This document discusses the structure and composition of bones and cartilages. It describes how bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are composed of organic and inorganic materials. Bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. The microscopic anatomy includes the haversian system. Cartilage includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Bones and cartilages are continually remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

1. MINERALIZED TISSUES

4. MESENCHYMEFIBROBLAST SCLEROBLAST MYOBLAST FIBROCYTE MYOCYTES ODONTOBLAST CHONDROBLAST OSTEOBLASTDENTIN CHONDROCYTES OSTEOCYTESTEETH CARTILAGES BONE

5. Osteology – study of structure, function and composition of bonesChondrology - study of structure, function and composition of cartilgesFunction Of BonesSupport

6. Protection

7. Movement

8. Mineral storage

9. Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesis

10. Leverage for locomotionGross Anatomy of BonesI. Compact BonesLong BonesDiaphysis-tubular partEpiphyses-bone endsEpiphyseal Plate

11. Blood Vessel-with nutrient arteries and veinsMedullary cavity-marrow cavity of bonesMembranePeriosteum-covers the entire outer surface of each bone except in epiphysesEndosteum - innermost covering of bones

12. Chemical Composition of Bones1. Organic componentsCollagen fibers

13. CHON

14. Polyssacharides2. Inorganic componentscalcium phosphate

15. calcium carbonate

16. Hydroxypatite ionsMicroscopic anatomy of bones

17. The haversian system

18. Bone DevelopmentOSSIFICATION – process of bone development1. Intramembranous ossification - direct bone development of membrane bones2.Endochondral ossification - development of bones preceeded by cartilages

19. Classification of Bones1. Long Bones Ex. femur, humerus2. Short BonesEx. trapezoid3. Flat BonesEx. Sternum, ribs4. Irregular Bones Ex. Hip bones, vertebrae

20. TYPES OF BONES : (OSTEOGENESIS)Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone) - hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH) - long bones2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone) - consist of bony trabecullae and bone marrow - trabeculae – beams,bars,rods - irregularly arranged lamellae without haversian canals

21. BONE MARROW Occupies cavities between trabellaeYellow marrow – a reticulum of connective tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose tissuesRed Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone) - site of RBC and Some type of WBC production- ex. Flat bones

22. 3.ACELLAR BONES (ASPIDIN)Bones formed in scales of modern fishes

23. No canaliculi

24. Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of teeth4. MEMBRANE BONEformed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c differentiates into tissues)Develop through ossificationBone deposited directly within the membranous blastema without being preceeded by cartilages (intramembranous)May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no haversian canalsEx. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal bones of teleost,apodans

25. 5. Replacement BonesArise from pre-existing cartilagesSoft bonesEndochondral ossificationEx. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 epiphysis, epiphyseal plate

26. II. Cartilage - specialized connective tissue in which fibers are laid down along the lines of stress in long, parallel arrays firm and flexible chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix-CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast- chondrocytes17

27. Cartilage18

29. TYPES OF CARTILAGES

30. 4. THE CALCIFIED CARTILAGEThe cartilages replaced by bonesEx. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of the fetal human skull

31. III. DENTINDeveloped from the odontoblastOdontoblast are not trapped in lacunae during osteogenesis – retreat as dentin depositsCanaliculi – dentibal tubulesEx. Enameloid of placoid scales, dentin of the teeth

32. IV. ENAMELDeveloped from ameloblastsTeeth – important for digestion

33. V. BONE REMODELING PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL BLASTEMACARTILAGESRESORPTION OF Ca Membrane BoneReplacement Bones CONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELING

34. PARATHORMONE AND CALCITONINThe hormones that influence or regulates the withdrawal of calcium to maintain calcificationOSTEOBLAST – developing bone cellsOSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cellsOSTEOCYTES – bone-building cells

35. VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF BONESTENDONLIGAMENTSCARTILAGES

37. Phases of Healing of FracturesHematoma Formation

38. Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

39. Body Callus Formation