This document discusses morphology, which is the study of how morphemes combine to form words. It provides examples of different types of morphemes, including free morphemes that can stand alone as words and bound morphemes that must be attached to other morphemes. Rules of word formation are described, such as adding affixes to change a word's meaning or grammatical function. Morphology examines the internal structure of words using tree diagrams to represent combinations of morphemes.

1. Morphology (Greek for 'form' or 'shape' ) investigates with how morphemes
combine to make words.

2. Content words or Functional words

3. Interpretación 1
Los estudiantes más aplicados disfrutan leyendo cuatro
horas al día

4. Interpretación 1
Los estudiantes más aplicados disfrutan leyendo
cuatro horas al día

5. Content words or Functional words
Structural words: don’t have
lexical meaning or obvious
concept of associations. They
provide grammatical relations
and have little or no semantic
content.
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Articles
Pronouns
Close class.
Content words: = Open class
cause we can add new words to
this groups.
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs.

6. Hangry (adjective)
Butthurt (noun)
Rando (noun)
Mx. (noun)
Snackable (adjective)

7. Hangry (adjective)
We’ve probably all been hangry before: you
simply combine anger with hunger to describe
that familiar feeling when you’re crabby and in
a bad mood because you need something to
eat asap.
“Guys, I need food. You really don’t want to
deal with me when I’m hangry.”
Butthurt (noun)
And here’s another interesting combination of
words: butthurt describes what you feel when
you are overly or unjustifiably offended or
resentful.
“He was butthurt over that fact that nobody
anwered on time.”
Rando (noun)
Randos can be creepy – the word describes an
odd or suspicious person you don’t know.
A rando often engages in socially inappropriate
behavior, so try to keep your distance.
“Some rando sat on our favorite bench in the
park and yelled at everyone who walked by.”

8. Morpheme
• Derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning
“form.”
• The study of the internal structure of words, and of
the rules by which words are formed.
Morphology

9. Morpheme

10. Morpheme

11. Morpheme

12. Morpheme
A morpheme may be represented by a single sound, such as the morpheme a
meaning “without” as in amoral and asexual, or by a single syllable, such as
child and -ish in child + ish.
The word ' unladylike', for example, consists of three morphemes,
'un-', 'lady-' and 'like'.
However , linguists would not dissect cardiganinto 'car,' 'dig' and 'an'
as these have meanings that cannot be associated with the original word.
Examples
One morpheme: boy, desire, lady, water
Two morpheme: boy+ish, desire+able
Three morpheme: boy+ish+ness, desire+able+ity
Four morpheme: gentle+man+li+ness
More than four: anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

14. Free morphemes: Constitute words on their own.
Bound morphemes are always part of a word = Affixes
• Root: When a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem.
• Affixes:
Prefixes Suffixes
Roots do not occur in isolation and they acquire meaning only in
combination with other morphemes. PERCEIVE – DECEIVE

15. Rules of word formation
Add meaning + change the grammatical category
pronunciation
When we affix -ity to specific (pronounced “specifik” with a k
sound), we get speci-icity (pronounced “specifisity” with an s
sound). Other suffixes such as -y, -ive, and -ize may induce similar
changes: sane/sanity, deduce/deductive, critic/criticize.
On the other hand, suffixes such as -er, -ful, -ish, -less, -ly, and -ness may be
tacked onto a base word without affecting the pronunciation,

16. they never change the grammatical category of the stems to which they are attached.

17. Inflectional morphology
they never change the grammatical category of the stems to which they are attached.

18. A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure.
Linguists use tree diagrams.
Ver
b
Adjective Laugh + able = laughable
Able to
be
Adjective
(derived from
verbs)
un + believe + able or un + pick + up +
able.
Yet un- is not fully productive. We find
happy and unhappy, but not sad and
*unsad
Opposit
e
meaning
rule, giving us examiner,
lover, hunter, and so forth.
One
who
does

19. chastity, scarcity,
and curiosity
Able to
be
find -en in sadden, ripen, redden, weaken,
and deepen.
health, wealth, depth, width, and growth. .

21. Rick Detorie's One Big Happy for 10/27/2008