This document discusses operational amplifiers and their applications. It focuses on using op-amps as zero crossing detectors, comparators, and waveform generators. It explains how inverted and non-inverted zero crossing detectors and comparators work by outputting either +Vsat or -Vsat depending on the input voltage. Applications of zero crossing detectors include square wave generators and microprocessor triggering circuits. The document is presented by Mr. C.R. Shinde from Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre, Nashik.
Zero crossing detector detects how many times the input signal crossed the Zero value or Zero voltage level. Zero cross detector is basically a comparator circuit that compares the input sinusoidal signal or Sine wave signal with the zero voltage level, In other words, we can say that this detects the voltage changing from positive level to negative level and negative level to positive level. The output of the zero-cross detector changes when the input voltage crosses the zero level to High or High to zero.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Zero crossing detector detects how many times the input signal crossed the Zero value or Zero voltage level. Zero cross detector is basically a comparator circuit that compares the input sinusoidal signal or Sine wave signal with the zero voltage level, In other words, we can say that this detects the voltage changing from positive level to negative level and negative level to positive level. The output of the zero-cross detector changes when the input voltage crosses the zero level to High or High to zero.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
A silicon controlled rectifier or semiconductor controlled rectifier is a four-layer solid-state current-controlling device. The principle of four-layer p–n–p–n switching was developed by Moll, Tanenbaum, Goldey and Holonyak of Bell Laboratories in 1956.
For more notes on basics of electronics will see on https://www.slideshare.net/ATHEENAMILAGIPANDIAN/edit_my_uploads
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
Linear Ramp generator
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
Used as a quad timer
10. Conclusion
Hence 555 IC timer can produce very accurate and stable time delays, from microseconds to hours. It can be used with supply voltage varying from 5 to 18 V. Timer can be used in monostable mode of operation or astable mode of operation. Its various applications include waveform generator, missing pulse detector, frequency divider, pulse width modulator, burglar alarm, FSK generator, ramp generator, pulse position modulator etc.
single phase half bridge inverter, full bridge inverter, parallel inverter, load commutated inverter with working and waveforms.
download and watch the animations. it will be effective.
single phase bridge inverter harmonic analysis.
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
To turn on a Thyristor, there are various triggering methods in which a trigger pulse is applied at its Gate terminal. Similarly, there are various techniques to turn off a Thyristor, these techniques are called Thyristor Commutation Techniques.
A silicon controlled rectifier or semiconductor controlled rectifier is a four-layer solid-state current-controlling device. The principle of four-layer p–n–p–n switching was developed by Moll, Tanenbaum, Goldey and Holonyak of Bell Laboratories in 1956.
For more notes on basics of electronics will see on https://www.slideshare.net/ATHEENAMILAGIPANDIAN/edit_my_uploads
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
Linear Ramp generator
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
Used as a quad timer
10. Conclusion
Hence 555 IC timer can produce very accurate and stable time delays, from microseconds to hours. It can be used with supply voltage varying from 5 to 18 V. Timer can be used in monostable mode of operation or astable mode of operation. Its various applications include waveform generator, missing pulse detector, frequency divider, pulse width modulator, burglar alarm, FSK generator, ramp generator, pulse position modulator etc.
single phase half bridge inverter, full bridge inverter, parallel inverter, load commutated inverter with working and waveforms.
download and watch the animations. it will be effective.
single phase bridge inverter harmonic analysis.
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
To turn on a Thyristor, there are various triggering methods in which a trigger pulse is applied at its Gate terminal. Similarly, there are various techniques to turn off a Thyristor, these techniques are called Thyristor Commutation Techniques.
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2. Unit 04: Operational Amplifier Applications.
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 2
1. Introduction to Op-Amp
2. Op-Amp as zero crossing detector (ZCD) and comparator.
3. Op-Amp as Schmitt trigger.
4. Op-Amp as V-I and I-V converters.
5. Op-Amp as Instrumentation amplifier.
6. Waveform generation using Op-Amp - sine, square, saw
tooth and triangular generator.
3. Op-Amp as zero crossing detector (ZCD)
and comparator.
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 3
4. zero crossing detector (ZCD)
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 4
Inverted ZCD Non-inverted ZCD
+Vsat for Vd < 0
-V sat for Vd > 0
+Vsat for Vd > 0
-V sat for Vd < 0
5. Inverted ZCD
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 5
+Vsat for Vd < 0
-V sat for Vd > 0
6. Non-inverted ZCD
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 6
+Vsat for Vd > 0
-V sat for Vd < 0
Draw input
output
waveform
7. Application of ZCD
1. Square wave generator
2. In the main supply synchronizing circuit.
3. Microprocessor based triggering circuit for thyristors.
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 7
10. Inverted Comparator
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 10
+ Vsat for Vin < Vref
- V sat for Vin > Vref
11. Thank you
Mr. C. R. Shinde
Electrical Engineering Department
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research centre, Nashik
If you have any query, ask me anytime on…… … .. . . .
cshinde58@gmail.com
chandrakant.shinde@matoshri.edu.in
9970031353
Unit 4_Module2 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 11
