Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single B cell clone that recognize a specific epitope. They are produced through the fusion of B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell line. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications, including use in diagnostic tests to detect substances like hormones and tumor markers, diagnostic imaging by delivering radioisotopes to target areas, and directly targeting diseases or purifying proteins through immunoaffinity chromatography. Their specificity and ability to target single epitopes makes them useful research and medical tools.
Monoclonal Antibody-Preparation & Application - MPH201T.pptxRAHUL PAL
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins produced by a single type of B cell. They are identical to each other and recognize a specific antigen. Antigens are molecules that the body's immune system recognizes as foreign. When an antigen binds to a monoclonal antibody, it triggers a series of reactions that can lead to the destruction of the antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. They are also used in research and diagnostics.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
Monoclonal Antibody-Preparation & Application - MPH201T.pptxRAHUL PAL
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins produced by a single type of B cell. They are identical to each other and recognize a specific antigen. Antigens are molecules that the body's immune system recognizes as foreign. When an antigen binds to a monoclonal antibody, it triggers a series of reactions that can lead to the destruction of the antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. They are also used in research and diagnostics.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Topics included :- Introduction to monoclonal antibody; Principle for creation of hybridoma cells and steps involved in it; Second generation monoclonal antibodies; Advantages, disadvantages and applications (Diagnostic and therapeutic) of MAbs.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation includes the information about the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology. The slides focus on the points like monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, steps involved in hybridoma technology and its analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic and some miscellaneous applications. It also includes some marketed products of monoclonal antibodies.
What are Antibody
Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Structure of mAb
Types of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody
Hybridoma Technique, Phage display Technique
Application of Monoclonal Antibody
Advantage and Disadvantage of Monoclonal Antibody
What are antibodies?
An antibody is a protein used by immune system to identify and neutralize foreign agents like bacteria and viruses.
Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Topics included :- Introduction to monoclonal antibody; Principle for creation of hybridoma cells and steps involved in it; Second generation monoclonal antibodies; Advantages, disadvantages and applications (Diagnostic and therapeutic) of MAbs.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation includes the information about the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology. The slides focus on the points like monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, steps involved in hybridoma technology and its analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic and some miscellaneous applications. It also includes some marketed products of monoclonal antibodies.
What are Antibody
Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Structure of mAb
Types of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody
Hybridoma Technique, Phage display Technique
Application of Monoclonal Antibody
Advantage and Disadvantage of Monoclonal Antibody
What are antibodies?
An antibody is a protein used by immune system to identify and neutralize foreign agents like bacteria and viruses.
Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
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sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
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z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
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2. What are antibodies?
2
• An antibody is a
neutralize foreign
protein used by immune system to identify and
objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody
recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
• The high specificity of antibodies makes them an excellent tool for
detecting and quantifying a broad array of targets, from drugs to serum
proteins to microorganisms.
• With in vitro assays, antibodies can be used to precipitate soluble antigens,
agglutinate (clump) cells, opsonize and kill bacteria with the assistance of
complement, and neutralize drugs, toxins, and viruses.
3. Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins, generated from a
single B-Cell clone.
These antibodies recognize unique epitopes or binding sites on a single
antigen.
Derivation from a single B-Cell clone and subsequent targeting of a single
epitome is what differentiates monoclonal antibodies from polyclonal
antibodies.
Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines.
They differ in amino acid sequences.
4. •Characters of monoclonal antibodies
•Monoclonal Antibodies (mAB) are a single type of antibody that are
identical and directed against a specific epitope (antigen, antigenic
determinant) and are produced by B-Cell clones of a single parent or a
single hybridoma cell line.
•A hybridoma cell line is formed by the fusion of one B-cell lymphocyte
with a myeloma cell.
•Some myeloma cell synthesizes single mAB antibodies naturally.
5. Advantages of Monoclonal Antibodies
•Though expensive mAB is cheaper to develop than conventional
drugs because it is based on tested technology.
•Side effects can be treated and reduced by using mice-human
hybrid cells or by using fractions of antibodies.
•They bind to specific diseased or damaged cells needing treatment.
•They treat a wide range of conditions.
6. Disadvantages of Monoclonal Antibodies
•A time-consuming method as it requires an average of 6-9 months.
•It is very expensive and needs considerable effort to produce them.
•Small peptide and fragment antigens may not be good antigens-monoclonal
antibodies may not recognize the original antigen.
•Hybridoma culture may be subject to contamination.
•The system is only well developed for limited animals and not for other
animals.
•More than 99% of the cells do not survive during the fusion process-reducing
the range of useful antibodies that can be produced against an antigen.
•It is every possibility that immunogenicity can be generated.
7. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies
•Monoclonal Antibodies Products (mAB) are produced by cells lines or clones
obtained from the immunized animals with the substances. Cell lines are
produced by fusing B-cells from the immunized animal with myeloma cells.
•To produce the desired mAB, the cells must be grown in either of two ways:
• 1. By Injection into the peritoneal cavity of a suitably prepared mouse (in vivo
method).
• 2. In vitro Tissue Culture.
•The vitro tissue culture is the method used when the cells are placed in a culture
outside the mouse, the mouse’s body in the flask.
9. Practical Steps for Production
•Immunize animal.
•Isolate spleen cells (containing antibody-produced B-cell).
•Fuse spleen cells with myeloma cells (using PEG).
•Allow infused B-cells to die.
•Add aminopterin to culture and kill unfused myeloma cells.
•Clone remaining cells (place 1 cell/wall and allow each cell to grow into a
clone of the cell).
•Screen supernatant of each clone for the presence of the desired antibody.
•Grow chosen clone of cells in tissue culture indefinitely.
•Harvest antibody from the culture.
11. Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
1.Diagnostic Applications: (a) Biochemical
analysis (b) Diagnostic imaging
2.Therapeutic Applications: (a) Direct use of mAB’s as
therapeutic agents (b) mAB’s as targeting agents
3.Protein Purification
12. 1. Diagnostic Applications:
(a) Biochemical Analysis:
•It is used in the Radioimmuno assays (RIA) and Enzyme-linked
Immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in the Laboratory.
•These assays measure the circulating concentration of Hormones (Insulin,
HcGHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin, Growth Hormone, Progesterone,
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) several other
tissue and cell products (Blood Group antigen, Blood clotting factors,
interferon’s, interleukins, tumor markers).
13. Example:
•Hormonal disorders analysis of thyroxine, triiodothyronine.
•Cancer estimation of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal
cancers and prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer.
(b) Diagnostic Imaging:
Radiolabelled in imaging of diseases and this technique is referred to as
Immunoscintigraphy. Radioisotopes commonly used for labeling mAB are Iodine-
131 and technetium-99. The mAB tagged with a radioisotope is injected
intravenously into the patients.
These mAB’s localize at specific sites (say a tumor) which can be detected by
imaging the Radioactivity.
Myocardial Infarction, DVT, Atherosclerosis, etc.
14. 2. Direct Use of mAB’s as Therapeutic Agents:
•In destroying disease-causing organisms – mAB’s promote efficient
opsonization of Pathogenic organisms (by coating with antibodies) and
enhance Phagocytosis.
•In Immunosuppression of Organ Transplantation: In normal medical
practice, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and
prednisolone are administered to overcome the rejection of organ
transplantation. Nowadays mAB’s specific to T-Lymphocyte surface
antigen is being used for this purpose.
15. 3. Protein Purification:
•mAB’s can be produced for any protein so the produced mAB’s
purification is required against which it is raised.
•mAB’s columns can be prepared by coupling them to cyanogen bromide
activated sepharose (chromatographic matrix). The immobilized mAB’s in
this manner is very useful for the purification of Proteins by the
immunoaffinity method.
•There are certain advantages of using mAB’s for protein purification.
These include the specificity of the mAB to bid to the desired protein, very
efficient elution from the chromatographic column and a high degree of
purification.