intoduction to lumiscence
introduction and principle of chemilumiscence
different types of lumiscence
detail of the electrochemilumiscence, working, principle, instrumentation, measurin.
application in medical field
difference between chemilumiscence and elecrochemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) using Microplate luminometers provides a sensitive, high throughput, and economical way to quantitatively measure antigen in cell lysates, plasma, urine, saliva, tissue and culture media samples.
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay does not require long incubations and the addition of stopping reagents, as is the case in conventional colorimetric assays such as Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbent Assays (ELISA).
Among various enzyme assays that employ light-emitting reactions, one of the most successful assays is the enhanced chemiluminescent immunoassay involving a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antibody or antigen and a mixture of chemiluminescent substrate, hydrogen peroxide, and enhancers.
In recent years, CLIA has become very popular in clinical chemistry and environmental analysis, due to its high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and complete automation. With the development and application of recombinant Ab (rAb) technology, markers and related techniques, solid-phase materials and improvements in automation, integration and miniaturization, CLIA has acquired an entirely new appearance.
intoduction to lumiscence
introduction and principle of chemilumiscence
different types of lumiscence
detail of the electrochemilumiscence, working, principle, instrumentation, measurin.
application in medical field
difference between chemilumiscence and elecrochemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) using Microplate luminometers provides a sensitive, high throughput, and economical way to quantitatively measure antigen in cell lysates, plasma, urine, saliva, tissue and culture media samples.
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay does not require long incubations and the addition of stopping reagents, as is the case in conventional colorimetric assays such as Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbent Assays (ELISA).
Among various enzyme assays that employ light-emitting reactions, one of the most successful assays is the enhanced chemiluminescent immunoassay involving a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antibody or antigen and a mixture of chemiluminescent substrate, hydrogen peroxide, and enhancers.
In recent years, CLIA has become very popular in clinical chemistry and environmental analysis, due to its high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and complete automation. With the development and application of recombinant Ab (rAb) technology, markers and related techniques, solid-phase materials and improvements in automation, integration and miniaturization, CLIA has acquired an entirely new appearance.
luminescence is the emission of light by substances as a result of some reactions.it is of 2 types flash and glow.based on reactions of substance luminescences are of different categories about 13 types described here,advantages,luminometer and nano BRET also explained.
ELISA- Principle, procedure , types and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a labeled immunoassay that is considered the gold standard of immunoassays.
This immunological test is very sensitive and is used to detect and quantify substances, including antibodies, antigens, proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.
The detection of these products is accomplished by complexing antibodies and antigens to produce a measurable result.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
luminescence is the emission of light by substances as a result of some reactions.it is of 2 types flash and glow.based on reactions of substance luminescences are of different categories about 13 types described here,advantages,luminometer and nano BRET also explained.
ELISA- Principle, procedure , types and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a labeled immunoassay that is considered the gold standard of immunoassays.
This immunological test is very sensitive and is used to detect and quantify substances, including antibodies, antigens, proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.
The detection of these products is accomplished by complexing antibodies and antigens to produce a measurable result.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Quantum yield, experimental arrangement, reasons for high and low Quantum yield, problems, photochemical reactions, kinetics of photochemical decomposition of HI, photosensitized reaction, mechanism of photosensitization,
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
photo redox reactions
Photochemical Reactions M Pharm Chemistry.pptxDiwakar Mishra
Photochemical reaction is included in the syllabus Advance Organic Chrmitry M Pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) which discribes thode chemical reactions which are takes place by the help of light
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. An immunoassay is a test that uses
antibody and antigen complexes as a
means of generating a measurable result
3.
4. * It is the light emission that is produced in
certain chemical oxidation reactions.
[A] + [B] → [◊] → [Products] + light
5. *About 1000 B.C., a Chinese emperor possessed
a magic paint on which the image of an ox
appeared at sunset. This is the first known
case of a man-made substance capable of
storing daylight for later recovery.
*Robert Boyle first estabilished the significance
of oxygen in bioluminescence
*luminous fungus and luminous bacteria was
first reported by Heller in 1843
6. *In 1877, Radziszewski reported for the
first time on the CL exhibited by the
synthetic organic compound lophine
(2,4,5-triphenylimidazole)
7. *The term “chemiluminescence” was first
coined by Eilhardt Weideman in 1888.
*Albrecht, who described the intense
luminescence associated with the alkaline
oxidation of luminol
*Seitz and Neary reported in the same year
on the advantages of CL and BL for chemical
analysis
8. *Chemiluminescence (CL)defined as the
emission of electromagnetic radiation
produced by a chemical reaction.
*reactions generally yield one of the
reaction products in an electronic
excited state producing light on falling to
the ground state
*the emission intensity is a function of the
concentration of the chemical species
involved in the CL reaction
9. *In general, a chemiluminescent reaction
can be generated by two basic
mechanisms:
*Direct Reaction
*Indirect reaction
10. *In a direct reaction, two reagents, usually a
substrate and an oxidant in the presence of
some cofactors, react to form a product or
intermediate, sometimes in the presence of a
catalyst. Then some fraction of the product or
intermediate will be formed in an electronically
excited state, which can subsequently relax to
the ground state with emission of a photon. The
catalyst, enzyme or metal ions, reduces the
activation energy and provides an adequate
environment for producing high CL efficiency
out of the process.
11. *indirect or sensitized CL is based on a process
of transfer of energy of the excited specie to a
fluorophore. This process makes it possible for
those molecules that are unable to be directly
involved in CL reactions to transfer their excess
of energy to a fluorophore that in turn is
excited, releasing to its ground state with
photon emission
17. *reaction must be exothermic to
produce sufficient energy to form the
electronically excited state.
*reaction pathway must be favorable
to channel the energy for the
formation of an electronically excited
state
19. *chemical structure of the CL precursor
*nature and concentration of other substrates
affecting the CL pathway
*selected catalyst
*presence of metal ions, especially transition
metals involved in the processing of the oxidant
*Temperature
*pH and ionic strength
*presence of energy transfer acceptors
20.
21. *It is the emission of light caused by a chemical reaction,
typically an oxidation reaction, producing an excited molecule
that decays back to its original ground state.
* A large number of molecules are capable of
chemiluminescence, but some of the most common substances
used are luminol, acridinium esters, ruthenium derivatives,
and nitrophenyl oxalates.
*When these substances are oxidized, typically using hydrogen
peroxide and an enzyme for a catalyst, intermediates are
produced that are of a higher energy state.
*These intermediates spontaneously return to their original
state, giving off energy in the form of light.
*The emitted light is measured by using luminometer.
22.
23. *In a CL reaction, A and B react to form a product C, some
fraction of which is present in an electronically excited state,
C∗, which subsequently relaxes to the ground state emitting a
photon:
A + B → C∗ → C + hν
24. *The fraction of molecules emitting a photon on return to
the ground state is the quantum yield (φcl). It is the
product of three ratios:
φcl = φc × φe × φf
Where,
Φc:fraction of reacting molecules giving an excitable
molecule,
Φe:fraction of such molecules in an electronically excited
state,
Φf:fraction of these excited molecules that return to the
ground state by emitting
a photon,
27. In heterogeneous assays, competitive and
sandwich formats are the ones most often
used. Smaller analytes such as therapeutic
drugs and steroid hormones are measured
using competitive assays, while the sandwich
format is used for larger analytes such as
protein and hormones.
28. *Two different types of nonseparation
chemiluminescent immunoassays have
been described. One is based on the
enhancement of light emission when a
labeled antigen binds to a specific
antibody.
*The other exploits an energy transfer
between chemiluminescently labeled
and a fluorophore-labeled assay
components
29.
30.
31. *Chemiluminescent assays have an excellent sensitivity,
comparable to EIA and RIA
*The reagents are stable and relatively nontoxic.
*The sensitivity of some assays has been reported to be
in the range of attomoles (10-18 mol) to zeptomoles
(10-21 mol).
*Because very little reagent is used, they are also quite
inexpensive to perform.
*The relatively high speed of detection also means a
faster turnaround time.
*Detection systems basically consist of photomultiplier
tubes, which are simple and relatively inexpensive.
32. *false results may be obtained if there is
lack of precision in injection of the
hydrogen peroxide or if some biological
materials such as urine or plasma cause
quenching of the light emission.
33. *Determination of bioanalyte in clinical specimens
*Chemiluminescence detection in Liquid
Chromatography
*Chemiluminescence detection in capillary
electrophoresis
*Bioanalytical applications of chemiluminescent
imaging
*Chemiluminescence in DNA analysis
*Determination of drugs using direct
chemiluminescence
34. •Chemiluminescence in analytical chemistry
by Ana M Gracia Campana,
•Immunoassay by Eleftherios P. Diamandis,
Theodore K. Christopoulos
•Tietz Text Book of Clinical Chemistry and
Molecular Diagnosis