effect-of-integrated-nutrient-management-on-growth-and-yield-of-barley-hordeum-vulgare-by-using-arundo-donax-in-integrated-management-of-barley-crop/dr-rajendra-kumar
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Similar to Moisture Dependence of Physical Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Kernels. (20)
Phyto-Chemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activities of leaves and root bark extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis, Mitragyna inermis, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica were investigated. The plant materials were collected along River Kubwa in Damboa local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The crude extracts of these plant materials were prepared based on soxhlet method using soxhlet extractor. About 400mg of each pulverized sample was used for the extraction process. Three (3) liters of distilled water was used for the extraction process. All the extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glocosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Terpenoids was detected in Diospyros mespiliformis, Tamarindus indica extracts and Piliostigma reticulatum root bark extract. Disc sensitivity technique was conducted on eight bacteria isolates. These bacteria are: staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi streptococcus faecolis pseudomonas aeruginosa coreynebacteria species and shigelladysenteriae. The growth inhibition studies on the test isolates indicated that most of the plant extracts had significant effects against some of the isolates (microorganisms). The antimicrobial activities were subjected to Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and it indicated that there was statistically (P < 0.05) significant difference at different concentrations. It is concluded that these plant materials have the potential of improving the bacteriological quality of pond or surface water (which most rural communities in developing countries depend for many purposes) that are heavily polluted with pathogenic microbes.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Characterisation of Natural Moulding Sands from selected Deposits in Maidugur...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The document characterizes natural moulding sands from five deposits in Maiduguri, Nigeria for use in sand casting applications. Chemical analysis showed that silicon dioxide levels ranged from 66.77% to 90.10% across deposits. Physico-mechanical testing determined properties like clay content, grain size, compressive strength, permeability, and refractoriness. Results found the deposits suitable for casting nonferrous metals, with some appropriate for ferrous alloys as well. The Gwange/Fori deposit had the highest clay content of 47.2% and thus risks defects, while Dala Lawanti and Pompomari showed best overall properties. Characterization of local sands can support growth of foundry
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
Development of Wind Operated Passive Evaporative Cooling Structures for Stora...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A Wind operated passive evaporative cooler was developed. Two cooling chambers were made with clay container (cylindrical and square shapes). These two containers were separately inserted inside bigger clay pot inter- spaced with clay soil of 7 cm (to form pot-in-pot and wall-in wall) with the outside structure wrapped with jute sack. The soil and the jute sacks were wetted with salt solution. Five blades were constructed inside the cooling chambers with aluminium material which were connected with a shaft to a vane located on a wooden cover outside the cooling chamber. The vanes (made of aluminium) were to be powered by the wind which in turn rotates the blades inside the cooling chamber. The total volume of 40500cm3 and storage capacity of 31500cm3 were recorded for the square structures while total volume of 31792.5cm3 and storage capacity of 24727.5cm3 were recorded for the cylindrical structures. During the test period, the average temperatures of 27.07oC, 27.09oC and 33.6oC were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average relative humidity of 92.27%, 91.99% and 69.41% were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average minimum and maximum wind speed recorded for the month of October was 2.5m/s and 2.6m/s respectively
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Re-Circulatory Vegetable MoisturizerAZOJETE UNIMAID
A re-circulatory vegetable moisturizer for preventing wilting in vegetables was developed and its performance evaluation carried out. Freshly harvested Amaranthus vegetables were used for the experiments. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored daily. The vitamin A of this produce was determined at intervals of two days for 9 days. The effects of the storage parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the nutritional value of the produce were determined using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further analysis by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was carried out to compare the means. The vegetable moisturizer was evaluated by comparing the change in nutritional (vitamin A) of Amaranthus vegetable with hand wetting system and no wetting condition. The results showed that the moisturizer had higher mean vitamin A content (4.93mg/100g)compared to the mean vitamin A content of the manual wetting (4.88mg/100g) and no wetting condition (4.57mg/100g). The sensory characteristics showed that the Moisturizer was more desirable when compared to the manual wetting and no wetting condition after nine days. It was concluded that the Moisturizer preserved the nutritional and sensory characteristics (texture and colour) better than the manual and no wetting condition as a result of lower temperature, higher relative humidity and better water draining of the Moisturizer.
Optimization of some mineral contents of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pep...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A study to optimize three mineral contents (magnesium, potassium and manganese) of dried osmo-pretreated green bell pepper was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Five levels of osmotic solution concentration (A) (5% (w/w), 10% (w/w), 15% (w/w), 20% (w/w) and 25% (w/w)) of common salt and osmotic process durations (B) (60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 150 min and 180 min) were considered. After osmotic dehydration, all pre-treated and some control (unpre-treated) samples were dried at a constant temperature of 50˚C in a fabricated cabinet dryer. RSM under central composite design in Design Expert 8.0.3 computer software package was used to design the experiment, analyse data, optimize the process and present all results with 2-dimesional and 3-dimensional plots. From results obtained, optimized combinations were selected on the basis of their desirability values which were 0.931, 0.432 and 1.00 for magnesium, potassium and manganese respectively. From the desirability values on the response surface plots, the optimum (maximum) value of magnesium was found to be 29.18 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 180 min and osmotic solution concentration of 25% (w/w); for potassium, the optimized value was 46.13 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 60 min and osmotic solution concentration of 5% (w/w); while the optimized value for manganese was 10.96 mg/100g at osmotic process duration of 150 min and osmotic solution concentration of 15% (w/w). Dried pre-treated products had values closer to fresh samples than control (dried unpre-treated) samples for all the three mineral contents considered.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
Preliminary Study on the Characterization of oil from Nurse tetra (Brycinus n...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The document describes a study that aimed to extract and characterize oil from the Brycinus nurse fish. B. nurse fish samples were dried at different temperatures and times, then oil was extracted using a hydraulic press. The extracted oils were analyzed to determine acid value, saponification value, and relative density. Acid values ranged from 2.75 to 3.6 mg/KOH, saponification values ranged from 70 to 94.42 mg/KOH/g, and relative densities ranged from 0.04301 to 0.0433. Heating temperature significantly affected oil yield, ranging from 1.37% to 3.4%, while differences in other measured values were not statistically significant. The results indicate the B
Development of an Electrically Operated Cassava Peeling and Slicing MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
The development and construction of an electrically operated cassava peeling and slicing machine was described in this paper. The objective was to design, construct and test an electrically operated machine that will peel and slice cassava root into chips, to aid the processes of drying, pelletizing and storage. The methodology adopted includes; design, construction, calculation, specification, assembly of component parts and performance test. The machine was able to Peel and slice cassava to fairly similar sizes. Performance test reveals that 7 kg of cassava tuber was peeled and chipped in one minute, which shows that, the machine developed can significantly reduce the cost of labour and time wastage associated with traditional processing of cassava tubers into dried cassava pellets, and finished products, such as; garri, and cassava flour. The machine has a capacity of 6.72 kg/min, with peeling and chipping efficiency of 66.2% and 84.0% respectively. The flesh loss of the peeled tuber was 8.52%, while overall machine efficiency obtained as 82.4%. The machine is recommended for use by small scale industries and by cassava farmers in the rural areas. It has an overall cost of N46100 ($150). The machine can easily be operated by an individual and maintained, by using warm water to wash the component parts, and sharpening of the chipping disc when required.
Investigating the bacterial inactivation potential of purified okra (Hibiscus...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability of purified okra protein (POP) as coagulant and as disinfectant material in comparison with aluminium sulphate (AS) in water treatment was assessed. A laboratory jar test experiments and Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray method of bacterial analysis were conducted using POP as coagulant in treating river water. The results show an excellent dual performance function of POP against the conventional coagulant, AS in drinking water treatment. It was observed that a marked inactivation of approximately 100% of faecal and E-coli count in raw water was achieved with POP and zero regrowth of bacteria after 72-hour post treatment. However, there was regrowth in total coliform count as a result of the presence of other microbes other than E-coli and faecal coliform in the system. In all cases AS showed a reduced performance against the two indicator organisms achieving only 93% with remarkable regrowth of E-coli and faecal coliform after prolonged storage time in the clarified water. Turbidity removal was also noted to be approximately similar, 92% across all coagulants tested. Therefore, the use of POP in water treatment could improve access to clean water in developing countries and could help in reducing the import of water treatment chemicals.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Impingement Jet Cooling with Ribs and Pins ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document presents a numerical study of enhanced impingement jet cooling with ribs and pins on target surfaces. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted using commercial codes to predict heat transfer with different obstacle wall configurations. The obstacles investigated were ribs and rectangular pin-fins in both co-flow and cross-flow alignments. The CFD predictions showed good agreement with previous experimental results and revealed that obstacles increase turbulence but also reduce the highest thermal gradients and downstream cross-flow.
Characterization of Leachate Contaminants from Waste Dumpsites in Maiduguri, ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document characterizes leachate contaminants from four uncontrolled waste dumps in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chlorine, sulfate, calcium, metals and other parameters. Analysis found pH ranged from 8.19-11.32 and total dissolved solids from 208-7460mg/l, indicating contamination of groundwater below dumps. Iron concentrations were highest, followed by lead, zinc, chromium, manganese and copper, attributed to materials like metals, lamps, appliances and preservatives in waste. To prevent health hazards from groundwater contamination, the study recommends Borno State implement proper waste management practices like engineered landfill
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
MPPT-Based Control Algorithm for PV System Using iteration-PSO under Irregula...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes a proposed Iteration Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of photovoltaic (PV) systems under irregular shadow conditions. The conventional PSO algorithm has difficulty tracking the global maximum power point when PV characteristics exhibit multiple local peaks due to irregular shading. The proposed IPSO algorithm improves on PSO by adding an "iterative best" value and adapting the cognitive and social coefficients over time, allowing it to more effectively track the global maximum power point under complex shading scenarios. Simulation results show the IPSO method converges faster than conventional PSO and achieves higher tracking efficiency under varying irradiance conditions defined by industry standards.
Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Water on Evapotranspiration of TomatoAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses a study on the effect of magnetic treatment of water on evapotranspiration of tomato plants. Three magnetic flux densities were used to treat water for tomato irrigation, along with a control of non-treated water. The amount of water lost daily from buckets containing tomato plants due to evapotranspiration was measured. Plants irrigated with magnetically treated water had higher daily evapotranspiration rates compared to the control, indicating treated water allowed easier water absorption and faster plant growth despite equal water quantities.
Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic DigesterAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
Material Recovery from Wastes: An Employment and Poverty Alleviation ToolAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses material recovery from wastes in Maiduguri, Nigeria as a tool for employment and poverty alleviation. It examines three waste collection scenarios involving 5000 participants over 24 months. Key findings include:
- Annual estimates of material recovered include 16.8 tons of bottles/glasses, 158.4 tons of plastics/rubber, and 264 tons of metal.
- Considerable income was generated from sales of recovered materials, totaling over N2 million annually.
- Material recovery, reuse and recycling provided livelihoods and constituted human capacity development for many involved in the activity.
Effects of Tillage methods on some soil physical properties, growth and yield...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Disc ploughing plus disc harrowing (DP+DH) was found to be the most effective and profitable tillage method for improving soil physical properties, growth, and yield of watermelon in sandy loam soil. DP+DH treatment resulted in the highest watermelon yield of 31.0 t/ha, as well as the largest fruit weight, length, and diameter. For zero tillage (ZT), the highest yield was 26.5 t/ha. Overall, DP+DH enhanced watermelon growth and yield the most, while ZT was found to be unsuitable.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, February, 2017; Vol 13(1):127-139
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
128
(2006). The bulk density of sun flower seeds decreased slightly with increase in moisture content
from 269.06-275.57kgm-3.
(Jafari et al., 2011). The bulk density of cowpea varieties decreased
linearly with increase in moisture contents levels. Values showed that bulk densities decreased
from 689.29 to 622.12kg/m3
and 726.91 to 672.05kg/m3
for IAR-339-1, IT86D-1010 and Ife
beans respectively (Davies and Zibokere 2011).
True density has been determined by some researchers (Joshi et al., 1993; Nelson 1980; Suthar
and Das, 1996) using the gas displacement method, while others (Aviara et al., 1999, Oje, 1994,
Shepherd and Bhardwaj, 1986) employed the water displacement method. True density of three
varieties of cowpea decreased with increase in moisture contents from 1010.83 to 979.59kg/m3
,
1054.88 to 1014.54kg/m3
and 1083.12 to 1037.53kg/m3
for 339-1. IT86D-1010 and Ife brown
respectively (Davies and Zibokere 2011). A negative correlation between true density and
moisture content of beniseed was reported by Tunde and Akintunde (2007). Esref and Halil
(2007) and Dursun et al. (2007) found the true density to have decreased with increase in
moisture content for bambara ground nuts, red kidney bean and sugar beet respectively. These
seeds thus have lower weight increase in comparison to volume increase as their moisture
content increases (Plange et al., 2012). Porosity increased linearly from 30.86 to 40.05% for
kernel and 43.19 to 51.02% for cashew nut with increase in moisture content from 5.0% to 9.0%
wet basis (Plange et al., 2012). However a reverse relationship has found for Okra seed (Sahoo
and Srivastava, 2002). An increase in porosity with moisture content was reported for green
gram (Nimkar and Chattopadhyay, 2001), chickpea seeds (Komak et al., 2002), faba bean grains
(Yalcin and Ozarslan, 2004) and Karajan kernel (Pradhan et al., 2008).
The one thousand seed mass increased from 316.8-326.7g for shelled moringa seeds and 318.0-
329.3g for unshelled moringa seeds with an increase in moisture content from 6.8%-15% wet
basis (Adejumo and Abayomi, 2012). Also Aviara et al. (2005) had reported the 1000 nut mass
of balanites aegyptiaca to have increased from 2.39 to 3.33kg for oblong nuts as moisture content
increased from 4.72-26.35% (dry basis) and from 2.66 to 3.11kg for the spheriodal variety as
moisture content increased from 4.71 - 24.18% dry basis. Singh et al. (1996) determined the
1000 seeds weight of cumin seed and reported that it increased linearly from 4.13 to 4.8g, when
moisture content changed from 7-22 % dry basis.
The sphericity of IAR-339-1 variety of cowpea decreased from 0.778 to 0.741 between 15 % and
20% moisture content, but latter increased to 0.759 at 30% moisture content. That of IT86D-
1010 decreased linearly from 0.749 - 0.723 in the moisture range of 15 - 20%, and subsequently
increased at 30% moisture content. For Ife brown the sphericity increased from 0.734 to 0.795 in
the moisture range of 15 and 20%, and later decreased to 0.665 at 30% moisture content dry
basis (Davies and Zibokere 2011). Garnayak et al. (2008) and Pardhan et al. (2008) reported
similar trends in the sphericity of jatropha seed and karanja kernel.
A specially constructed box with removable front panel was used by Singh and Goswami (1996)
to determine the angle of repose of cumin seed. Results showed that the angle of repose
increased linearly from 36.5 - 51.3o
with increase in moisture content from 7-22% dry basis.
Aviara et al. (1999) using a similar method also studied the angle of repose of guna seed and
observed that the angle of repose increased from 28.07 - 43.58o
as the moisture content increased
from 4.7 - 39.3%.
3. Dauda et al.: Moisture Dependence of Physical Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of Neem
(Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Kernels.
AZOJETE, 13(1):127-139 ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
129
Singh and Goswani (1999) using the differential scanning calorimeter measured the specific heat
of cumin seed and found that it increased from 1330-3690J/kJK with increase in moisture
content from 1.8% to 25% dry basis. Little information however appears to exist on the
relationships existing between physical properties and specific heat of neem nut kernel and its
moisture content. The objective of this study was to determine some physical properties and
specific heat capacity of the neem kernels relevant to the design and manufacture of agricultural
processing machines and investigate their relationship with moisture content.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Study area and sample preparation
The Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) kernels used for this study were obtained from University
of Maiduguri campus, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Matured and ripped fallen fruits were collected from
different trees. The fruits were de-pulped manually and then exposed to the sunshine in a thin
layer to dry out for a few days. The white hard shells were then decorticated using a stone by
breaking them gently. The loose shells were removed by winnowing to get the kernels. Some
samples were collected and used for initial moisture content determination. This was carried out
by oven drying at 105 degree for 24 h. The drying condition was decided based on preliminary
studies and in reference to ASAE standard S352.3 9 (ASAE, 1994). Different samples at three
moisture levels of the desired moisture content were prepared by soaking the kernels in water
and each moisture group was collected after 30 min, 1 h, 30 min and 2 h, 30 min respectively.
This was followed by spreading out in thin layer to dry in natural air for five hours. The samples
were then poured in to separate polyethylene bags and the bags sealed tightly and stored in a
refrigerator. Before starting a test, the required quantity of the seed was taken out of the
refrigerator and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature for about 2 h (Singh and Goswami,
1996; Coskun et al., 2006).
2.2 Determination of Physical Properties
The physical properties determined in this study at different moisture contents were size, shape,
surface area, 1000 kernel mass, true and bulk densities, porosity, angle of repose and static
coefficient of friction.
The moisture content of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernels was determined using
the method of Aviara et al. (1999). Samples soaked in water for different time duration were
oven dried at 105o
C for 24 h. The moisture content was calculated from the relation used by
Aviara et al. (2005b) given in Equation (1).
(1)
where: Mwb= %, wet basis moisture content, Wi= initial weight (g), Wf= final weight (g).
The resultant moisture content from Equation (1) was converted to dry basis moisture content
by using Equation (2).
*( )+ (2)
where: Md.b= dry moisture content
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A vernier caliper was used to measure the axial dimensions (length, width and thickness) of the
100 randomly selected kernels, at each of the moisture contents. The average diameter of kernels
was calculated by using the arithmetic mean (A) and geometric mean (G) of the axial
dimensions. The arithmetic mean diameter and geometric mean diameter of the kernels were
calculated by using Equations (3) and (4) respectively (Mohsenin 1970)
(3)
( ) (4)
where: L is the length along the longest axis (m), W is the width in the dimension along the
longest axis perpendicular to L (m) and T is the thickness in the dimension along the longest axis
perpendicular to both L and W (m).
One thousand kernel weight was determined using an electronic weight balance reading to
0.001g. Sets of 1000 kernels were collected randomly, and weighed on the balance and the mass
was recorded at different moisture contents.
Roundness and sphericity were determined by tracing the shadowgraphs of the kernels on a
graph sheet, at each of the moisture levels. The shadowgraphs were then fitted with smallest
inscribing and largest circumscribing circles, respectively. For roundness the projected area and
smallest circumscribing area were determined using the method of counting the squares. Thirty
trials were carried out at each moisture level and the mean areas were determined.
Roundness was calculated from the relation:
( ) (5)
where:
R = roundness, %, Ap = projected area (cm2
), Ac=area of smallest circumscribing circle (cm2
)
Sphericity was calculated from the relation:
( ) (6)
where: S = sphericity, %, Di= diameter of inscribed circle (cm) and Dc= diameter of
circumscribed circle (cm).
Paper foil was used to determine the surface area of 30 randomly selected kernels. The kernels
were carefully wrapped in the foil and the boundaries were cut out. The foil was then unwrapped
from the kernel, placed on graph paper and traced with a very sharp pencil. The surface area was
measured by counting the squares within the traced marks (Oje and Ugbor, 1991).
The bulk density was determined by filling an empty 500ml graduated cylinder with kernels and
weighing (Mohsenin 1970). The weight of the kernels was obtained by subtracting the weight of
the cylinder from the weight of the cylinder and content. To achieve the uniformity in bulk
density, the graduated cylinder was tapped 10 times for the kernels to consolidate. The volume
5. Dauda et al.: Moisture Dependence of Physical Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of Neem
(Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Kernels.
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131
occupied was then noted. The process was replicated four times and the bulk density for each
replication was calculated using equation (7).
( ) (7)
where: Pb=Bulk density (kg/m3
), Ws=Mass of seeds alone (kg) and Vs=Volume of seeds (m3
)
True density of the kernels was determined using the water displacement method. Sample of the
kernel at specified moisture level was collected, weighed on an electronic balance, coated with
epoxy resin around the ring to prevent absorption of water during the test, and submerged in
50ml cylinder containing water. The volume of water displaced was noted and taken as the
volume for the kernel. The masses and volumes were recorded and true density calculated using
Equation (8). The test was replicated thirty times at specified moisture content and the average
values of true density were noted.
⁄ (8)
where: Pt = True density (kgm-3
), M = mass of individual kernel (kg) and V= volume of
individual seed (m-3
)
The porosity (ε) of the seeds was determined from the values of bulk and true densities using
Equation (9) due to Mohsenin (1970)
( ) (9)
where: =Porosity (%), Pb= Bulk density (kgm-3
) and Pt = Particles density (kgm-3
).
Angle of repose was determined using an apparatus consisting of plywood box 150 mm long,
150 mm wide and 150 mm deep and two plates; one being fixed and the other was adjustable.
The box was filled with kernel sample and then the adjustable plate was inclined gradually
allowing the seeds to flow and assume a natural slope, the angle with the horizontal of which was
taken as the angle of repose (Tabatabaeefar, 2003; Heidabeigi et al., 2005).
Static coefficient of friction was evaluated on plywood with wood grain parallel to direction of
movement. The inclined plane method was used as described by Suthar and Das (1996) and
Dutta et al. (1998). This involved the placing of an open ended box (150mm 150mm 150mm)
on an adjustable tilting surface which was formed with structural surface. The box was filled
with the kernels and the structural surface with the box and its content on top was gradually
raised using a screw device until the box started to slide down. The angle of tilt was read from a
graduated scale and the tangent of the angle was taken as the static coefficient of friction. This
was carried out at different moisture content.
2.3 Determination of Specific heat
The specific heat of the kernels was determined using a copper calorimeter placed inside a flask
by the method of mixture as described by Ogujimi et al. (2002). A sample of known weight and
temperature was poured into the calorimeters containing water of known weight and
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temperature. The mixture was stirred with a copper stirrer until equilibrium was attained. The
final temperature was noted and the specific heat capacity of sample was calculated using
Equation 10.
( )( )
( )
(10)
where: Cc = specific heat of calorimeter (Jkg-1 o
C-1
), Cs = specific heat capacity of the seed
samples (Jkg-1 o
C-1
), Cw = specific heat of water (J/kg o
C), Mc = mass of calorimeter (kg), Ms =
mass of sample (kg), Mw = mass of water (kg), Te = equilibrium temperature of seed (o
C), Ts =
initial temperature of sample (o
C) and Tw = initial temperature of water (o
C).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Seed moisture content
The initial moisture content of Neem kernels was found to be 5.82% (dry basis). The three other
moisture levels obtained after conditioning the seeds were 26.4%, 35.9% and 44.9% (dry basis)
respectively.
3.2 Axial dimensions
The results of the neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) kernel sizes measured at different moisture
contents are presented in Table 1. The three axial dimensions increased with moisture content
that ranged between 5.82 to 44.9% (db). The major axis increased from 1.04 to 1.23cm, while the
intermediate axis and the minor axis increased from 0.42 to 0.6cm and 0.32 to 0.45cm
respectively. The arithmetic and the geometric mean of the three principal axes of the kernels
also increased with increase in moisture content. The arithmetic mean diameter had the higher
value than the geometric mean diameter. These could be of important consideration in the
theoretical determination of the kernel volume at different moisture contents. Similar trends of
such increase were reported by Tavakkoh et al. (2009) for soybean grains and Al-Mahasneh and
Rababah (2007) for green wheat.
3.3 One thousand kernel weight
The one thousand kernel weight increased from 0.0987kg to 0.1755kg in the moisture range of
5.82-44.9% (dry basis). This trend with moisture content was due to increase in weight gained at
higher moisture content (Figure 1). Similar increasing trend has been reported by Sahoo and
Srivastava (2002) for okra seed.
Table1: Axial dimensions of Neem kernels at different moisture contents
Moisture contents (%) d.b Major
diameter
L (cm)
Intermediate
diameter T
(cm)
Minor
diameter
W (cm)
Arithmetic
mean
diameter
(a+b+c)/3
(cm)
Geometric
mean
diameter
(abc)1/3
(cm)
5.82 0.9 – 1.04 0.35 – 0.42 0.25 -0.32 0.62 0.53
26.4 0.95– 1.15 0.45 – 0.46 0.25– 0.36 0.65 0.57
35.9 1.0 – 1.2 0.5 – 0.55 0.35– 0.41 0.73 0.66
44.9 1.15-1.23 0.55-0.6 0.40-0.45 0.78 0.72
7. Dauda et al.: Moisture Dependence of Physical Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of Neem
(Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Kernels.
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133
Figure 1: Effect of moisture content on one thousand Seed Weight of Neem kernels
3.4 Bulk density
The bulk density of neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) kernels was found to decrease from
591.4-497.4kg/m3
with an increase in moisture content (Table 2). This was due to the fact that an
increase in mass owing to moisture in the sample was lower than accompanying volumetric
expansion of the bulk (Pradhan et al. 2008). On the other hand, a decreasing trend in bulk density
has been reported by Altunas & Demirtola (2007) for some legumes seed and Garnayak et al.
(2008) for jatropha.
Table 2: Bulk density of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) seeds at different moisture contents
Moisture content(%) d.b 5.82 26.4 35.9 44.9
Bulk density (kg/m3
) 591.4 540.0 513.0 497.4
3.5 True density
The true density of the Neem kernels increased from 632 to 733 kg/m3
as moisture content
increased from 5.82 to 44.9% (dry basis) (Figure 3). An increase in true density as the seed
moisture content increases was also found by Gupta and Das (1998) for sunflower seeds, and
Chandrasekar and Visvanathan (1999) for coffee. The true density of agricultural products have
been reported to play significant role in the design of silos and other storage structures, and in
maturity and quality evaluation of agricultural products which are essential to grain marketing
(Irtwange and Igbeka, 2002).
W1000 = 0.0249M + 0.084
R² = 0.8972
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
5.82 26.4 35.9 44.9
OneThousandkernelWeight,(kg)
Moisture COntent, % (d.b)
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134
Figure 3: Effect of Moisture Content on True Density of Neem kernels
3.6 Roundness and Sphericity
Table 3 shows the effect of moisture contents on the roundness and sphericity of Neem kernel.
The Table revealed that the roundness of the kernel increased from 22 to 36%, and the sphericity
increased from 41.3 to 47.5%. Coskum et al. (2006) also showed that sphericity of sweet corn
seed increased with moisture content.
Table 3: Roundness and Sphericity of Neem seeds at different moisture contents
Moisture content(%) d.b. 5.82 26.4 35.9 44.9
Roundness (%) 22.0 27.0 31.2 36.0
Sphericity (%) 41.3 44.2 46.0 47.5
3.7 Porosity
The porosity of Neem kernels increased from 6.42 to 32.14% with the increase in moisture
content from 5.82 to 44.9% (Figure 4). This could have contributed to the expansion and
swelling of the seeds that might have resulted in the more voids spaces between the seeds and
increased in bulk volume. This is also exhibited in the reduction of bulk density with increase in
moisture content. An increase in porosity with moisture content was reported for green gram
(Nimkar and Chattopadhyay 2001).
Figure 4: Effect of Moisture Content on Porosity of Neem kernels
9. Dauda et al.: Moisture Dependence of Physical Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of Neem
(Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Kernels.
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135
3.8 Surface area
Table 4 shows that the surface area of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) kernels increased from
13.0 to 24 cm2
as the moisture content increased from 5.82 to 44.9%. Similar trends of increase
have been reported by Sacilik et al. (2003) and Baryeh (2002) for Hemp seed and Millet
respectively.
Table 4: surface area of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) seeds at different moisture contents
Moisture content(%) d.b 5.82 26.4 35.9 44.9
Surface area in cm2
13 17.1 21 24
3.9 Angle of repose
The angle of repose increased from 22.12 to 29.8o
in the moisture range of 5.82 to 44.9% (dry
basis) (Figure 5). Seed might tend to stick together due to the plasticity effect over the surface of
the seed resulting in better stability and less flow ability increasing the angle of repose (Irtwange
and Igbeka, 2002). The angle of repose is of paramount importance in designing hopper
openings, side wall slopes of storage bins and bulk transportation of seeds using chutes (Elaskar
et al., 2001, Irtwange and Igbeka 2002).Therefore, moisture content of seeds should be taken in
to account while designing such equipments and structures. Singh and Goswami (1996), Nimkar
and Chattopadhyay (2001), Baryeh (2002), Amin et al. (2004) and Altunas et al (2005) reported
a linear increase in angle of repose with increase in the moisture content for cumin seed, green
gram, millet, lentil and fenugreek respectively.
Figure 5: Effect of moisture content on angle of repose of Neem kernels
3.10 Static coefficient of friction.
The static coefficient of friction increased with increase in moisture content on the surface of the
plywood from 0.45 to 0.61(Table 5). The design and dimension of hoppers, bulk storage and
handling structures, should ensure non-arching (avoid stoppage of flow of bulk solid)
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phenomenon. The coefficient of mobility represents the freedom of motion of a substance and is
inversely related to coefficient of friction (tangent of angle of internal friction) (Irtwange and
Igbeka, 2002). Dutta et al. (1988), Joshi et al. (1993), Carmon (1996), and Ogut (1998), reported
that as the moisture content increased so the coefficient of static friction increased.
Table 5: Static coefficient of friction of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss) kernels on four
structural surfaces at different moisture contents
Surfaces Moisture contents (%)
5.82 26.4 35.9 44.9
Plywood with grain parallel to the direction
of movement
41 47 52 61
Fiber glass 19 20 27 24
Hessian bay material 28 31 35 38
Galvanized steel sheet 25 27 29 33
3.11 Specific heat
The specific heat of Neem kernels at four moisture levels in the range of 5.82 to 44.9% (dry
basis) and temperature of (100o
C) between the initial temperature of the seed and final
temperature of water and the seed mixture was found to lie between 2738.1 and 4345.4 J/Kgo
C
(Figure 6). It was observed that the specific heat increased linearly with increase in moisture
content. Similar trend was observed for sheanut kernel, guna seed and kernel and cumin seed
(Aviara and Haque, 2001, Aviara et al., 2008).
Figure 6: Effect of moisture content on specific heat capacity of Neem kernels
4. Conclusion.
The investigations carried out in this study revealed the following:
The major, intermediate and minor dimension of the kernels all increased from 1.04 to 1.23cm,
0.42 to 0.6cm and 0.32 to 0.45cm respectively. One thousand kernel weight increased from
0.0987 to 0.1755kg as the moisture content increased from 5.82 to 44.9%. True density and
porosity of the kernels increased in moisture content from 632 to 733kgm-3
and 6.42 to 32.14%,
while the bulk density decreased from 302.0 to 294kg/m3
in the same moisture range. Surface
11. Dauda et al.: Moisture Dependence of Physical Properties and Specific Heat Capacity of Neem
(Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Kernels.
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area of the kernels increased from 13 to 24cm2
with increase in moisture content from 5.82 to
44.9%. Roundness and sphericity of the kernels increased from 22 to 36% and 41.3 to 47.5%
respectively with increase in moisture content. Angle of repose increased from 22.12 to 29.8o
.
Specific heat increased with increase in moisture content and temperature in the range of 5.82 to
49.7% and 303-341.4k and lies between 1547-6102.8J/kg.
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