Polyester fibers are long chain synthetic polymers composed of at least 85% ester units, most commonly polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is produced via the reaction of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Polyester fibers are strong, durable, resistant to moisture and chemicals, and can be manufactured into filaments or staple fibers. They are widely used to make clothing, home furnishings, industrial products, and frequently blended with other fibers like cotton and wool.
Sizing is the process of giving a protective coating on the warp yarn to minimize yarn breakage during weaving.
Sizing is the most important operation in preparing warp yarn for weaving especially with cotton yarn. The smallest error in sizing process may be very harmful. This may increase warp breakage rate on the looms and consequently reduce weaving production and quality. Therefore sizing is termed as the “Heart of Weaving”.
Ring, rotor, compact, air-jet and other forms of spinning are discussed in this presentation along with Illustrations. the crisp and clear explanation helps in understanding the basic know how of advance methods of spinning
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Needle punch is the second-largest market segment in terms of capacity after the spunbond process segment. It is a continuously growing market with new opportunities and growing demands in its core applications like automotive, geotextiles, filtration, and home products.
For more information log on to www.ategroup.com.
Sizing is the process of giving a protective coating on the warp yarn to minimize yarn breakage during weaving.
Sizing is the most important operation in preparing warp yarn for weaving especially with cotton yarn. The smallest error in sizing process may be very harmful. This may increase warp breakage rate on the looms and consequently reduce weaving production and quality. Therefore sizing is termed as the “Heart of Weaving”.
Ring, rotor, compact, air-jet and other forms of spinning are discussed in this presentation along with Illustrations. the crisp and clear explanation helps in understanding the basic know how of advance methods of spinning
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Needle punch is the second-largest market segment in terms of capacity after the spunbond process segment. It is a continuously growing market with new opportunities and growing demands in its core applications like automotive, geotextiles, filtration, and home products.
For more information log on to www.ategroup.com.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
What is the reason these fabrics become a reality? Wallace Carothers is the one who is acknowledged as the inventor of nylon fabric in the year 1935. Before the Second World War, it was not available for use by the public.
LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.
LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules.
The loss of molecular symmetry due to the high degree of branching results in a lower density range (0.915–0.94 g/cm3 ) and lower softening or melting temperature.
LDPE dissolves in toluene at or above 60°C.HDPE is usually more resistant to chemicals than LDPE.
HDPE is soluble in toluene at 900C.
2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. HDPE-The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst
Poly ethylenes are very good insulating materials and are adequately flexible hence used as an insulator in wires and cables.
They find extensive uses and applications as molded or formed objects, films, sheets, bottles and containers, pipes, and tubes.
Polythene finds application in packaging, waterproofing, irrigation, and water management including canal lining and mulching, and in coating and lamination.
Polypropylene - Addition polymer
Thermoplastic
Monomer propylene
USES
For making household appliances
In package industry
For making plastic parts of machinery
For making plastic furniture
For making syringes, medical vials, Petri dishes, pill containers, specimen bottles. Polystyrene is synthesized by the polymerization of styrene at 335K in the presence of a benzoyl peroxide initiator. It is used as an electrical insulator.
Expanded polystyrene finds extensive use in packaging and shock absorbing applications, in thermal insulation, and as acoustic improvers in halls and auditoria.
High impact grades are suitable for use as toys, games and sports articles, casings and cabinets for electrical/ electronic gadgets and equipment, and inner liners of refrigerators.
Another major use of polystyrene is in the making of ion-exchange resins. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide
Five times more tensile strength than steel.
POLYVINYL PYROLIDONE(PVP)(POVIDONE),ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA), SARAN , TEFLON (polytetrafluoroethylene) – A fluoro polymer, POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN),Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA), Poly(Hexamethylene Adipamide): Nylon 66, Nylon 6, KEVLAR, Terylene, GLYPTAL, Lexan, POLYURETHANES, UF( Urea –Formaldehyde)
MF (Melamine- formaldehyde)
PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde),MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESIN(MELMAC)(MF), NATURAL RUBBER, VULCANISATION, SYNTHETIC RUBBER, Butadiene rubber(BR), polybutadiene, Buna-S, BUNA- N, EPDM ( ethylene, propylene, diene monomer) , Neoprene, silicone rubber, Pollution due to plastics , and recycling of plastics are the other topics discussed here.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
From Siloed Products to Connected Ecosystem: Building a Sustainable and Scala...
Polyester fibers
1. Polyester
Polyester
Polyester fibres are formed from synthetic polymers, manufactured by the action of polyfunctional
acids with polyfunctional alcohols. The fibre forming polymer substance is a long linear polymer with
repeating ester groups in its structure.
According to “FTC (Federal Trade Commission of USA)”, Polyester fibres are manufactured fibers in
which the fiber forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by
weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, including but not restricted to substituted
Terephthalate units P(-R-O-CO-C6H4-CO-O-) and para-substituted hydroxybenzoate units P(-R-O-CO-
C6H4-CO-O-).DuPont Company of USA first produced polyester fibres on commercial scale in 1953.
Commercial or trade names of polyester
• Terelene (UK)
• Dacron (USA)
• Tetron (Japan)
• Torital (Italy)
• Lavson (Russia)
• Terenca (Holland)
• Diolen (France)
Classification of Polyester fibres and their manufacturing process
There are different types of polyester-
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
The most important and widely used polyester is known as polyethylene terephthalate. It is produced
from the polymer manufactured by the reaction of terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG).
The reaction can be shown as below-
n HOOC- --COOH + n OH-CH2-CH2-OH HO-[-OC- -COO-(CH2)2O-]n-H
TPA EG PET or Dacron
+ (2n-1) H2O
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2. In USA, PET is known as Dacron but in UK, it is known as Terylene and produced from the polymer
manufactured by the reaction of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol (EG) as shown
below-
n CH3OOC- --COOCH3 + n OH-CH2-CH2-OH CH3O-[-OC- -COO-(CH2)2O-]n-H
DMT EG Terylene
+ (2n-1) CH3OH
Poly-1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate (PCDT) or Kodel II (200)
This type of polyester is derived from the polymer manufactured by the reaction of terephthalic acid
(TPA) and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol which can be shown as below-
n HOOC- -COOH + n HOCH2- -CH2OH
TPA
HO-[-OC- -COO-H2C- -CH2O-]n-H + (2n-1) H2O
PCDT
Vyron
For this type polyester, fibre forming polymer is produced from ethylene glycol and a mixture of
terephthalic and isophthalic acid.
m HOOC- -COOH + n HOOC- -COOH + (m+n) OH-CH2-CH2-OH
TPA EG
HO-[-OC- -COO-(CH2)2-OOC- -COO-(CH2)2-O-](m+n)-H
Vyron
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3. Flow chart of Polyester production
Preparation of raw material
(Terephthalic acid, DMT, ethylene glycol preparation)
Mixing tank
Polymerization in reactor
(Ester interchange and poly condensation)
Temperature: 260-2800
C, Time: 3-6 hours
Polymer chips
Melt spinning
Polyester filament produced from spinneret holes
(Monofilament, multifilament)
Drawing
Reeling onto a package or Texturization
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5. Polyester fibre forming polymer is a long linear polymer and it’s degree of polymerization is 115 to
140 where molecular weight is around 20000. Important groups are –CH2, -CO, -OCO and held in
polymer together by Vander Walls force, H-bond. Polyester polymer length is 120 to 150µm and
0.6µm thick. It is 65 to 85% crystalline. -OH, -COOH are the functional groups of polyester.
Macro structure of polyester
Length: It can be made in both staple and filament form.
Fibre diameter: 12 to 25 µm
Length width ratio: 2000:1
Appearance: Smooth
Cross section: Generally have round cross section but may be triangle, oval and rectangle shaped.
Color: Generally white
Physical properties of polyester
Specific gravity: 1.38
Moisture Regain: 0 to 0.4% at standard condition due to having extremely crystallinity and lack of
polarity.
Tenacity (dry/wet): 7-8 gm/denier for high tenacity filament
4.5-5.5 gm/denier for normal tenacity filament
3.5-4 gm/denier for staple fibres
Elongation: 8-11% for high tenacity
15-30% for medium tenacity
25-45% for staple fibre
Bending recovery: Good
Abrasion resistance: Not good. Abrasion resistance of normal polyester is less than that of high
tenacity one.
Resiliency: very good.
Chemical properties polyester
1. Effects of moisture:
Polyester absorbs only a very small amount of moisture and the tenacity and elongation are
unaffected by moisture.
2. Effects of bleaches:Not affected by oxidizing and reducing bleaches.
3. Effects of acids:Polyester fibres are highly resistant to mineral and organic acids. Weak acid
can not effect on them even on boiling. Strong mineral acid such as H2SO4 can only hydrolyze
them on boiling for hours together.
4. Effects of alkali:Polyester is very much resistant to alkalis. Only strong hot alkalis results in a
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6. slow thinning of the diameter by saponification.
5. Effects of organic solvents:Resistant to all dry cleaning solvents.
6. Dye ability:Disperse dye and some pigments can be used for coloration.
7. Effects of sunlight:Have good resistance to sunlight but becomes weak when expose in
sunlight for long time.
Thermal properties of Polyester
Polyester fibre is the most thermally stable synthetic fibre. If heat setting is not done properly then
shrinkage occurs. At high temperature polyester melts and burns.
Softening temperature: 690
C
Melting temperature: 250-2650
C
Sticking temperature: 230-2400
C
Ironing temperature: 1350
C
Thermo plasticity
‘Thermo plasticity’ means capable of being shaped or moulded when heated. Thermoplastic
fibres heated under strictly controlled temperatures soften and can then be made to conform to a flat,
creased or pleated configuration. When cooled, thermoplastic fibres will retain the desired
configuration that is remain flat, pleated or creased. Polyester textile materials can be permanently
heated. Textile fibres classed as thermoplastic are acetate, triacetate, acrylic, nylon and polyester.
Polyesters retain a heat set permanently where as acetate fibres do not hold a set as satisfactory.
Biological properties of Polyester
Polyesters have good resistance against micro organisms, larvae, fungi, mildew and moulds.
End uses of Polyester
01. As apparel:
Men’s wear, women’s wear, children’s wear, trousers, skirts, suits, jackets, blouses and every form of
clothing are made by polyester fibres. Besides ties, lingeries etc can also be made by polyester fibres.
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7. 02. As blended fabrics:
Polyesters are widely used in blends with cotton, wool, acrylic, nylon etc fibres for making quality
fabrics. Blends with cotton and virgin wool are very popular. They are often referred to as the
"classical blend". This is normally a combination of 55% polyester and 45% wool.
03. As home furnishings:
Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets, pillow covers, wall coverings, upholstery etc are made of polyester
fibres.
04. As industrial use:
Polyester fibres are used in manufacturing of tire cord, power belt, ropes, tarpaulin, nets, hoses,
conveyor belt etc. It is also used in making floppy disk, liners etc.
Use of polyester higher than any other synthetic fibre
The use of polyester is higher than any other synthetic fibre due to low cost, more durable, no
fading, easy care, no ironing.
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