The document discusses Karnaugh maps and their use in simplifying Boolean expressions. It covers the basics of K-maps including their structure for 2, 3, and 4 variables and the rules for grouping cells to find the minimum expressions. Examples are provided to demonstrate mapping standard and nonstandard expressions to K-maps and grouping cells to arrive at simplified sums-of-products forms. The use of "don't care" conditions is also illustrated.
Implementation of Low Power and Area-Efficient Carry Select AdderIJMTST Journal
Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing processors to perform
fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area
and power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a simple and efficient gate-level modification to
significantly reduce the area and power of the CSLA. Based on this modification 8-, 16-, 32-,-b square-root
CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA
architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA
with only a slight increase in the delay. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in
terms of delay, area, power, and their products by hand with logical effort and through custom design and
layout in 0.18-m CMOS process technology. The results analysis shows that the proposed CSLA structure is
better than the regular SQRT CSLA.
FPGA Implementation of High Speed Architecture of CSLA using D-LatchesEditor IJMTER
Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing
processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. The CSLA is used in many systems to overcome the
problem of carry propagation delay by independently generating multiple carries and then select a
carry to generate the sum. But the CSLA is not area efficient because it uses multiple pairs of Ripple
Carry Adders (RCA). Due to the rapidly growing mobile industry not only the faster arithmetic unit
but also less area and low power arithmetic units are needed. The modified CSLA architecture has
developed using Binary to Excess-1 converter (BEC). This paper proposes an efficient method which
replaces the BEC using D latch. Designs were developed using structural VHDL and synthesized in
Xilinx 13.2 with reference to FPGA device XC3S500E.
Implementation of Low Power and Area-Efficient Carry Select AdderIJMTST Journal
Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing processors to perform
fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area
and power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a simple and efficient gate-level modification to
significantly reduce the area and power of the CSLA. Based on this modification 8-, 16-, 32-,-b square-root
CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA
architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA
with only a slight increase in the delay. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in
terms of delay, area, power, and their products by hand with logical effort and through custom design and
layout in 0.18-m CMOS process technology. The results analysis shows that the proposed CSLA structure is
better than the regular SQRT CSLA.
FPGA Implementation of High Speed Architecture of CSLA using D-LatchesEditor IJMTER
Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing
processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. The CSLA is used in many systems to overcome the
problem of carry propagation delay by independently generating multiple carries and then select a
carry to generate the sum. But the CSLA is not area efficient because it uses multiple pairs of Ripple
Carry Adders (RCA). Due to the rapidly growing mobile industry not only the faster arithmetic unit
but also less area and low power arithmetic units are needed. The modified CSLA architecture has
developed using Binary to Excess-1 converter (BEC). This paper proposes an efficient method which
replaces the BEC using D latch. Designs were developed using structural VHDL and synthesized in
Xilinx 13.2 with reference to FPGA device XC3S500E.
Implementation of Low Power and Area Efficient Carry Select Adderinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The presentation discusses about the following topics:
DBMS Architecture
Relational Algebra Review
Relational calculus
Relational calculus building blocks
Tuple relational calculus
Tuple relational calculus Formulas
When spatial data are distributed across multiple servers, there is an obvious difficulty with computing the likelihood function without combining all the data onto one server. Therefore, it would be of interest to compute estimates of the spatial parameters based on decompositions of the spatial held into blocks, each block corresponding to one server. Two methods suggest themselves, a \between blocks" approach in which each block is reduced to a single observation (or a low dimensional summary) to facilitate calculation of a likelihood across blocks, or a within blocks" approach in which the likelihood is calculated for each block and then combined into an overall likelihood for the full process. In fact, I argue that a hybrid approach that combines both ideas is best. Theoretical calculations are provided for the statistical efficiency of each approach. In conclusion, I will present some thoughts for optimal sampling designs with distributed data.
Data Structure is a way of collecting and organising data in such a way that we can perform operations on these data in an effective way. Data Structures is about rendering data elements in terms of some relationship, for better organization and storage. For example, we have data player's name "Virat" and age 26. Here "Virat" is of String data type and 26 is of integer data type.
We can organize this data as a record like Player record. Now we can collect and store player's records in a file or database as a data structure. For example: "Dhoni" 30, "Gambhir" 31, "Sehwag" 33
In simple language, Data Structures are structures programmed to store ordered data, so that various operations can be performed on it easily.
Implementation of Low Power and Area Efficient Carry Select Adderinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The presentation discusses about the following topics:
DBMS Architecture
Relational Algebra Review
Relational calculus
Relational calculus building blocks
Tuple relational calculus
Tuple relational calculus Formulas
When spatial data are distributed across multiple servers, there is an obvious difficulty with computing the likelihood function without combining all the data onto one server. Therefore, it would be of interest to compute estimates of the spatial parameters based on decompositions of the spatial held into blocks, each block corresponding to one server. Two methods suggest themselves, a \between blocks" approach in which each block is reduced to a single observation (or a low dimensional summary) to facilitate calculation of a likelihood across blocks, or a within blocks" approach in which the likelihood is calculated for each block and then combined into an overall likelihood for the full process. In fact, I argue that a hybrid approach that combines both ideas is best. Theoretical calculations are provided for the statistical efficiency of each approach. In conclusion, I will present some thoughts for optimal sampling designs with distributed data.
Data Structure is a way of collecting and organising data in such a way that we can perform operations on these data in an effective way. Data Structures is about rendering data elements in terms of some relationship, for better organization and storage. For example, we have data player's name "Virat" and age 26. Here "Virat" is of String data type and 26 is of integer data type.
We can organize this data as a record like Player record. Now we can collect and store player's records in a file or database as a data structure. For example: "Dhoni" 30, "Gambhir" 31, "Sehwag" 33
In simple language, Data Structures are structures programmed to store ordered data, so that various operations can be performed on it easily.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. Unit 01 : Design of combinational circuit
M1:-Introductions
M2:- Booleans algebra, De-Morgan theory.
M3:- Karnaugh map: structure for two, three and four Variables, SOP and
POS form reduction of Boolean expressions by K-map.
M4:- Design of combinational circuits using Boolean expression and K-
map.
M5:- encoder, decoder, half and full adder.
Unit 1_Module4 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 2
3. The Karnaugh Map
Unit 1_Module4 3
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
4. What is K-Map
• It’s similar to truth table; instead of being organized
(i/p and o/p) into columns and rows, the K-map is an
array of cells in which each cell represents a binary
value of the input variables.
• The cells are arranged in a way so that simplification of
a given expression is simply a matter of properly
grouping the cells.
• K-maps can be used for expressions with 2, 3, 4, and 5
variables.
Unit 1_Module4 4
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
5. 2 Variable K Map for SOP
There are 4 cells as shown:
B
A
0 1
0
1
B
A B
A
AB
B
A
Unit 1_Module4 5
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
6. 3 Variable K Map for SOP
There are 8 cells as shown:
C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
C
B
A C
B
A
C
B
A BC
A
C
AB ABC
C
B
A C
B
A
Unit 1_Module4 6
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
7. 4 Variable K Map for SOP
CD
AB
00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10 D
C
B
A
D
C
AB
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
AB
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
CD
B
A
ABCD
BCD
A
CD
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
ABC
D
BC
A
D
C
B
A
Unit 1_Module4 7
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
8. 2 Variable K Map for POS
There are 4 cells as shown:
B
A
0 1
0
1 B
A
B
A
B
A B
A
Unit 1_Module4 8
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
9. 3 Variable K Map for POS
There are 8 cells as shown:
C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
Unit 1_Module4 9
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
10. 4 Variable K Map for POS
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
Unit 1_Module4 10
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
11. Cell Adjacency
CD
AB
00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
Unit 1_Module4 11
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
12. K-Map SOP Minimization
The K-Map is used for simplifying Boolean expressions to
their minimal form.
A minimized SOP expression contains the fewest possible
terms with fewest possible variables per term.
Generally, a minimum SOP expression can be implemented
with fewer logic gates than a standard expression.
Unit 1_Module4 12
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
13. Mapping a Standard SOP Expression
For an SOP expression in
standard form:
A 1 is placed on the K-map
for each product term in
the expression.
Each 1 is placed in a cell
corresponding to the value
of a product term.
Example: for the product
term , a 1 goes in the
101 cell on a 3-variable
map.
C
B
A
C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
C
B
A C
B
A
C
B
A BC
A
C
AB ABC
C
B
A C
B
A1
Unit 1_Module4 13
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
14. C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
Mapping a Standard SOP Expression (full
example)
The expression:
C
B
A
C
AB
C
B
A
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
AB
ABCD
D
C
AB
D
C
B
A
CD
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
BC
A
ABC
C
AB
C
B
A
C
B
A
000 001 110 100
1 1
1
1
Practice:
Unit 1_Module4 14
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
15. Mapping a Nonstandard SOP Expression
Map the following SOP expressions on K-maps:
D
BC
A
D
AC
D
C
A
CD
B
A
D
C
B
A
D
C
B
A
C
AB
B
A
C
B
C
A
BC
C
AB
B
A
A
Unit 1_Module4 15
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
16. Grouping the 1s (rules)
1. A group must contain either 1,2,4,8,or 16 cells
(depending on number of variables in the
expression)
2. Each cell in a group must be adjacent to one or more
cells in that same group, but all cells in the group do
not have to be adjacent to each other.
3. Always include the largest possible number of 1s in a
group in accordance with rule 1.
4. Each 1 on the map must be included in at least one
group. The 1s already in a group can be included in
another group as long as the overlapping groups
include noncommon 1s.
Unit 1_Module4 16
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
17. Grouping the 1s (example)
C
AB 0 1
00 1
01 1
11 1 1
10
C
AB 0 1
00 1 1
01 1
11 1
10 1 1
Unit 1_Module4 17
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
18. Grouping the 1s (example)
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
01 1 1 1 1
11
10 1 1
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
01 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
Unit 1_Module4 18
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
19. Determining the Minimum SOP Expression from
the Map (example)
CD
AB
00 01 11 10
00 1 1
01 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
10 1
B
C
A
D
C
A
D
C
A
C
A
B
Unit 1_Module4 19
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
20. Determining the Minimum SOP Expression from
the Map (exercises)
C
B
A
BC
AB
AC
C
A
B
C
AB 0 1
00 1
01 1
11 1 1
10
C
AB 0 1
00 1 1
01 1
11 1
10 1 1
Unit 1_Module4 20
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
21. Determining the Minimum SOP Expression from
the Map (exercises)
D
B
A
C
A
B
A
C
B
C
B
A
D
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
01 1 1 1 1
11
10 1 1
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
01 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
Unit 1_Module4 21
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
23. Mapping Directly from a Truth Table
I/P O/P
A B C X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
1
1
1
1
Unit 1_Module4 23
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
24. “Don’t Care” Conditions
Sometimes a situation arises in which some input
variable combinations are not allowed, i.e. BCD code:
There are six invalid combinations: 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110,
and 1111.
Since these unallowed states will never occur in an
application involving the BCD code they can be
treated as “don’t care” terms with respect to their effect
on the output.
The “don’t care” terms can be used to advantage on the
K-map (how? see the next slide).
Unit 1_Module4 24
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
25. “Don’t Care” Conditions
INPUTS O/P
A B C D Y
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 X
1 0 1 1 X
1 1 0 0 X
1 1 0 1 X
1 1 1 0 X
1 1 1 1 X
CD
AB
00 01 11 10
00
01 1
11 x x x x
10 1 1 x x
BCD
A
C
B
A
Y
BCD
A
Y
Without “don’t care”
With “don’t care”
Unit 1_Module4 25
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
26. C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
Mapping a Standard POS Expression (full
example)
The expression:
)
)(
)(
)(
( C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
000 010 110 101
0
0
0
0
Unit 1_Module4 26
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik
27. K-map Simplification of POS Expression
)
)(
)(
)(
)(
( C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
AB
0 1
00
01
11
10
0 0
0 0
0
C
B
A
1
1
1
)
( C
B
A
Unit 1_Module4 27
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik
28. Which is correct grouping?
a b
Unit 1_Module4
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik 28
29. Which is correct grouping?
a b
Unit 1_Module4
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik 29
30. Which is correct grouping?
a b
Unit 1_Module4
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik 30
31. Which is correct grouping?
a b
Unit 1_Module4
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center
Nashik 31
38. Thank you
Mr. C. R. Shinde
Electrical Engineering Department
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research centre, Nashik
If you have any query, ask me anytime on…… … .. . . .
cshinde58@gmail.com
chandrakant.shinde@matoshri.edu.in
9970031353
Unit 1_Module4 Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center Nashik 38