TKT unit 1 to 2

1. Universidad Técnica de Ambato
Jennifer Manzano
6th “C”

2. —Carl Rogers
“The only person who is educated
is the one who has learned how
to learn …and change.”

3. Module 1
Language and background to language
learning and teaching

4. Part 1
Describing language and language skills
Unit 1: Grammar

5. What is gramar?

6. combine
organize
change
Grammar parts of words,
words, and
groups of words
make meaning
We use it in the four skills

7. We use grammar as teachers, to describe language. We do
this by referring to its forms and it uses.
What are
gramatical
forms?

8. Grammatical forms
How words are made up and presented in speech or writing
The plural of the
regular nouns
Gerund Adjective Verb
Base
Word + s
Infinitive
+ -ing
Intelligent Sing

9. Prefixes
Parts of speech Grammatical
structures01
Suffixes
02
03 04
Gramatical forms are presented in:
Both are affixes and can
give gramatical information,
showing whether a verb is
singular, making a tense,
parts of verbsthe plural of
nouns, possessives, etc.

10. Parts of speech
Categories in which
words are assigned
according to its
functions
We can categorize
English words into 9 basic
types called "parts of
speech" or "word classes".
Nouns Verbs Adjectives
Adverbs Determiners Prepositions
Pronouns Conjunctions Exclamations
GLOSSARY
Noun: A person, place or thing.
Verb: showing an action, state, event or
process.
Adjective: gives more information about
a noun or pronoun.
Adverb: gives more information about
how, when, where, how much or how well
something is done.
Determiner: making clear which noun
you are talking about, or to give
information about quantity.
Preposition: used before a noun,
pronoun or gerund to connect it to
another word.
Pronoun: we use it instead of a noun.
Conjunction: connecting words, phrases,
clauses or sentences.
Exclamation: Written after a sentence
to show excitement, surprise or shock

11. Parts of speech describe the way words behave in sentences, for example,
how they operate or are combined grammatically with other words.
CORRECT INCORECT
A noun can act as a subject of a verb,
but an adjective can’t
The tall girl
ran very fast
Tall ran very fast
An adverb can be combined with an
adjective, but an adjective can’t
combine with another adjective
Well
organized
Good organized
A noun can combine with another
noun
A car park
The form of some parts of speech varies according to the function the parts of
speech have in a sentence
OLD
The boy thought he would never
grow old.
He’s older tan most of his Friends.
GLOSSARY
Function: The reason
or purpose for using
language, e.g. making
a suggestion; giving
advice

12. What is a gramatical
structure?

13. Grammatical structures
Grammatical language patterns; e.g. present perfect simple is a grammatical structure.
back

14. A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a
word to make a new word, e.g. clear – unclear.
Prefixes back
Root
word
prefix word
clear <un-> unclear

15. A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make
a new word, e.g. good: goodness
Suffixes back
Root
word
sufix word
good <-ness> goodness

16. What are gramatical
uses?

17. Many gramatical forms have more tan one use
It refers to how grammatical structures are used to convey
(or communicate) meaning.
Gramatical uses
GLOSSARY
Convey: To show,
express or
communicate
meaning.
Meaning: What a
word expresses.

19. Language concepts
and the language
teaching classroom

20. Grammar rules
traditionally describe
written language
rather than spoken
language
Grammar
rules are not
fixed
Speakers speak
and write the
language without
knowing
grammar
Teachers need to
make learners
aware of patterns
and practicing

21. UNIT 2: LEXIS

22. What is lexis?

23. Lexis refers to individual words or sets of words, units of
vocabulary which have an specific meaning
Tree
Get up
First of all
All’s well that
ends well

24. What kinds of meaning can words have?
• The dictionary definition of a word.
• EXAMPLE: A tree is a large plant with a wooden trunk, branches, and
leaves.
Denotative
meaning
Figurative
meaning • An imaginative meaning of a word.
• EXAMPLE: He put all his heart into his new job.
Literal
meaning
• The original or basic meaning of a word rather than an
imaginative or poetic meaning.
• EXAMPLE: Literal meaning of heart: the organ in your chest that
sends blood around your body

25. Pragmatic
meaning
• Meaning that a vocabulary item has in the
context (situation).
• EXAMPLE: We couldn’t see the house because
of the tall tres in front of it.
GLOSSARY
Context: The
situation in which
language is used or
presented; e.g. a story
about a holiday
experience could be
used as the context to
present and practice
past tenses.
Semantic
meaning
• The meanings of words and how they are
connected to another.
• EXAMPLE: as synonyms, antonym.
Check to see how the
meaning of a
word contrasts with the
meaning of another word.
The water is neither hot nor cold.

26. The meaning of some vacabulary items can also come from their forms
Prefixes Compound nounsSuffixes
Opposite meaning
Comparative
unsafe, illegal
easy: easier
Superlative new: newest
Change the part
of speech
instruct:
instruction; quick:
quickly
Adding to base words Give their meaning from
being together
Telephone number, bookshop
GLOSSARY
Base Word: Root Word, the main word or part of
a word from which other words can be made by
adding a prefix or suffix
Affixation: The process of adding letters at the
beginning (prefix) or end of a word (suffix) to
make a new word.
Affixation

27. Collocations
Fixed
expressions
Idioms
• Words that often occur together
EXAMPLE: We went the wrong way NOT We went the incorrect way.
arrive at, depend on
• Two or more words used together as a single unit of meaning. The
words in the phrases cannot be changed.
• EXAMPLE: new born, for that reason, of course
• An unchangeable phrase or expression, in which the meaning of the
phrase is different from the meaning of each individual word.
• EXAMPLE: I’m pulling your leg
CHUNKS: Any pair or group of words commonly found together or
near one another that we usually learn as one piece.

28. Different relationships with one another
Synonyms Antonyms
Other ways in which words can relate to another
False friends
Homophones
Varities of
English
• They may be part of the same lexical set
• They may belong to the same word family
GLOSSARY
Lexical set:
Groups of words
that belong to the
same topic area,
e.g. family, food.
Word family:
Words that come
through affixation
from the same
base Word, e.g.
real, really,
realistic, unreal.
Homonyms

29. False friends
Words that have the same or similar meaning form in two languages but a different meaning.
Spanish English False friend
Embarazado Pregnant Embarassed
Actualmente Nowadays Actually
back
Homophones
A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a
different meaning and may have a different spelling.
Word homophone
Know no
whether weather
I knew he had won ; I bought a new book

30. Homonyms
A word with the same spelling or pronunciation as
another word, but which has a different meaning.
Words homonym
They sat on the river bank He put all his savings into the bank

31. Varieties of English
Different kinds of English spoken around the world. They can be called by different
names in different varieties.
Word variety
Cookie ( US English) Biscuit ( British English)
Flat ( British English) Apartment ( US English)

32. Learners need to
learn the same
word again and
again as they
advice in their
language learning
Knowing a
word involves
understanding
its forms and
meaning
We can
recognize a
word or the
meaning of
more words
before we use
them
It is useful for
learner to keep
vocabulary
records
Language concepts and the language
teaching classroom

33. Bibliography
Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & William, M. (2011). The TKT Teaching Knowledge Test
Course. Madrid: Cambridge University Press.