Monoclonal antibodies
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This document discusses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are antibodies that are cloned from identical immune cells. mAbs are produced using hybridoma technology, which involves fusing antibody-producing immune cells with myeloma cells to produce immortal hybrid cell lines. These hybridomas can then be cultured to mass-produce mAbs with a single specificity. The document outlines the history, properties, production process including immunization, cell fusion and screening, and applications of mAbs in diagnostics and therapeutics. Specific examples of therapeutic mAbs are also provided.
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Microspheres
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Hybridoma
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be produced through different methods. Monoclonal antibodies are produced using hybridoma technology, which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody-producing B cells to create immortal hybridoma cell lines. Kohler and Milstein developed this technique in 1975. Polyclonal antibodies involve immunizing an animal to produce a mixture of antibodies against various epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies detect multiple epitopes but with less specificity. Monoclonal antibodies provide an unlimited supply of consistent, specific antibodies and are widely used in research and therapeutic applications.
Monoclonal antibodies dr. asm
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells, creating a hybridoma that produces antibodies with a single specificity. They have applications in diagnosis, therapy, protein purification, and other areas. For diagnosis, they are used in biochemical assays and diagnostic imaging. Therapeutically, they can directly target conditions or be linked to toxins/drugs to target delivery. They are also useful for purifying specific proteins through immunoaffinity chromatography. Other applications include catalytic monoclonal antibodies and using them for autoantibody fingerprinting to identify individuals.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology.pptx
The presentation includes the information about the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology. The slides focus on the points like monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, steps involved in hybridoma technology and its analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic and some miscellaneous applications. It also includes some marketed products of monoclonal antibodies.
hybridoma technology
Hybridoma technology allows the production of monoclonal antibodies through the fusion of B lymphocytes and myeloma cells. This produces a hybrid cell called a hybridoma that can divide indefinitely and secrete antibodies of a single specificity. The document discusses the objectives, definition, history, principle, types of antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology, and its applications in plants for producing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies known as plantibodies. Hybridoma technology has revolutionized monoclonal antibody production and their use in research, diagnostics and therapeutics.
HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
Hybridoma technology allows for the production of monoclonal antibodies through the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells. This fusion produces hybridoma cells that are selected using HAT medium. The hybridoma cells are then screened to identify those that produce the desired monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies produced through this process are highly specific and useful for applications such as disease diagnosis, purification of proteins, and cancer therapy. However, some limitations include immune responses against mouse antibodies in humans and contamination risks with hybridoma cell cultures.
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Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single B cell clone that recognize a single epitope on an antigen. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing B cells from immunized mice with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell line. This document discusses the production and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies including immunizing mice, fusing spleen cells with myeloma cells, screening hybridomas, cloning cell lines, propagating antibodies through tissue culture or mouse ascites methods, and applications such as diagnosis and therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies
1. Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell and bind to the same epitope of an antigen.
2. They are produced through cell fusion between antibody-producing B cells from immunized animals and myeloma cells, forming a hybridoma that produces the monoclonal antibody.
3. The monoclonal antibodies are screened and cloned to produce large quantities of identical antibodies directed against a specific antigen.
Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma technology
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells that recognize a specific epitope. They are produced through the hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody producing B cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell line. This allows for the mass production of antibodies that recognize a single epitope. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including use in biochemical analysis through techniques like ELISA and RIA. They can also be used for diagnostic imaging by labeling them with radioisotopes.
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This document discusses biotechnological product development. It explains that biotechnology uses biological systems to develop technologies and products for improving quality of life. Biotech drugs, also called biopharmaceuticals, are manufactured using living expression systems and differ physically from small molecule drugs. The development process involves isolating a gene of interest, transferring it to an expression vector, transforming host cells, growing the cells, and purifying the protein product. Quality control measures like sterility testing and viral/bacterial decontamination are crucial given biotech drugs cannot be sterilized as end products.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY.pdf
This document provides an overview of monoclonal antibodies including their history, development, preparation, and applications. It discusses how monoclonal antibodies are produced through the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells to form hybridomas. The document outlines the key applications of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis (e.g. biochemical analysis, imaging), therapy (e.g. cancer, transplantation), and protein purification. It also provides examples of commercially available monoclonal antibodies for various diseases and conditions.
Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are identical because they come from identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody producing immune cells to produce immortal hybridoma cell lines. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including diagnostic tests, purification of proteins, cancer therapy, and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Common types of monoclonal antibodies include murine, chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies.
Hybridoma technology and production of monoclonal antibody
Hybridoma technology allows for the mass production of monoclonal antibodies. It involves fusing antibody-producing B cells from the spleen of an immunized mouse with myeloma cancer cells, creating a hybridoma cell. These hybridoma cells are selected using HAT medium, which causes them to continuously secrete identical monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have many medical applications, including diagnosing diseases and infections through detection of specific antigens. For example, pregnancy tests detect the HCG hormone using monoclonal antibodies, and HIV tests detect HIV antibodies in blood serum using a multi-step process with monoclonal antibodies.
mono clonals.pptx
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single B cell clone that recognize a specific epitope. They are produced through the fusion of B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell line. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications, including use in diagnostic tests to detect substances like hormones and tumor markers, diagnostic imaging by delivering radioisotopes to target areas, and directly targeting diseases or purifying proteins through immunoaffinity chromatography. Their specificity and ability to target single epitopes makes them useful research and medical tools.
Hybridoma technology
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
Monoclonal Antibody Production via Hybridoma Technology
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that bind to a single antigen or epitope. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-producing spleen cells with myeloma tumor cells to create immortalized cell lines that secrete the desired antibody. The hybridoma cells are screened using techniques like ELISA or FACS to identify clones that secrete antibodies targeting the antigen of interest. Selected clones are grown in culture medium or injected into mice to produce antibody-rich ascites fluid for harvesting large amounts of monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies production(1)
The document describes the hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies. It involves immunizing an animal with an antigen, fusing the animal's antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells to create hybridomas, and using HAT selection medium to select hybridomas that produce the desired monoclonal antibody. The hybridomas are then screened using ELISA or radioimmunoassay to identify clones that secrete antibodies targeting the specific antigen. Clones that test positive can then be cloned using limiting dilution or soft agar methods to generate stable monoclonal antibody-producing cell lines. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications in areas like diagnostics, imaging, pregnancy testing, and organ transplantation.
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Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
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Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma technology
Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma technology
Hybridoma technology and production of monoclonal antibody
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Monoclonal Antibody Production via Hybridoma Technology
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Transplants , eugenics and their issues
Transplants and eugenics raise complex ethical issues. Transplants require lifelong immunosuppressant drugs and organ shortages remain an issue. Eugenics aims to improve genetics but has been discredited due to flawed science and links to atrocities. While genetic screening now focuses on counseling rather than control, debates continue on prenatal testing, genetic engineering, and enhancing traits.
Therapeutic hormones
This document discusses various therapeutic hormones including insulin, growth hormone, gonadotrophins, thyroid stimulating hormone, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. It provides details on their structure, function, production, formulations, and medical applications. Key points include: insulin is produced in the pancreas and regulates blood glucose; growth hormone stimulates growth; gonadotrophins like FSH and LH regulate reproduction; recombinant DNA technology is now used to produce many therapeutic hormones which has improved safety over extracts from animal tissues. These hormones are administered to treat various endocrine disorders and fertility issues.
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Nucleic acid and cell based therapies involve gene therapy and cell therapy. Gene therapy aims to introduce new genes into cells to treat genetic diseases by replacing defective genes. Early gene therapy trials focused on ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Viral vectors like retroviruses were primarily used but posed safety risks. Non-viral methods using naked DNA or vectors like liposomes were developed. Diseases targeted include cancer, genetic disorders, and AIDS. Antisense oligonucleotides can bind mRNA and inhibit gene expression. RNA interference uses short interfering RNAs to induce sequence-specific gene silencing. Ribozymes and aptamers also provide nucleic acid based therapeutic approaches.
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Monoclonal antibodies
- 2. Introduction Antibodies • Immunoglobulin's • Glycoprotein's secreted by immune cells • Recognize and bind antigens
- 3. Monoclonal Antibodies • Antibodies generated from single clones of b cells. • Specific antibodies. • Have monovalent affinity. • mAbs or moAbs • Known as Magic bullets.
- 4. History • mAbs are produced by Hybridoma technology. • This method was introduced by Cesar Milstein & Kohler in 1975
- 5. Properties and significance • Glycoprotein in nature. • Highly specific. • Used in diagnostics. • Applicable as therapeutics.
- 6. Formulation Steps • Immunization • Creation of Hybrid cells. • Screening. • Culturing /Propagation
- 7. Hybrid cells
- 8. Definition • A hybrid cell used as the basis for the production of antibodies in large amounts for diagnostic or therapeutic use.
- 9. • Hybridomas are produced by injecting a specific antigen into a mouse, collecting an antibody-producing cell from the mouse's spleen, and fusing it with a tumor cell called a myeloma cell.
- 11. Purpose • To produce monoclonal antibodies • To produce mass production of a single type of antibody . • To treat foreign particles . • Therapeutic use.
- 12. Hybridoma technology • 1. Immunization • 2. Cell fusion • 3. Selection of hybridomas
- 13. Immunization • The very first step in hybridoma technology is to immunize an animal (usually a mouse), with appropriate antigen. • Activation of immune system. • When a sufficient antibody titer is reached in serum, immunized mice are euthanized and the spleen removed to use as a source of cells for fusion with myeloma cells.
- 15. Isolation of cells • Spleenocytes (spleen cells) are isolate. • These cells are processed with myeloma cells through Hybridoma technology.
- 17. Screening
- 18. Screening • Screening is done to isolate hybrid cells. • Use selective media for screening. • (HAT) medium is used The component of medium include, • Hypoxanthine • Aminoptrin • Thymidine
- 19. • Solution is centrifuged • Pour at HAT Medium. • HAT medium works on principle of DNA synthesis. • Aminoptrin inhibits folate and block Denovo DNA synthesis of myeloma cells . • Normal lymphocytes have short life span and die in 7days of incubation. • Hybrid cells retain in the medium.
- 21. Summary
- 22. Propagation
- 23. What is propagation? • The term propagation refers to the proliferation of Hybrid cells. • The objectives is, mass production of cells • It is followed by culturing in nutritional media. • Cultures are incubated at specific parameters.
- 24. Techniques • The techniques include • In vivo method • In vitro method
- 25. In vivo techniques • In vivo refers to inside of host body- Steps include, • Inoculation • Incubation ( time period ) • Isolation • Confirmatory test
- 26. Advantage & Limitation • High amount of mAbs are produce • About 5- 20µg /ml of asciti fluid. • Drawbacks • Require expertise • Expensive • Ultra-purification
- 27. In vitro Techniques • Production of mAbs in bioreactors • Automated technique • Yield less mAbs (10 µg/ml ) • It is efficient tool and commercially used
- 28. Applications
- 29. Significance Monoclonal Antibodies are produced and regulated by FDA. Reasons of production ? • Diagnostic Applications • Therapeutic Applications • Clinical Applications
- 30. Monoclonal antibodies are used to analysis different activities and functions, • Serological test • Pregnancy test • Detection of pathogens • Detection of cancer • Identification of hormonal disorders • Diagnostic imaging • Identification of infectious agents
- 31. Therapeutic Applications • Monoclonal antibodies are used as therapeutic agents. • It is used in therapeutic tools
- 32. Mechanism of Action Direct Action • Naked mAbs • Directly Attach to site of action • Induce immune reaction • Like apoptosis • Angiogenesis Indirect Function • Paul Ehrlich termed as Magic bullets. • Targetted delivery • It act as delivery agent
- 33. • mAbs are used in inducing • Opsonization ( RitumAb) • Immunmodulation (ADCC) • Used for effectors cell targetting • Immune suppression in organ transplants • Biospecific drugs for cancer like TAA
- 34. Example • Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is an anti-cancer antibody that acts on HER2/neu (erbB2) receptor, which is over expressed in breast cancer.