A book of Man Made Fibre
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This document provides information on various man-made fibers, including their typical compositions, spinning methods used to produce them, and key properties. It defines generic names for different fiber types and lists their primary components. The document also compares properties such as absorbency, heat resistance, effects of acids and solvents, and strength of different man-made fibers. Additionally, it provides details on rayon composition and characteristics.
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A book of Man Made Fibre
- 3. Generic Name Acetate Cellulose Acetate; Triacetate where not less than 92%of the cellulose is acetylated Acrylic At least 85% Acrylonitrile unite Aramid Polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are directly attached to two aromaticrings Glass Glass Modacrylic Lessthan 85%but at least 35% acrylonitrileunits Nylon Polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide linkages are directly attached to two aromaticrings Olefin At least 85% ethylene,propylene, or other olefin units Polyester At least 85%ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid includingbut not restricted to substituted terephthalate units and parasubstituted hydroxybenzoate units Rayon Regenerated cellulose withless than 15% chemically combined substituents Saran At least 80%vinylidene chloride Spandex Elastomer of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane Vinal At least 50% vinyl alcoholunits and at least 85% total vinyl alcohol and acetal units _- 3-2 ManMade FibersAnd Their Proprtles
- 4. Wet Spinning TvDical Wet SDun Fibers Viscose Acrilan Creslan Disadvantages Slow (70 - 150 yddmin) 0' Washing to remove impurities Solvent and chemical recovery Advantages Large tows can be handled ManMadeFibersAnd Thek Propertla 3-3
- 5. Dry Spinning TvDical Dry SRun Fibers Acetate (acetone solvent) Triacetate (methylene chloride) Spandex (some) (dimethyl formamide) Disadvantages Flammable solvent hazards 0 ' Solvent recovery Slow (?) (200- 400 yddmin) Advantages Yarn does not require purification _- 3-4 Man MadeFibersAnd Their Properties
- 6. I Melt Spinning TvDical Melt Spun Fibers Nylons 0 Polyester Polypropylene Disadvantages Separate drawing step (unless spin draw) Advantages High speed (275to 1500 yddmin);(4000 yddmin spin draw) Nosolvents No purificationproblems
- 7. Extrusion Of Man Made Fibers (SpinningMethods) A. Wet Spinning (Ravon) c B. Dry Spinning Polymer Solution -- Air Outlet Heating Jacket Winding - Filament 3-6 Man MadeFibersAnd Their Properties
- 8. C. Melt SRinning ,- J Hopper i = Storage - 6%jp RollFinish -.I Filament d f I - Winding ManMadeFlbersAnd Their Properties 3-7
- 9. Textile Fiber Parameters Fibrous materials should possess certain properties for them to be usekl as textile raw materials. Those properties which are essential for acceptance as a suitable raw material may be classified as "primary properties", while those which add specificdesirable character or aesthetics to the end product and its use may be classified as "secondary properties". Prima- ProDerties Length; length-width ratio Tenacity (strength) Flexibility (pliability) Acceptable extensibilityfor processing Cohesion Uniformity of properties Secondary ProDerties 0 0 0 -- 0 0 Physical shape (cross-section, surface contour, etc. Specificgravity (influence weight, cover, etc.) Moisture regain and moisture absorption (comfort,static electricity, etc.) Elastic character - tensile and compression Thermoplasticity (softeningpoint and heat-set character) 3-6 Man MadeFibersAnd Thelr Properties
- 10. 0 Dyeability Resistance to solvents, corrosive chemicals, micro-organisms, and environmental conditions Flammability Luster Note: Cost is always a factor to consider ManMadeAben And Their Properties 3-9
- 11. Figure3-1 TypicalStress-StrainCurves Of Various Fibers 5 10 15 20 2 5 3 0 35 4 0 4 5 50 SMnPercent 3-10 ManMadeFibersAnd Their Properties
- 12. Key Fiber PropertiesDeterminedby Polymer CompositionAnd Structure Melting Point Modulus Elasticity and recovery from strain Tensile strength Density Moisture absorption Dyeability comfort _- ManMadeflbenAnd Thelr Propertles 3-11
- 13. &1,>?$ ......... ,,.+ I.'#=....:.:.. ........:::'..:.:.:.,..... -*- Flat Oval, Lumen Convolutions Cotton Cicular, Uniform in diameter Nylon, Dacron CuprammoniumRayon Examples of Fiber Shapes Y-Shaped Celacbud Acetate CumulofiNylon Type 20 Oval to round, Overlappingscales Medulla Wool Dog-Bone Orlon, Verel, Lycra ,y' ... Ribbon-Shaped Dyne1 $&&. 2'2EE=......... Trilobal Antron Nylon Triangular,Round edges,Uniform in man-mades Silk, Nylon Type90Dacron Type 62 Lobular Lengthwise Striations Acetate Circular,Serrated, Lengthwise Striations Viscose Rayon 3-12 ManMade FibersAnd Thelr Properties
- 14. Density and Specific Gravity' Fiber Densits (dcc) Natural Fibers Cotton Flax Silk Wool Man-madeFibers Acetate Acrylic Aramid Flurocarbon Glass Modacrylic Nylon Nylon Qiana Olefin Polyester Rayon Spandex 1.52 1.52 1.25 1.32 1.32 1.17- 1.18 1.38- 1.44 2.2 2.49-2.73 1.30- 1.37 1.14 1.03 0.91 1.22or 1.38 1.50- 1.52 1.20- 1.22 *Ratio of weight of a given volume of fiber to an equal volume of water _- Man Made FibersAnd Thelr Properties 3-13
- 15. I I Absorbency Fiber Moisture Regain* Natural Fibers Cotton 7-11 Flax 12 Silk 11 Wool 13- 18 Man-made Fibers Acetate Arne1triacetate Acrylic &amid Flurocarbon Glass Modacrylic Nylon Nylon Qiana Olefin Polyester Rayon Rayon HWM Spandex 6.0 3.2 1.3- 2.5 4.5 0 0 - 0.3 0.4 -4.0 4.0 -4.5 2.5 0.01- 0.1 0.4 - 0.8 15 11.5- 13 0.75 - 1.3 *Moisture re ain is expressed as a percentage of the moisture-free weight at 70 Farenheit and 65% relative humidity.f 3-14 Man MadeRbersAnd Their Propertla
- 16. Heat And Textile Materials Important Criteria to Consider Softening, melting, or decompositiontemperatures Tendency of the fiber and fabric to shrink when heat-relaxed, or stretch when heated and under tension Ability of the fabric to heat set Ability of the fabric to h c t i o n properly at elevated temperatures in one time or repeated use Ability of the fabric to ftnction properly at room temperature (or some other lowertemperature)after exposure at high temperature for a given period of time _- Man ModeFibersAnd Thelr Properties 3-15
- 17. Table 3-1 Thermal Properties 1 Fiber kNaturalFben I Cotton I Wool Acetate I Acrylic I Aramid I Glass I Modacrylic I Novoloid I Nylon6 I Nylon66 I Olefin I PolyesterPET I PolyesterPCDT ~ -saran ;---Vinyon Spandex Melting Point Softening Safe Ironing OF O C OF OC OF O C StickingPoint Temperature* Nonmelting 425 218 Nonmelting 450 232 Nonmelting 300 149 Nonmelting 300 149 446 230 364 184 350 177 575 302 482 250 464 240 I 400-490 204-254 I 300-350 149-176 1 IDoes not melt, carbonizes above 800' F 1400-3033 200-250 93-121 Nonmelting 414 212 340 171 300 149 482 250 445 229 350 177 150 127 I (lowest possible) 275 135 1 260 480 249 460 238 325 163 550 311 490 254 350 177 Nonmelting 375 191 350 177 300 149 Do not iron 446 230 347 175 300 149 285 140 200 93 Do not iron - 3-16 ManMade FibersAnd Their PropeC.nes
- 18. Comparative Fiber Properties - Effect Of Acids Acrylic Modacrylic Polyester Rayon Acetate Triacetate Nylon 66 Olefin Glass Cotton Wool Resistant to most acids Resistant to most acids Resistant to most mineral ac 96%sulhric is;disintegrated by Disintegrates in hot dilute and cold concentrated acids Soluble in acetic acid, decomposed by strong acids Similar to acetate Decomposed by strong mineral acids, resistant to weak acids Very resistant Resists most acids. Etched by hydrofluoric acid and hot phosphoric acid Similar to rayon Destroyed by hot sulfuric, otherwise unaffected by acids -- Man MadeRbersAnd Their Properties 3-17
- 19. Comparative Fiber Properties - EffectsOf Alkalies Acrylic Modacrylic Polyester Rayon Acetate Triacetate Nylon 66 Olefin Glass Cotton Wool Destroyed by strong alkalies at a boil, resists weak alkalies Resistant to alkalies Resistant to cold alkalies, slowlydecomposed at a boil by strong alkalies No effectby cold, weak alkalies, swells and loses strength in concentrated alkalies Saponified,little effect from cold weak alkalies Not effected up to pH 9.8,205' F; better than acetate Little or no effect Very resistant Attacked by hot weak alkalies and concen- trated alkalies Swellswhen treated with caustic soda but is not damaged Attacked by weak alkalies,destroyed by strong alkalies 3-18 ManMadeFibersAnd Their Propetties
- 20. I Comparative Fiber Properties - Effect Of Acrylic Modacrylic Polyester Rayon Acetate Triacetate Nylon 66 Olefin Glass Cotton Wool Organic Solvents Unaffected Soluble in warm acetone, otherwise unaffected Soluble in some phenolic compounds, other- wise unaffected Unaffected Soluble in acetone, dissolved or swollenby many others Solublein acetone, chloroform and swollen by others Generallyunaffected,soluble in some phenolic compounds Solublein chlorinated hydrocarbons above 160' Unaffected Resistant Generallyresistant ManMade FibersAnd Their Properh 3-19
- 21. Comparative Fiber Properties - EffectOf Sunlight Acrylic Modacrylic Polyester Rayon Acetate Triacetate Nylon 66 Olefin Glass Cotton Wool Little or no effect Highly resistant, some loss of strength and discoloration after constant exposure Someloss of strength, no discoloration,very resistant behind glass Generally resistant, loses strength after long exposure Approximately same as rayon Resistant, loses strength afterlong exposure No discoloration,strength loss after long exposure Very resistant, retains 95% strength after 6 months exposure None Strength loss on long exposure Strength loss, dyeing is affected 3-20 ManMade FibersAnd Their Properties
- 22. I Rayon (A CellulosicMan-MadeFiber) ComDosition Regenerated cellulose Physical ProDerties 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 Microscopic Appearance -Striations seen in viscose and high-strength rayon -If delustered, scattered specks of pigment can be seen. Length -Filament and staple Color -Transparent unless dulled by pigments Luster -High unless delusteringpigment added Strength -Fair to excellent -Regular rayon has fair strength -High tenacity types have good to excellent strength Elasticity -Regular rayon is low -High strength rayon is good Resiliency -High wet-strength rayon is better ManMade FibersAnd Their Properties 3-21
- 23. MoistureAbsorption -Higher than natural cellulose -Fibers swell in water -Weaker when wet Heat -Loses strength above 300' F -Decomposesbetween 350and 400' F Flammability -Burns rapidly unless treated Electrical Conductivity -Fair -static charge can be reduced with specialfinishes SpecificGravity -1.52(similarto cotton) Chemical ProDerties (similar to cotton) Easily damagedby strong acids Resistant to alkalies, reduction in strength if concentrated Lengthy exposure to sunlight weakens the fabric Greater f i n i t y for dyes than cotton 3-22 ManMadeFibersAnd Their Properties
- 24. Acrylic (A Wool-LikeFiber) ComDosition Acrylonitrile and small amounts of other monomers Physical Properties Microscopic appearance -Uniform and smooth surface -Irregular spaced striations Length * -Mainly a staple fiber Color -White to off-white Luster -Bright, semidull, or dull Strength -Fair to good strength Elasticity -Good Resilience -Good -- Water Absorption -1-3% Man Madeflbers And Their Properties 3-23
- 25. Heat -Yellowing may occur above 300' F -Softeningor stickingabout 450' F Flammability -Burns with yellow flame Electrical Conductivity -Fair to good Specific Gravity -Good bulk and coveringpower -1.14to 1.19 Chemical ProDerties Damaged only by strong concentrated acids Not normally affected by alkalies Very resistant to ultraviolet light 3-24 ManMade FibersAnd Their Properties
- 26. I Nylon (A Polyamide Fiber) ComDosition Nylon 66 - Polyhexamethylene Adipamide Nylon 6 - Caprolactam Phvsical Proverties Microscopic Appearance -Very smooth and even Length , -Filament and staple Color -Off-white Luster -High natural luster can be controlled Strength -Exceptionally high (60,000 - 108,000)pounds per square inch Elasticity -Exceptionally high Resiliency -Very good -- Moisture Absorption -3.8% ManMadeFibersAnd Thelr Properties 3-25
- 27. I ~ 0 0 0 0 Heat -High resistance, melts at 482' F Flammability -Melts slowly -Does not support combustion Electrical Conductivity -Low, generates static Specific Gravity '- 1.14(low density) Chemical ProDerties Weakened by concentrated strong acids High resistance to alkalies Loses strength in prolonged exposure to sunlight -bright yam more resistant than dull yam 3-26 ManMadeFibersAnd Their Properties
- 28. Polyester (Most VersatileFiber) ComDosition Combination of TerephthalicAcid or Dimethylterephthalate and Ethylene Glycol Phvsical ProDerties Microscopic Appearance -Smooth,even,rodlike, different cross-sectionalshapes Length . -Filament and staple Color -White Luster -Bright or dull Strength -Good to excellent Elasticity -Fair to good -Greater than cotton or rayon Resilience -Excellent_- Moisture Absorption -Less than 1% Man Mode FibersAnd Thelr Properties 3-27
- 29. Heat -Softeningor stickingtemperature is above 400' F (thermoplastic) Flammability -B u m slowly Electrical Conductivity -Accumulates static changes Specific Gravity -Typically 1.38 ChemicalPronerties Good resistance to most acids Good resistance to most alkalies Good sunlight resistance -- 3-26 ManMade FibersAnd Thelr Properties
- 30. I -- Figure 3-2 Productionof Polyester Drying r - l Drawing FilamentYam StapleFiber 3 1DrawingTow 2 Crimping 3 Drying/HeatSetting 4 Cutting ManMade FibenAnd Thelr Propertles 3-29
- 31. Acetate (A Cellulosic Man-MadeFiber) ComDosition Acetate Ester of Cellulose Phvsical ProDerties Microscopic Appearance -Striations farther apart than viscose rayon -Lobed cross-section Length -Filament and staple Color -Transparent unless dulled by pigments Luster -Bright, semibright,or dull Strength -Moderate -Less than rayon when wet Elasticity -Not very high -Similar to rayon -- Resilience -Poor 3-30 ManMadeFlbersAnd Their Properties
- 32. Moisture Absorption -6%,little strength loss when wet Heat -Ironingtemperatures of 275' F are satisfactory Flammability -Slowly combustible Electrical Conductivity -Good SpecificGravity -1.32 Chemical ProDerties Concentratedstrong acidswill decompose it Strong alkalies will damage it Long exposuresto sunlight produce a weakeningeffect -- Man MadeFibersAnd Their Properties 3-31
- 33. 1 Polypropylene (An Olefin Fiber) ComDosition Propylene Physical ProDerties Microscopic Appearance -Smoothand rodlike Length -Filament and staple Color -Translucent Luster -Dull, semidull,bright Strength -Excellent strength (dependson degree of polymerization) Elasticity -Good Resilience -Good resistance to crushing 0 Moisture Absorption -None 3-32 ManMadeAbets And Thek Properties
- 34. I Heat -Melts at about 330' F -Progressive shrinkage can occur at 140' F to 212' F Flammability -Slowburning Electrical Conductivity -Excellent Specific Gravity * -0.90to 0.91 Chemical ProDerties Very resistant to most acids Very resistant to alkalies Dye pigmentsusually added to the liquid before fibers are extruded Loses strength in sunlight, degradesupon long exposure -- Man MadeRbenAnd Thelr Properties 3-33
- 35. Polyethylene (An OlefinFiber) Composition Ethylene Phvsical ProDerties Microscopic Appearance -Smooth and rodlike Length -Filament and staple Color -Translucent Luster -Dull, semidull,bright Strength -Fair to good (dependson degree of polymerization) Elasticity -Good Resilience -Good resistance to crushing 6 - Moisture Absorption -None 3-34 ManMadeFibersAnd Their Propertles
- 36. I Heat -Very heat-sensitive -Melts at about 260' F Flammability -Slow burning Electrical Conductivity -Excellent SpecificGravity -0.90to 0.91 Chemical ProDerties Very resistant to most acids Very resistafit to alkalies Dye pigments usually added to the liquid before fibers are extruded Loses strength in sunlight, degradesupon long exposure _- Man MadeFibersAnd Their Properties 3-35
- 37. Moisture Regain (96) Elongation Softening (%I Melting Point ("F) 7 - 8 3 - 7 NONECotton 1.5- 1.55 Acetate 1.32 6 (sM00-445'F 23 - 24 (m)500°F 1.5- 2.5 35 -39 (sM20'FAcrylic 1.16 - 1.18 NONE 3.1 -5.3 I(s)135O-156O0 Nylon 66 Polyester 1.14 1.38 l6-4.2 -4.5 (sM5OF (mM80-500'F 0.4 -0.8 (sM5'F (mM82'F 12-67 13 16 1 DNM 350400°F DNM 310-350'F 9 - 26 Decomposes 30 -40 Decomposes R.LIYOI1, HT 1.50 - 1.53 Table 3-2 Textile Fiber Properties Tenacity (wet)(gpd) Tenacity (gpd) specific Gravity 3.0 -4.9 3.3 -6.4 I I I I 1.3 - 1.5 1.2 - 1.4 2.0 - 3.6 1.6 -2.9 Glass 9.6 - 19.9 6.7 - 19.92.50 - 2.55 F ~ ~~ 3.0 - 7.2 ~~ 2.6 -6.1 I 1 2.2 -6.6 2.2 -6.6 I 3.0 -5.7 1.9 -4.3 Wool 1- 1.51.31 DNM 350-4509 3 - 5 I 2511 3-36 ManMade RbersAnd Thelr PrOpertres
- 38. Summary Of PropertiesDesired For Textile Fibers Azmarel and Domestic Reauirements 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tenacity: 3 - 5 gramddenier Elongation at break: 10-35% Recovery from elongation: 100%at strains up to 5% Modulus of elasticity: 30 - 60 gramddenier Moisture absorbency: 2 - 5% Zero strengthtemperature (excessive creep and softeningpoint): above 215' C High abrasion resistance (varieswith type fabric structure) Dyeable Low flammability Insoluble withlow swellingin water, in moderatelystrong acids and bases and conventional organic solvents from room temperature to 100' c Ease of care Industrial Reauirements Tenacity: 7 -8graddenier Elongation atbreak: 8- 15% Modulus of elasticity: 80graddenier or more conditioned, 50 graddenier wet Zero strength temperature: 250' C or above -- Man Made FibersAnd Their Properties 3-37
- 39. Fiber Property Chart Fiber Prover& Is Due To Contn'buter To Fabric ProDertv Abrasion Resistance The ability of a fiber to withstand the rubbing or abrasion it gets in everyday use Tough outer layer, scales, Durability or skin Fiber toughness Resistance to splitting Flexible molecular chains Abrasion resistance Absorbency or Moisture Regain The percentage of moisture a bone-dry fiber Will absorb from the air under standard conditions of .temperatureand moisture Hydroxyl groups Amorphousareas Aging Resistance Chemical structure Comfort, warmth, water repellency, absorbency, static Dyeability, spotting Shrinkage Wrinkle resistance build-up Storingof fabrics ChemicalReactivity The effect of acids, alkali, oxidizingagents, solvents Polar groups of molecules Care required in cleaning/bleaching,ability to take acid or alkali finishes Cohesiveness The ability of fibers to cling together during spinning, not importantin continuous filament Crimp or twists Resistance to ravel Cover The ability to occupy space for concealment or protection Crimp, curl, or twist Cross-sectional shape Warmth in fabric Cost -less fiber needed Creep Delayed elasticity; Recovers gradually --&om strain Lack of side chains, cross links, strong bonds; in fabric poor orientation Streak dyeingand shiners
- 40. Density see SpecificGravity Dyeability The fibers’receptivity to coloration by dyes Elastic Recovery The ability offibers to recover from strain Elasticity The ability of a stretched material to retum immediately to its original size Electric Conductivity The ability to transfer electrical charges Elongation The ability to be strztched, extended, or lengthened; varies at different tempera- tures and when wet or dry Feltability The ability of fibers to mat together Flammability The ability to ignite and burn Amorphous areas and dye sites Molecular structure: side chains, crosslinkages, strong bonds Aesthetics and colorfastness Processability of fabrics Resiliency Delayed elasticity or creep Chemical structure: Poorconductivity causes polar groups fabric to cling to the body, electric shocks Fiber crimp Increases tear strength Molecular structure: mole- Reduces brittleness cular crimp orientation Provides “give” and stretchiness Scale structure of wool Chemical composition Hand The way a fiber feels: silky, harsh, soft,crisp, dry Cross-sectional shape, crimp, diameter, length Heat Conductivity away fiom the body -- - The ability to conduct heat Crimp Cross-sectionalshape Fabrics can be made directly €?omfibers Special care required duringwashing Fabrics bum Hand offabric Warmth ManModeFibersAnd Their Properties 3-39
- 41. Heat Sensitivity The ability to soften,melt, Heat vibrates molecules or shrink when subjected Fewerintermolecular ironing temperatures to heat forces and cross links Determine safe washing and Hydrophilic or Hygroscopic Bee Absorbency Luster The light reflected from Smoothness a surface;more subdued Fiber length than shine; light rays are Flat or lobal shapebroken up Loft or Compressional Resiliency The ability to spring back to original thickness after Stiffness being compressed Fiber crimp Luster Luster Shine Springiness, good cover Resistance to flattening Mildew Resistance Low absorption Care during storage Moth Resistance Molecule has no sulfur Care during storage Pilling The bailing up of fiber ends on the surface High molecular weight Unsightly appearance of fabrics PillingFiber strength SpecificGravityand Density The measures of the weight of a fiber; Density is the weight in grams per cubic centimeter and specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of the fiber to an equal volume of water at doc. Molecular weight -- Warmth without weight Loftiness -full and light Buoyancy to fabric 3-40 Man Made FibersAnd Their Properties
- 42. ¶ StiffnessorRigidity The opposite of flexibility; the resistance to bending or creasing Strength The ability to resist stress; expressed as tensile strength (pounds per square inch) or as tenacity (gramsper denier) Sunlight Resistance The ability to withstand degradation from direct sunlight Toughness Ratio of breaking stress to breaking strain Body of fabric Resistance to insertion of yam twist Molecular structure: Durability, tear strength, orientation, crystallinity, sagging,pilling degree of polymerization Sheererfabrics possible with stronger fine fibers Chemical composition Durability of curtains and draperies, outdoorfurniture, outdoor carpeting Outer surface of "skin" of fiber deformation,gives Resists rupture from frictional resistance Wicking The ability of a fiber to transfer moisture along composition of its surface outer surfaces Chemicaland physical Makes fabrics comfortable 3-41
- 43. Fiber Blends -Some Reasons For Blending To facilitate processing To improve properties -Abrasion resistance -Strength -Absorbency -Add bulk and warmth -Hand -Dimensional stability -Resistance to wrinkling To produce multi-color fabrics To reduce cost 3-42