Module 4 ionzing detection units, american fork fire rescue
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This document discusses photoionization detectors (PIDs) which are commonly used to detect toxic gases. It describes how PIDs work by using an ultraviolet lamp to ionize gas molecules, producing a change in electrical activity that is measured. Different types of lamps can ionize different gases. PIDs are useful because they can detect a wide range of organic and some inorganic gases down to low parts-per-million concentrations, but do not identify the specific gas. The document outlines advantages and limitations of PIDs, such as sensitivity levels and effects of humidity, particulates or gas mixtures on readings.
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Electronic nose
This document provides an overview of electronic noses. It defines an electronic nose as a device that detects odors or flavors using an array of sensors that generate electrical signals in response to volatile compounds. The document then discusses the basic design of an electronic nose and how it works, comparing it to the biological nose. It also outlines common sensor technologies, applications such as medical diagnosis and food quality control, and concludes that while not as sensitive as the mammalian nose, the electronic nose is a useful analytical tool.
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This document summarizes a presentation on electronic noses. It begins with an introduction comparing biological noses to electronic noses. The need for electronic noses is that they are faster, more reliable, and can detect hazardous gases that humans cannot. The basic design of an electronic nose involves pulling a gas sample through a sensor array to produce response signals. Common sensor technologies are described along with the sample delivery, detection, and computing systems of electronic noses. Applications discussed include medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food quality control, and explosive detection. In conclusion, while electronic noses are cheaper and faster than biological noses, they still cannot match the sensitivity and selectivity of mammalian noses.
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Electronic nose
This is Description on Electronic Nose. In this embedded system in biomedical technology is explained.
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Electronic nose
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2) As copper sulphate concentration increased from 0.02N to 0.4N, resistance decreased, then slightly increased, indicating the sensor is more sensitive at lower concentrations.
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We used a sensitive but nonspecific photoionization detector (PID) with a 10.6eV lamp to measure mercury, which has an ionization potential of 10.43eV.
The PID responds to both mercury and VOC’s so the VOC’s have to be removed to make the technique specific for mercury.
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2) The electronic nose contains an array of gas sensors that detect patterns in the VOCs, and principal component analysis is used to analyze the sensor signals.
3) Comparison of the VOC patterns with a reference library can diagnose tuberculosis with high sensitivity and determine the degree of similarity to reference samples.
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The GASERA ONE FORMALDEHYDE analyzer can achieve below 1 ppb detection limit, which is well below the 16 ppb recommendation for occupational exposure limit by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA.
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1) An electrical paper sensor was developed to detect chemicals such as sulphate ions. The sensor measured resistance of solutions containing copper sulphate at various concentrations.
2) As copper sulphate concentration increased from 0.02N to 0.4N, resistance decreased, then slightly increased, indicating the sensor is more sensitive at lower concentrations.
3) Barium chloride was added, precipitating some sulphate ions. Resistance decreased confirming the presence of sulphate ions. The experiment validated the sensor for quantitative analysis of sulphate ions.
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2) This new technique allows for highly sensitive detection of VOCs like 2-ethyl-1-hexanol at the parts-per-trillion level and provides results quickly without the need for lengthy laboratory analysis.
3) The technique was tested on a floor covering sample from a building with known indoor air quality issues and was able to clearly identify the spectral signature of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, demonstrating its potential for fast on-site emission monitoring of problem flooring.
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2. Biosensors convert biological responses into electrical signals and can be used to monitor things like electrolyte concentration, pH, and specific proteins in small samples.
3. They are typically constructed using enzyme-based biochemical reactions connected to ion-selective field-effect transistors or chemically-sensitive field-effect transistors for detection and can take the form of microreactors with immobilized enzymes.
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Chemiluminescence is the emission of light from a chemical reaction and can be used for analytical testing. It involves reactions that produce electronically excited molecules that then decay to ground state while emitting photons of light. Common substances used include luminol, acridinium esters, and ruthenium derivatives. When oxidized, typically with hydrogen peroxide, intermediates are produced in excited states. As they return to ground state, light is emitted. This light can be measured with high sensitivity for applications like immunoassays, liquid chromatography detection, and clinical diagnostics. Advantages include stability, low toxicity, high sensitivity down to attomole and zeptomole levels, and fast results.
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This document discusses luminescence and various types of luminescence including chemiluminescence. It provides examples of chemiluminescence in nature from fireflies, marine microorganisms, and anglerfish. The document then examines the chemical reaction underlying chemiluminescence and provides examples of its applications in forensic science, biomedical research, glow sticks, gas-phase reactions, and DNA hybridization detection.
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Separation of mercury from VOC’s and selective detection using gold film ama...
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We used a sensitive but nonspecific photoionization detector (PID) with a 10.6eV lamp to measure mercury, which has an ionization potential of 10.43eV.
The PID responds to both mercury and VOC’s so the VOC’s have to be removed to make the technique specific for mercury.
The chemistry of the gold/mercury amalgam makes this method specific for mercury and eliminates interferences from VOC’s.
This technique also concentrates the sample making the method sensitive to sub ppb levels.
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Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is an extremely valuable
analytical technique in which the molecules
in a test sample are converted into gaseous
ions that are subsequently separated in a mass
spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z) and detected .
Mass Spectrometry Ionization Techniques
The document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. It describes how samples must be ionized before being introduced into the mass spectrometer's vacuum system. The techniques discussed include electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) for gas-phase samples, and fast atom bombardment (FAB), electrospray ionization (ESI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for condensed-phase samples. Each technique has advantages and limitations depending on the type of sample being analyzed and information required.
Mass spectrometry
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It defines mass spectrometry as a technique for determining the molecular mass and composition of organic and inorganic compounds. The document outlines the basic components and working principle of a mass spectrometer. It discusses sample ionization, mass analysis, and ion detection. Fragmentation patterns are described along with examples of mass spectra for different compound classes like alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and alcohols. The history of mass spectrometry is also summarized.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Mass spectrometer converts molecules to ions under vacuum so that they can be moved about and manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields.
These ions are then separated and determined. Separation is achieved on different trajectories of moving ions in electrical and/or magnetic fields.
*Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
*Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)
*Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Analyzer
Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry in food-related analysis
*LC-MS coupling techniques
*HPLC-MS coupling techniques
*MALDI-TOF-MS
*ESI-MS
instrumentation of mass spectrometry
This document provides an overview of the key components and operating principles of mass spectrometry. It discusses the inlet system, ion sources, mass analyzers, detectors, and vacuum system. Common types of ion sources like electron impact and chemical ionization are described. Popular mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and double focusing are explained. The document also covers the theory behind how mass spectrometry separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and discusses the need for high vacuum levels in mass spectrometers.
Detectors in GC
Detectors in Gas Chromatography are devices used to detect and measure compounds eluting from the GC column. The document discusses several common detectors including:
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Mass spectrometry
The document provides information about mass spectrometry including:
- Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that uses instruments called mass spectrometers to identify molecules by breaking them into ionized fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.
- The basic components of a mass spectrometer are the sample inlet, ionization source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization sources are electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and electron ionization. Common mass analyzers are quadrupoles, ion traps, and time-of-flight.
- Mass spectrometry has a variety of applications and has undergone significant technological developments since its invention in the early 20th
Mass spectroscopy pdf
This document provides an introduction to mass spectrometry, including definitions, principles, instrumentation, ionization techniques, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes how mass spectrometry works to ionize chemical compounds and measure their mass-to-charge ratios to determine molecular structures. The key components of a mass spectrometer and various ionization methods are defined. Applications including qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, proteomics, and combination with chromatography are summarized.
Mass Spectrometry in Pharmacognosy
This ppt explains the basics of mass spectrometry and in application in pharmacognosy. Hope this helps you guys. Like, comment and save. If you hav problem downloading, send your email address; i'll post it for you by mail :)
Enjoy the presentation.
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This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses how mass spectrometry works by ionizing sample molecules and then separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The key components of a mass spectrometer are described, including sample introduction systems, ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors. Common techniques like electron ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are also summarized. The document outlines the wide applications of mass spectrometry across many scientific fields.
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a technique that converts a sample to gas-phase ions which are then separated by mass and charge. It involves ionization of the sample using electron bombardment or other methods, mass analysis using magnetic or electric fields to separate ions, and detection of ion abundances. Mass spectrometry can be used to determine molecular masses and obtain structural information through fragmentation patterns.
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- 1. 1
- 2. Objectives Describe the ionization process Describe the various types of ionization detection devices Identify the uses for ionization detection devices Compare types of ionization detection types and use in emergency response 2
- 3. Photoionization Dectectors The most common detector of general toxic risk is the photoionization detector PID are very common in the scientific community Several methods to provide the ionizing energy through ionization PID uses an ultraviolet lamp. The method of ionization may vary but the end results are the same Vapor is separated and the resulting change in electrical activity is measured against a know gas. PID detects a variety of gases. LEL sensor does not detect low enough to protect responders against toxic risk. 3
- 4. Photoionization Dectectors Can detect organic and some inorganic gases. Ammonia, Arsine, Phosphine, Hydrogen Sulfide, Bromine, Iodine. Has the ability to detect a wide variety of gases in small amounts Dose not indicate what the material is It justifies that something is in the air 4
- 5. Photoionization Detectors (PID) May be built into a multi-gas meter Advantage – sensitivity PID starts to read at 0.1 ppm to 2,000 or 10,000 ppm LEL typically will start to read at 50 ppm RAE systems has PPB RAE Can detect down to 1 PPB LEL sensor identifies flammability issues PID determines toxic risk – PEL less than 500 ppm are considered toxic 5
- 6. Photoionization PID uses ultraviolet lamp to ionize gas Gas sample has various molecules Neutrons (neutral), protons (positive), electrons (negative) Ionization–electron is removed resulting in a charged particle (ion) PID detects change and makes reading 6
- 7. Photoionization In order to be read by a PID, the vapor or gas to be sampled it must be able to be ionized (Ionization potential) Measurement of an IP is electron volts (eV) Found in the NIOSH pocket guide UV lamps 9.8 eV, 10.2 eV 10.6 eV most common 11.7 eV, 13.0 eV 7
- 9. Photoionization Know the chemical you are dealing with to determine quantity of material present Compare readings you get with the PEL or IDLH to determine your safety PID has correction factors as well Most PIDs are calibrated to isobutylene 9
- 10. Photoionization What is a toxic reading As a rule of thumb for an occupancy that has chemicals is use. 50 ppm may be acceptable Small: 5-10 ppm could be harmful or safe depending on the environment Large: 1800 could be harmful or safe depending on the environment Reading only indicates that could be something potentially toxic in the air. Best to use PID for a variety of situations to get used to the types of reading that can be anticipated. 10
- 11. Problems with PIDs Humidity affects this in 2-ways If you have a dirty lamp and sensing area the water vapor may create a short which will cause a meter reading. Is a quenching problem, if there is humidity in the area of the lamp, much as fog absorbs the energy of headlights? The meter reads Lamps are affected by dirt and dust and require 99 cleaning Diesel exhaust and other particulate matter. Like mown grass or cement dust $595 Salt water or hard water environments may affect the lamp as well 11
- 12. Problems with PIDs Higher levels of Methane (Natural gas, Swamp gas, landfill gas) May suppress some of the ionization potential of the lamp. Use an LEL monitor to read LEL PID will not read methane (IP 13.0) PID cannot separate out gas mixtures. Mixtures can present an identification problem Some PID requires at least 10 percent oxygen to be present. RAE systems PID do not require any oxygen to function. 12
- 13. Summary Understanding use of ionization devices can detect potentially toxic environments Understanding how these devices function can assist in the selection process during an emergency response 13