Plastics has been evolving now a days. Our lives has been filled with plastics. Almost all of our things are made of plastics but do you what it is and what it is made of?
One of the most common and widely used plastic is polyethylene or PE with the resin codes 2 and 4. It is mostly used as plastic bags, food wraps, bulletproof vest, pipes and so many more. Here is a little preview of polyethylene and what is its purpose in our daily lives.
What is polyethylene?
Its properties, structure and applications.
Silicone polymers structure, prepartion, properties, uses
INORGANIC POLYMERS
Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybridpolymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber.
Of synthetic polymers whose backbone is made of repeating silicone to oxygen bonds (siloxane bonds) with organic side groups, such as methyl, phenyl or vinyl.The basic repeating unit became known as siloxane and the most common available silicone is polydimethylsiloxane
Organo-silicone polymers contain chains or network of alternating silicone and oxygen atoms in their structures ,that is exhibited in some natural silicone minerals
Polymeric molecules in silicones held together by weak van der waals force results, they are liquids of varying viscosity or gums or solids containing polymeric molecules which generally soluble in organic mediaHydrolysis of dichloro dimethyl silane (CH3)2SiCl2 gives long chain polymers.As there is active OH group at each end .The length of the chain increasing.so it is called chain building unit
properties
1.The si-o-si bond in silanes is shorter than the expected si-o-si bond as calculated from the their radii.This indicates that there is some ionic character in si-o bond due to which it becomes quite stable.
2.This the the reason for why polysiloxanes are thermally stable and do not decompose even upto 350-400`C.
1. Highly polar character of si-o bond and the ability of si to expand its valency shell by utilizing its d-orbitals renders polysiloxanes susceptible to attack by several reagents.
2.The siloxanes may undergo hydrolysis and alcoholysis at elevated temperature in the presence of strong acids and bases
to give silanols and alkaxysilanes .In general, the greater the extent of substitution on Si atom, the greater is the case of hydrolysis in the presence of acids and greater is the difficulty of hydrolysis in the presence of bases.
thankingyou
ESWARAN .M -inboxeswaran@gmail.com
Methods of polymerisation It is also called as Zeigler – Natta polymerisation.
Zeigler (1953) and Natta (1955) discovered that in the presence of a combination of transition metal halides like TCl4, ZnBr3 etc, with an organometallic compound like triethyl-aluminium or trimethyl-aluminium, stereospecific polymerisation can be carried out.
Combination of metal halides and organometallic compounds are called Zeigler Natta catalyst.
Plastics has been evolving now a days. Our lives has been filled with plastics. Almost all of our things are made of plastics but do you what it is and what it is made of?
One of the most common and widely used plastic is polyethylene or PE with the resin codes 2 and 4. It is mostly used as plastic bags, food wraps, bulletproof vest, pipes and so many more. Here is a little preview of polyethylene and what is its purpose in our daily lives.
What is polyethylene?
Its properties, structure and applications.
Silicone polymers structure, prepartion, properties, uses
INORGANIC POLYMERS
Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybridpolymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber.
Of synthetic polymers whose backbone is made of repeating silicone to oxygen bonds (siloxane bonds) with organic side groups, such as methyl, phenyl or vinyl.The basic repeating unit became known as siloxane and the most common available silicone is polydimethylsiloxane
Organo-silicone polymers contain chains or network of alternating silicone and oxygen atoms in their structures ,that is exhibited in some natural silicone minerals
Polymeric molecules in silicones held together by weak van der waals force results, they are liquids of varying viscosity or gums or solids containing polymeric molecules which generally soluble in organic mediaHydrolysis of dichloro dimethyl silane (CH3)2SiCl2 gives long chain polymers.As there is active OH group at each end .The length of the chain increasing.so it is called chain building unit
properties
1.The si-o-si bond in silanes is shorter than the expected si-o-si bond as calculated from the their radii.This indicates that there is some ionic character in si-o bond due to which it becomes quite stable.
2.This the the reason for why polysiloxanes are thermally stable and do not decompose even upto 350-400`C.
1. Highly polar character of si-o bond and the ability of si to expand its valency shell by utilizing its d-orbitals renders polysiloxanes susceptible to attack by several reagents.
2.The siloxanes may undergo hydrolysis and alcoholysis at elevated temperature in the presence of strong acids and bases
to give silanols and alkaxysilanes .In general, the greater the extent of substitution on Si atom, the greater is the case of hydrolysis in the presence of acids and greater is the difficulty of hydrolysis in the presence of bases.
thankingyou
ESWARAN .M -inboxeswaran@gmail.com
Methods of polymerisation It is also called as Zeigler – Natta polymerisation.
Zeigler (1953) and Natta (1955) discovered that in the presence of a combination of transition metal halides like TCl4, ZnBr3 etc, with an organometallic compound like triethyl-aluminium or trimethyl-aluminium, stereospecific polymerisation can be carried out.
Combination of metal halides and organometallic compounds are called Zeigler Natta catalyst.
BioBased Engineered Plastic Solutions for Oil and Gas ApplicaationsDuncan Hogg
Biodegradable plastic compounds are used in consumer products on regular bases. Recently the oil and gas industry has started to use degradable metals and plastics to increase efficiency and reduce costs. RTP Co. has developed degradable compounds based on Polylactic Acid (PLA) suitable for O&G completion tools applications. This presentation reviews RTP Co. BioPlastic compounding technology and compounds designed for use in downhole oil and gas components.
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers and Compounds for Multipurpose A...RadiciGroup
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers and Compounds for Multipurpose Applications
Nicolangelo Peduto - Marketing and R&D manager - RadiciGroup
Chemicals & Plastics Areas
Green Polymer Chemistry - 2015
18-19 March 2015 – Cologne, Germany
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers for Multipurpose ApplicationsRadiciGroup
Nicolangelo Peduto - R&D manager at Radici Chimica & Radici Plastics
Anna De Sio - R&D and Technical Marketing at Radici Chimica
11th China International Polyamide & Intermediates Forum in Shanghai, 5-6 /12/2013
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers and Compounds for Multipurpose A...RadiciGroup
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INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
REQUISITES FOR IDEAL DENTURE BASE MATERIAL
CLASSIFICATION
METAL DENTURE BASE
DENTURE BASE POLYMERS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
REFERANCES
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
Unleash Your Inner Demon with the "Let's Summon Demons" T-Shirt. Calling all fans of dark humor and edgy fashion! The "Let's Summon Demons" t-shirt is a unique way to express yourself and turn heads.
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Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
2. 2
Polyamide
• PA is considered the first engineering thermoplastic
• PA is one of many heterochain thermoplastics, which has
atoms other than C in the chain.
• PA was created when a condensation reaction occurred
between amino acids, dibasic acids, and diamines.
• Nylons are described by a numbering system which indicates
the number of carbon atoms in the monomer chains
– Amino acid polymers are designated by a single number,
as nylon 6
– Diamines and dibasic acids are designated with 2
numbers, the first representing the diamine and the second
indicating the adipic acid, as in nylon 6,6 or nylon 6,10
with sebacic acid.
3. Preparation of Nylon 66
NH2(CH2)6NH2 + COOH(CH2)4COOH
hexamethylene diamine Adipic Acid
(heat)
n[NH2(CH2)6NH . CO (CH2)4COOH ]
nylon salt
[NH2(CH2)6NH . CO (CH2)4CO ]n + nH2O
Nylon 6,6 polymer chain byroduct
3
4. Polyamides are heat sensitive materials.
The Polyamide 66 is processed in the temperature
range of 260-320°C.
The material has to be predried at 80°C for 2 - 4 hours
The annealing temperature of Polyamide 66 part is 149
– 177°C.
Injection moulding, Extrusion techniques, Compression
moulding, Foam moulding and Rotomoulding
techniques are used for processing the materials.
4
Processing considerations for PA 66
5. 5
Polyamide 6 is prepared from caprolactam in the presence of
water (which acts as a catalysts) and acetic acid as a molecular
weight regulator.
The typical combination is charged into the vessel and reacted
under a nitrogen blanket at 250°C for about 12 hours.
Preparation of Nylon 66
6. 6
Characteristics of Polyamide 6 & 6,6 (For
identification)
• The material is semicrystalline and having high water absorption
capacity.
It is milky white - yellow colour
It is identified by the smell of burnt horn when burned, yellow
flame with a blue halo, can be formed into a filament.
Its melting point is 215°C (PA6) & 264°C(PA66)
Its short term and long term service temperature are respectively
140 - 160°C(For PA6,6 10°C more) and 80 - 100°C.
9. 9
Relations of Structure and properties of Polyamide 6
The following structural variables affect the
properties.
The distance between the repeating –
CONH- group
The number of methylene groups in the
intermediates
The molecular weight
N- substitution
Co-polymerization
10. • The Polyamide 6 is available in various grades
Injection molding grade
Extrusion grade
Rotational Molding grade
Fluidized bed coating grade
10
Grades of Polyamide 6
11. Processing considerations for PA 6
11
The material has to be predried at 80°C for 2 - 4 hours
While molding Polyamide attention on the following
points is essential.
High Injection speed of the molding machine
Control of shot or size
Minimizing drooling by nozzle of reverse tapper type.
Shrinkage of the part
Annealing at 130° to 149°C for 10 - 20 hrs.
13. Applications
13
Machinery
Agricultural
Mining and oil drilling
Food processing
Printing
Textile processing
Engine parts
Pumps/valves/meters/filters
Air blowers
Material handling equipment
Standard components
Gears
Cams
Sprockets
Bearings
Gaskets
Pulleys
Brushes
14. 14
Applications for Polyamides
• Fiber applications
– 50% into tire cords (nylon 6 and nylon 6,6)
– rope, thread, cord, belts, and filter cloths.
– Monofilaments- brushes, sports equipment, and bristles (nylon 6,10)
• Plastics applications
– bearings, gears, cams
– rollers, slides, door latches, thread guides
– clothing, light tents, shower curtains, umbrellas
– electrical wire jackets (nylon 11)
• Adhesive applications
– hot melt or solution type
– thermoset reacting with epoxy or phenolic resins
– flexible adhesives for bread wrappers, dried soup packets, bookbindings
15. 15
Comparison between different polyamides
Polyamide 6 Polyamide 66
processing easy easy
Strength good better
Abrasion resistance Low High
Toughness Low higher
Water absorption high high
cost less Little High
17. 17
Chemistry Name of linear polyamides
• Nylon 6, 10 - polyhexamethylenesebacamide
[NH2(CH2)6NH . CO (CH2)8CO]n
• Nylon 11 - Poly(11-amino-undecanoic-amide
[NH(CH2)10CO ]n
• Nylon 12 - Poly(11-amino-undecanoic-amide
[NH(CH2)11CO ]n
• Other Nylons (Nylon 8, 9, 46, and copolymers
from other diamines and acids)
18. Nylon 11 or Polyamide 11
• It is a bioplastic and is an odd nylon.
• It is produced by the polymerization of 11-
aminoundecanoic acid. It is produced
from castor beans by Arkema under the trade
name Rilsan.
18
19. Advantages
• Low water absorbing nylon
• Good chemical resistance
• Ability to accept high loading of fillers
Limitations
• High cost relative to other nylons
• Minimal heat resistance
19
Nylon 11 or Polyamide 11
20. • It is made from ω-aminolauric acid.
• It is also made from ring-opening
polymerization of laurolactam at 260-300˚C.
• Melting point: 178 to 180 °C (352 to 356 °F; 451 ...
• Density: 1.01 g/mL
20
Nylon 12 or Polyamide 12
21. Advantages
• Low water absorbing nylon
• Good chemical resistance
• Ability to accept high loading of fillers
Limitations
• High cost relative to other nylons
• Minimal heat resistance
21
Nylon 12 or Polyamide 12
23. 23
Physical Properties of Polyamide
Nylon 6 Nylon 6,6 Nylon 6,10 Nylon 6,12
Optical Translucent to
opaque
Translucent to
opaque
Translucent to opaque Translucent to opaque
Tmelt 210C -220 C 255C – 265C 220 C 195 -219 C
Tg
H20
Absorption
1.3-1.9% (24h)
8.5-10 (Max)
1.0-2.8% (24h)
8.5% (Max)
1.4% (24h)
3.3% (Max)
0.4 – 1.0% (24h)
2.5 –3 % (Max)
Oxidation
Resistance
good good good good
UV Resistance Poor Poor Poor Poor
Solvent
Resistance
Dissolved by
phenol &
formic acid
Dissolved by
phenol & formic
acid
Dissolved by phenol &
formic acid
Dissolved by phenol &
formic acid
Alkaline
Resistance
Resistant Resistant Resistant Resistant
Acid
Resistance
Poor Poor Poor Poor
Cost $/lb $1.30 $1.30 $3.00 $3.10
24. 24
Advantages of Polyamide
Tough, strong, impact resistant
Low coefficient of friction
Abrasion resistance
High temperature resistance
Processable by thermopalstic methods
Good solvent resistance
Resistant to bases
25. Disadvantages of Polyamide
–High moisture absorption with
dimensional instability
– Subject to attack by strong acids and oxidizing
agents
– Requires UV stabilization
– High shrinkage in molded sections
– Electrical and mechanical properties
influenced by moisture content
– Dissolved by phenols
25
26. 26
Polyester
• Polymers used for films and fibers.
• Polyesters includes unsaturated
(thermosets), and saturated
thermoplastic polyesters.
• In thermoplastic polyesters there are
2 polymers PET and PBT
27. Synthesis of PET and PBT
27
• Thermoplastic polyesters have ester(-C-O) repeating link
• Polyester (linear) PET and PBT
O
28. 28
PET Properties
• The flexible, but short, (CH2)2 groups tend to leave the
chains relatively stiff.
• PET is known for its very slow crystallization. If cooled
rapidly from the melt to a Temp below Tg, PET solidifies
in amorphous form.
• If PET is reheated above Tg, crystallizaiton takes place to
up to 30%.
• In many applications PET is first pre-shaped in amorphous
state and then given a uniaxial (fibers or tapes) or biaxial
(film or containers) crystalline orientation.
• In Injection Molding PET can yield amorphous transparent
objects (Cold mold) or crystalline opaque objects (hot
mold).
29. 29
PBT Properties
• The longer, more flexible (CH2)4 groups
allow for more rapid crystallization than PET.
• PBT is not as conveniently oriented as PET
and is normally injection molded.
• PBT has a sharp melting transition with a
rather low melt viscosity.
• PBT has rapid crystallization and high degree
of crystallization causing warpage concerns
31. 31
PET PBT LCP Polyester
Optical Transparent to
Opaque
Opaque Opaque
Tmelt 245C -265 C 220C – 267C 400 C - 421 C
Tg 73C - 80C
H20
Absorption
0.1 - 0.2% (24h) 0.085% (24h)
0.45% (Max)
<0.1% (24h)
<0.1% (Max)
Oxidation
Resistance
good good good
UV Resistance Poor Poor none
Solvent
Resistance
Attacked by
halogen
hydrocarbons
good good
Alkaline
Resistance
Poor Poor Poor
Acid
Resistance
Poor Poor fair
Cost $/lb $0.53 $1.48 $7.00 - $10.00
32. 32
Advantages of Polyesters
– Tough and rigid
– Processed by thermoplastic operations
– Recycled into useful products as basis for
resins in such applications as sailboats,
shower units, and floor tiles
– PET flakes from PET bottles are in great
demand for fiberfill for pillows and sleeping
bags, carpet fiber, geo-textiles, and regrind
for injection and sheet molding
– PBT has low moisture absorption
33. Disadvantages of Polyesters
–Subject to attack by acids and bases
–Low thermal resistance
–Poor solvent resistance
–Must be adequately dried in
dehumidifier prior to processing to
prevent hydrolytic degradation.
33
38. 38
Advantages
– High impact strength, excellent creep resistance,
– Very good dimensional stability
– continuous temp over 120 C
Disadvantages
– High processing temp,UV degradation
– Poor resistance to alkalines
– subject to solvent cracking
41. 41
PPO/PPE
• Poly(p-phenylene oxide) or poly(p-phenylene
ether) (PPE) is a high-temperature thermoplastic.
• It is an amorphous high-performance plastic.
• It is rarely used in its pure form due to difficulties in
processing and mainly used as blend with PS, HIPS or
PA.
• It can be used in applications upto 110 C temperature
intermittently.
54. Polyoxymethylene POM
• Polyoxymethylene (POM), also known
as acetal,[2] polyacetal, and polyformaldehyde.
• It is an engineering thermoplastic used in precision
parts requiring
– high stiffness,
– low friction,
– and excellent dimensional stability.
54
56. Relations of Structure and Properties of POM
Due to structural similarity properties of acetal polymers are compared
with those of polyethylene.
Both polymers are linear with a flexible chain backbone and are thus
both thermoplastic.
Both the structures are regular and since there is no question of tacticity
arising both polymers are capable of crystallization.
In the case of both materials polymerization conditions may lead to
structures which slightly impede crystallization; with the polyethylene, this
is due to a branching mechanism, whilst with the polyacetals this may be
due to co-polymerization.
The acetal polymer molecules have a shorter backbone (-C-O-) bond
and they pack more closely together than those of polyethylene. The
resultant polymer is thus harder and has a higher melting point.
57. Characteristics of POM
Good appearance
Homopolymer is resistant to mid acids and bases
Good electrical properties but affected by moisture
Stiff and rigid
Good toughness
Notch sensitive
Excellent fatigue resistance under repeated load
Excellent creep resistance under continuous load
Low coefficient of friction
Good abrasion resistance
Maintains the mechanical, chemical and electrical
properties over broad temperature range and time
58. Characteristics of POM
High resistance to thermal and oxidative degradation
Very good resistance to stress relaxation
Excellent dimensional stability
Good processability
Copolymers have better thermal stability
Burn slowly without smoke generation
Susceptible to UV degradation
Attacked by phenol and aniline
Difficult to electroplate
Degradation at high processing temperature and liberate
formaldehyde
It is identified by the strong smell of formaldehyde, when burned,
faint color flame, melt and drips
Its melting point is 165-175°C
62. Properties of Polyacetal
Properties Values
Units Homopolymer Copolymer
Specific gravity ---- 1.42 1.41
Tensile strength MPa 69 61
Tensile modulus MPa 3100 2829
Flexural modulus Mpa 2620-2960 2588
Elongation at break % 27-75 40-75
Impact strength izod, Notched, J/m 69-123 53-80
Hardness M92-94 M78-80
Deflection temperature under load
0
C 136 110
(1.82 Mpa)
Vicat softening temperature
0
C 185 167
Coefficient of linear expansion mm/mm/
0
C 10-15 x 10
-5
8.5 x 10
-5
Water absorption, 24hrs % 0.25-0.32 0.22
Dielectric strength KV/mm 20 20
Dielectric constant 10
-6
Hz 3.7 3.7
Power factor 0.005 0.006
Volume resistivity Ohm.m 10
-13
- 10
-14
-
Melting point
0
C 175 165
63. Grades of POM
The polyacetals are available in the following grades.
Injection grade
Extrusion grade
Extrusion blow grade
rotational grade
In addition to that the following special grades are
available,
Improved processability grade.
Low friction grade.
Glass filled grade
Mineral filled grade
UV-Stabilized grade
64. Processing considerations of
Polyacetals
While processing polyacetal following precautions to be taken.
1. Stepwise thermal or based catalyzed hydrolytic
depolymerization initiated from the hemiformal chain end with
the evolution of formaldehyde.
2. Oxidative attack at random along the chain leading to chain
scission and subsequent depolymerization.
3. Acid catalysed cleavage of the acteal linkages.
4. Thermal depolymerization through scission of C-O bonds can
occur catastrophically above 270°C and care must be taken not
to exceed this temperature during processing.
The homopolymer is moulded at melt temperature of 200-210°C while the
copolymer would be moulded at melt temperature of 190-205°C.
Therefore end capping is done during polymerization and antioxidants and acid
acceptors are added
66. Appliances: Housing for business machine,
gears, cams, friction pads, rollers, pulleys, nuts,
chain links and shelf support brackets, detergent
pumps, refrigerator clips, brackets, bearing, wear
strips and instrument housing in washers and
dryers, spray nozzies and soap dispensers in
dishwares , bowls, mixing blades and bearings
in counter-top appliance bodies, tops and cups in
water boilers.
Applications of Polyacetal
Agriculture & Irrigation: Pop-up sprinklers
(nozzles arms, gears, housing and water ways),
pumps(housing, impellers, pistons) metering
valves, tractor components (shift lever housing,
hydraulic connectors, seed applicators, bearings
and gears)
67. Automotive: Fuel level indicators, pump
components, gas caps, cooling fans, trip clips,
colour co-ordinated bucket housings, window
cranks, shift lever handles, knobs, lever and
mounting brackets, instrumental cluster gears,
bearings, housing and dials, exterior door pulls,
mirror housing and brackets
Applications of Polyacetal
Industrial: Valves, springs, bearings, cams,
material handling components such as
conveyors, chain links gears, pumps and hose
connectors
68. Applications of Polyacetal
Electrical: Key tops pluggers, switches, buttons,
cassette tape rollers and hubs, base plates in computer
keyboards, springs in telephones and connectors in
modular components.
Laser mark part HVAC Control