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- 1. Universidad Técnica deAmbato Jennifer Manzano 6th “C”
- 2. —Carl Rogers “The onlyperson who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn …and change.”
- 3. Module 1 Language andbackground to language learning and teaching
- 4. Part 1 Describing languageand language skills Unit 1: Grammar
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- 6. combine organize change Grammar parts ofwords, words, and groups of words make meaning We use it in the four skills
- 7. We use grammaras teachers, to describe language. We do this by referring to its forms and it uses. What are gramatical forms?
- 8. Grammatical forms How wordsare made up and presented in speech or writing The plural of the regular nouns Gerund Adjective Verb Base Word + s Infinitive + -ing Intelligent Sing
- 9. Prefixes Parts of speechGrammatical structures01 Suffixes 02 03 04 Gramatical forms are presented in: Both are affixes and can give gramatical information, showing whether a verb is singular, making a tense, parts of verbsthe plural of nouns, possessives, etc.
- 10. Parts of speech Categoriesin which words are assigned according to its functions We can categorize English words into 9 basic types called "parts of speech" or "word classes". Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Determiners Prepositions Pronouns Conjunctions Exclamations GLOSSARY Noun: A person, place or thing. Verb: showing an action, state, event or process. Adjective: gives more information about a noun or pronoun. Adverb: gives more information about how, when, where, how much or how well something is done. Determiner: making clear which noun you are talking about, or to give information about quantity. Preposition: used before a noun, pronoun or gerund to connect it to another word. Pronoun: we use it instead of a noun. Conjunction: connecting words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Exclamation: Written after a sentence to show excitement, surprise or shock
- 11. Parts of speechdescribe the way words behave in sentences, for example, how they operate or are combined grammatically with other words. CORRECT INCORECT A noun can act as a subject of a verb, but an adjective can’t The tall girl ran very fast Tall ran very fast An adverb can be combined with an adjective, but an adjective can’t combine with another adjective Well organized Good organized A noun can combine with another noun A car park The form of some parts of speech varies according to the function the parts of speech have in a sentence OLD The boy thought he would never grow old. He’s older tan most of his Friends. GLOSSARY Function: The reason or purpose for using language, e.g. making a suggestion; giving advice
- 12. What is agramatical structure?
- 13. Grammatical structures Grammatical languagepatterns; e.g. present perfect simple is a grammatical structure. back
- 14. A prefix isa letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a new word, e.g. clear – unclear. Prefixes back Root word prefix word clear <un-> unclear
- 15. A suffix isa letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word, e.g. good: goodness Suffixes back Root word sufix word good <-ness> goodness
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- 17. Many gramatical formshave more tan one use It refers to how grammatical structures are used to convey (or communicate) meaning. Gramatical uses GLOSSARY Convey: To show, express or communicate meaning. Meaning: What a word expresses.
- 19. Language concepts and thelanguage teaching classroom
- 20. Grammar rules traditionally describe writtenlanguage rather than spoken language Grammar rules are not fixed Speakers speak and write the language without knowing grammar Teachers need to make learners aware of patterns and practicing
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- 23. Lexis refers toindividual words or sets of words, units of vocabulary which have an specific meaning Tree Get up First of all All’s well that ends well
- 24. What kinds ofmeaning can words have? • The dictionary definition of a word. • EXAMPLE: A tree is a large plant with a wooden trunk, branches, and leaves. Denotative meaning Figurative meaning • An imaginative meaning of a word. • EXAMPLE: He put all his heart into his new job. Literal meaning • The original or basic meaning of a word rather than an imaginative or poetic meaning. • EXAMPLE: Literal meaning of heart: the organ in your chest that sends blood around your body
- 25. Pragmatic meaning • Meaning thata vocabulary item has in the context (situation). • EXAMPLE: We couldn’t see the house because of the tall tres in front of it. GLOSSARY Context: The situation in which language is used or presented; e.g. a story about a holiday experience could be used as the context to present and practice past tenses. Semantic meaning • The meanings of words and how they are connected to another. • EXAMPLE: as synonyms, antonym. Check to see how the meaning of a word contrasts with the meaning of another word. The water is neither hot nor cold.
- 26. The meaning ofsome vacabulary items can also come from their forms Prefixes Compound nounsSuffixes Opposite meaning Comparative unsafe, illegal easy: easier Superlative new: newest Change the part of speech instruct: instruction; quick: quickly Adding to base words Give their meaning from being together Telephone number, bookshop GLOSSARY Base Word: Root Word, the main word or part of a word from which other words can be made by adding a prefix or suffix Affixation: The process of adding letters at the beginning (prefix) or end of a word (suffix) to make a new word. Affixation
- 27. Collocations Fixed expressions Idioms • Words thatoften occur together EXAMPLE: We went the wrong way NOT We went the incorrect way. arrive at, depend on • Two or more words used together as a single unit of meaning. The words in the phrases cannot be changed. • EXAMPLE: new born, for that reason, of course • An unchangeable phrase or expression, in which the meaning of the phrase is different from the meaning of each individual word. • EXAMPLE: I’m pulling your leg CHUNKS: Any pair or group of words commonly found together or near one another that we usually learn as one piece.
- 28. Different relationships withone another Synonyms Antonyms Other ways in which words can relate to another False friends Homophones Varities of English • They may be part of the same lexical set • They may belong to the same word family GLOSSARY Lexical set: Groups of words that belong to the same topic area, e.g. family, food. Word family: Words that come through affixation from the same base Word, e.g. real, really, realistic, unreal. Homonyms
- 29. False friends Words thathave the same or similar meaning form in two languages but a different meaning. Spanish English False friend Embarazado Pregnant Embarassed Actualmente Nowadays Actually back Homophones A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different meaning and may have a different spelling. Word homophone Know no whether weather I knew he had won ; I bought a new book
- 30. Homonyms A word withthe same spelling or pronunciation as another word, but which has a different meaning. Words homonym They sat on the river bank He put all his savings into the bank
- 31. Varieties of English Differentkinds of English spoken around the world. They can be called by different names in different varieties. Word variety Cookie ( US English) Biscuit ( British English) Flat ( British English) Apartment ( US English)
- 32. Learners need to learnthe same word again and again as they advice in their language learning Knowing a word involves understanding its forms and meaning We can recognize a word or the meaning of more words before we use them It is useful for learner to keep vocabulary records Language concepts and the language teaching classroom
- 33. Bibliography Spratt, M., Pulverness,A., & William, M. (2011). The TKT Teaching Knowledge Test Course. Madrid: Cambridge University Press.