Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies). This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammals) with an antigen that provokes an immune response.
here is a powerpoint presentation on monoclonal antibodies fro students and researchers. if you are a student and looking for a presentation on the topic to present in class. this one is for you my friend.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies). This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammals) with an antigen that provokes an immune response.
here is a powerpoint presentation on monoclonal antibodies fro students and researchers. if you are a student and looking for a presentation on the topic to present in class. this one is for you my friend.
Immunity
It can be defined as the resistance to disease, specifically to infectious disease or pathogens. The term “immune” is derived from the Latin word “immunis” that is exempt from charges. In medical term, it refers to the being protected from infectious pathogens.
Immune system
It is adaptive defense system which is able to generate a variety of cell and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of limitless foreign invaders into the system.
In 1975 Georges Kohler and Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to create hybridomas that could produce antibodies.
antibody
Also known as immunoglobulin is a large, Y shaped glycoprotein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.
monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
polyclonal antibodies
A polyclonal antibodies represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen.
A well established method to produce monoclonal antibodies specific to antigen of interest.
used in,various therapies like in tumor cell removal from bone marrow, treatment in acute renal failure , in malignant leukemic cells , in immuno purification also have serological importance.
Topics included :- Introduction to monoclonal antibody; Principle for creation of hybridoma cells and steps involved in it; Second generation monoclonal antibodies; Advantages, disadvantages and applications (Diagnostic and therapeutic) of MAbs.
Presentation of Frank Hills in 1st International Antibody Validation Forum 2014St John's Laboratory Ltd
After graduating with an honours degree in Biochemistry Dr Hills worked for several years as a Clinical Scientist at St Bartholomew's hospital in London. He was awarded his PhD in 2002 from the faculty of Medicine at Queen Mary University of London. He continued his interest in reproductive science at Imperial College London where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher before joining Middlesex in 2004 as a lecturer. Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. Currently, he is research interests include investigating the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on the development of placental pathology and breast cancer. Dr Hills teaches a range of topics in biomedical science including clinical biochemistry, cellular and developmental biology as well as statistical analysis. He is author of around 30 peer-reviewed scientific articles and has refereed manuscripts for a variety of journals in the area of reproduction and endocrinology.
For more details about 1st international antibody validation forum please check on http://www.stjohnslabs.com/ac_cms/blog
Applications of rdna technology in medicinesAdarsh Patil
Applications of R-DNA Technology in medicines:
Introduction Steps involved in recombinant technology:
DNA fragments coding for proteins of interest are synthesized chemically or isolated from an organism.
These DNA fragments are inserted into an endonuclease cleavage site of the vector that does not inactivate any gene that is required for the vector’s maintenance and selective marker.
The recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host to replicate using the replication origin of the vector.
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Immunity
It can be defined as the resistance to disease, specifically to infectious disease or pathogens. The term “immune” is derived from the Latin word “immunis” that is exempt from charges. In medical term, it refers to the being protected from infectious pathogens.
Immune system
It is adaptive defense system which is able to generate a variety of cell and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of limitless foreign invaders into the system.
In 1975 Georges Kohler and Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to create hybridomas that could produce antibodies.
antibody
Also known as immunoglobulin is a large, Y shaped glycoprotein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.
monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
polyclonal antibodies
A polyclonal antibodies represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen.
A well established method to produce monoclonal antibodies specific to antigen of interest.
used in,various therapies like in tumor cell removal from bone marrow, treatment in acute renal failure , in malignant leukemic cells , in immuno purification also have serological importance.
Topics included :- Introduction to monoclonal antibody; Principle for creation of hybridoma cells and steps involved in it; Second generation monoclonal antibodies; Advantages, disadvantages and applications (Diagnostic and therapeutic) of MAbs.
Presentation of Frank Hills in 1st International Antibody Validation Forum 2014St John's Laboratory Ltd
After graduating with an honours degree in Biochemistry Dr Hills worked for several years as a Clinical Scientist at St Bartholomew's hospital in London. He was awarded his PhD in 2002 from the faculty of Medicine at Queen Mary University of London. He continued his interest in reproductive science at Imperial College London where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher before joining Middlesex in 2004 as a lecturer. Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. Currently, he is research interests include investigating the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on the development of placental pathology and breast cancer. Dr Hills teaches a range of topics in biomedical science including clinical biochemistry, cellular and developmental biology as well as statistical analysis. He is author of around 30 peer-reviewed scientific articles and has refereed manuscripts for a variety of journals in the area of reproduction and endocrinology.
For more details about 1st international antibody validation forum please check on http://www.stjohnslabs.com/ac_cms/blog
Applications of rdna technology in medicinesAdarsh Patil
Applications of R-DNA Technology in medicines:
Introduction Steps involved in recombinant technology:
DNA fragments coding for proteins of interest are synthesized chemically or isolated from an organism.
These DNA fragments are inserted into an endonuclease cleavage site of the vector that does not inactivate any gene that is required for the vector’s maintenance and selective marker.
The recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host to replicate using the replication origin of the vector.
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application ) Sakshi Ghasle
Hybridoma technology revolutionized the field of immunology by enabling the production of monoclonal antibodies with high specificity and affinity. This presentation delves into the principles of DNA hybridoma technology, highlighting its significance in antibody production, therapeutic applications, and biomedical research. Learn about the key steps involved in generating hybridomas, from immunization to antibody screening, and discover the potential of recombinant DNA techniques in enhancing antibody engineering. Whether you're a student, researcher, or industry professional, this overview will provide valuable insights into the innovative world of hybridoma technology."
Uncover the wide-ranging applications of monoclonal antibodies in areas such as cancer therapy, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and beyond. Learn about the latest advancements in antibody engineering and the development of novel therapeutic modalities, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Whether you're a seasoned researcher or a newcomer to the field, this SlideShare presentation serves as a valuable resource for understanding the principles, techniques, and applications of hybridoma technology in modern biomedicine. Join a journey through the fascinating world of monoclonal antibodies and the groundbreaking science behind their creation.
Unlock the potential of hybridoma technology and propel your research to new heights. Dive into this SlideShare presentation now and explore the limitless possibilities of monoclonal antibody production with hybridoma technology.
MAINLY FOCUSING ON MONONCLONAL ANTIBODIES,TYPES OF IT, METHOD OF PRODUCTION, FDA APPROVED MABs, & HOSPITAL COMMONLY USED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, DISSCUING THE ECONOMICS AS WELL.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies). This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammal) with an antigen that provokes an immune response.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies). This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammal) with an antigen that provokes an immune response.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation includes the information about the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology. The slides focus on the points like monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, steps involved in hybridoma technology and its analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic and some miscellaneous applications. It also includes some marketed products of monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibody-Preparation & Application - MPH201T.pptxRAHUL PAL
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins produced by a single type of B cell. They are identical to each other and recognize a specific antigen. Antigens are molecules that the body's immune system recognizes as foreign. When an antigen binds to a monoclonal antibody, it triggers a series of reactions that can lead to the destruction of the antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. They are also used in research and diagnostics.
Formulation and in vitro study of ibuprofen loaded crosslinked sodium alginat...Shouvik Mondal
Ibuprofen loaded microspheres were prepared using sodium alginate and gellan gum and were cross-linked by maleic anhydride, aluminium chloride. The resulting microspheres were evaluated by in-vitro release study, swelling index, microscopic analysis and entrapment efficiency. DSC study shows there was no interaction between drug and excipients.
Entrapment was found good in all the formulations while the maximum entrapment (97.6%) was recorded in formulation
cross-linked by aluminium chloride and their average particle size were 150 to 160 µm. Approximately 50% of drug was
released by the formulation cross-linked by aluminium chloride (F2) over a period of 6 hours. From this experiment, it is observed that the formulation with cross-linked by aluminium chloride is the better formulation among others due to good release profile and entrapment efficiency.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. Monoclonal Antibody
taji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy
Tatla, Chakdaha, Nadia
Presented By
Shouvik Mondal
M.Pharm (Pharmaceuctics)
2. • An antibody is a Y-shape protein used by the
immune system to identify and neutralize foreign
objects like bacteria and viruses.
• Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) are antibodies that
are identical because they are produced by one type
of immune cell, all clones of single parent cell
• In 1984, George Kohler & Cesar Milstein - Nobel Prize
Introduction
3. Murine monoclonal
Antibody
• Whole antibody is of
murine origin
• Major problems with
murine MAbs include
Allergic reactions,
Anaphylactic shock.
Chimeric
monoclonal
Antibody
• Chimeric antibodies
composed of murine
variable regions fused
onto human constant
regions.
• Antibodies are
approximately
65% human
Humanised
monoclonal
Antibody
• Humanised antibodies
are Produced by grafting
murine domains into
human antibodies
• This results in a
molecule of
approximately 95%
human origin
Human monoclonal Antibody
• Antibodies are produced By
transferring human Immunoglobulin
genes Into the murine genome,
After which the Transgenic mouse is
Vaccinated against the Desired
antigen, leading to the production
of monoclonal antibodies.
Type
4. Production Of Monoclonal Antibodies
1. Immunization
2. Cell fusion
3. Selection of hybridomas
4. Screening the products
5. Cloning &
propagation & Storage
Cell in HAT medium
6. • For this we need to test the culture
medium for desired antibody
specificity.
• Test like ELISA and RIA are used for
this.
• Thus the hybridomas producing
desired antibodies are identified. The
antibodies are referred as monoclonal
antibodies
Selection of hybridomas3. Screening the products4.
HAT medium
• lack of HGPRT
enzyme
• Aminopterin in
HAT medium
Culture Medium
Spleen Fused Myeloma
Fused cells
7. Mono clonal antibody are isolated and cloned by
a) Limiting dilution method:
b) Soft agar method: Hybridoma cells are grown
in soft agar. These form colonies and the
colonies are monoclonal in nature
• Biochemical and biophysical
characterization are made for
desired specificity.
• It is important to note the
monoclonal antibody is
specific for which antigen
• MAbs must be characterized
for their ability to withstand
freezing and thawing.
Cloning and propagation5. Storage6.
8. • Large scale production
Encapsulating the hybridoma cells in alginate gels
and using a coating solution containing poly-lysine.
These gels allow the nutrients to enter in and
antibodies to come out.
Damon biotech and cell-tech companies are using
this technique for commercial production of MAbs.
Other Method Of Preparation
• Polymerisation chain reaction (PCR)
9. Diagnostic Applications
• Pregnancy testing kits
• The Western blot test and immuno
dot blot tests
• HIV diagnostic kit
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Location of metastatic tumours
• Purity of substance – Affinity
chromatography
Therapeutic Applications
• Transplant rejection
• Infectious inhalational anthrax
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cancer Infectious diseases
• Autoimmune Disorder
Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
10. 1. Slow elimination of monoclonal antibodies from the blood, poor
permeability.
2. Mice used in MAb production carry Hepatic virus, Thymic virus.
2. May bind with the targeted epitopes present on other tissues, which
may lead to the damage of normal cells.
3. Side effect may be increased through administering high dose
4. The main difficulty is that mouse antibodies are rejected by the
human immune system.
Two approaches are used to reduce the problem:
● Chimeric antibodies
● Humanised antibodies eg: Absiximab
Limitation
11. The first approved mAbs was OKT-3. Prevents acute rejection
of kidney transplants .
Until Feb,2015 , 47 mAbs are available globally for commercial
sale.
Abciximab
Basiliximab
Daclizumab etc.
Dual-Variable Domain Immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) technology –
Increased binding of an epitope.
Editor's Notes
Formation of complexe
3 days prior to killing of animal a final dose is given intravenously.
centrifugation
Hypoxanthine Guanine Phospho Ribosyl Transferase
Screening is done for antibody specificity
in HAT medium for 7-10 days
salvage pathway de novo synthesis
Liquid nitrogen
human chorionic gonadotrophin
(HIV-1) p24 protein is secreted in blood serum at high levels during the early stages of HIV-1 infection
immuno dot blot tests detect the protein on a membrane.
Bone marrow transplantation Therapeutic
