Anatomy and physiology of a bone
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This document provides an overview of bone anatomy and physiology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less: Bone functions as the framework of the body, allows for movement, and protects organs. Bone is made up of cells within a mineralized matrix and makes up 30-40% of body weight. The document outlines the objectives, embryology, gross anatomy including markings, microscopic anatomy, composition, classification, formation, growth, remodeling, blood supply, and roles of PTH, calcitriol, and vitamin D in bone.
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Physiology of bone
- Bone is composed of compact cortical bone and spongy trabecular bone. Compact bone contains osteons arranged in concentric layers. Trabecular bone is made of spicules or plates with many cells on the surfaces.
- Bone is strengthened by deposits of calcium salts in an organic matrix composed primarily of collagen fibers. Hydroxyapatite crystals precipitate on collagen fibers during bone calcification.
- Bone remodeling involves bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts to continually renew and reshape bone in response to stress and repair microdamage.
Anatomy of bone..latest
This document discusses the anatomy of bone, including its structure, function, classification, development, and blood supply. It describes bone as a composite connective tissue made up of organic components like bone cells and collagen and inorganic components like calcium crystals. It classifies bone tissue into woven bone, lamellar bone, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Bone development occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Finally, it outlines the dynamic process of bone remodeling carried out by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and the blood supply to bone.
Bone physiology
1. Bone is composed of an organic matrix and inorganic calcium salts. The matrix provides tensile strength while the salts provide compressive strength.
2. Osteoblasts build bone by secreting collagen fibers and ground substance to form osteoid which is then mineralized with calcium salts. Osteoclasts absorb bone.
3. Rickets results from vitamin D deficiency which decreases calcium and phosphate absorption leading to weakened, unmineralized bone. Symptoms include bowed legs.
physiology : muscular system
1. The muscular system contains three main types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones to enable movement, cardiac muscles are involuntary and found in the heart, and smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs and blood vessels.
2. Skeletal muscles contain repeating contractile units called sarcomeres composed of the proteins actin and myosin. The sliding of actin over myosin forms cross-bridges that cause muscle contraction.
3. Contraction is initiated by a neural impulse causing calcium release and the binding of calcium to troponin, exposing actin binding sites on the myosin heads to generate force through cross-bridge cycling. Relax
Joints
The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. There are three main types of joints: fixed or immovable joints where bones overlap and do not move; slightly movable joints where bones can move a little and are connected by ligaments and cartilage; and freely movable or synovial joints where bones move freely, including ball-and-socket joints in the hips and shoulders. The document further describes six types of synovial joints based on their movement: ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid joints. Examples are provided of each type of joint and how they enable different motions.
Classification of bones (anatomy)
This document summarizes the classification of bones based on shape, development, region, and structure. It discusses the different types of bones such as long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also describes the types of cartilage, classification of joints, and provides additional facts about bones.
Myology
This document defines and describes the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It provides definitions of myology and muscles, and outlines the key functions of muscles which include movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation. The document then describes the characteristics and functions of each type of muscle - skeletal muscles are attached to bones and produce voluntary movement, smooth muscles are involuntary and line organs, and cardiac muscles make up the heart wall. It also classifies skeletal muscles based on shape, fiber architecture, and group action.
Anatomy of Joints & its classification
There are three main types of joints in the body - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are immovable, cartilaginous joints allow slight movement, and synovial joints can move freely. Synovial joints are further classified by their shape and include hinge, ball-and-socket, and saddle joints. Each joint has a fibrous capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and in some cases articular discs or bursae to facilitate movement and reduce friction between bones.
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Physiology of bone
- Bone is composed of compact cortical bone and spongy trabecular bone. Compact bone contains osteons arranged in concentric layers. Trabecular bone is made of spicules or plates with many cells on the surfaces.
- Bone is strengthened by deposits of calcium salts in an organic matrix composed primarily of collagen fibers. Hydroxyapatite crystals precipitate on collagen fibers during bone calcification.
- Bone remodeling involves bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts to continually renew and reshape bone in response to stress and repair microdamage.
Anatomy of bone..latest
This document discusses the anatomy of bone, including its structure, function, classification, development, and blood supply. It describes bone as a composite connective tissue made up of organic components like bone cells and collagen and inorganic components like calcium crystals. It classifies bone tissue into woven bone, lamellar bone, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Bone development occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Finally, it outlines the dynamic process of bone remodeling carried out by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and the blood supply to bone.
Bone physiology
1. Bone is composed of an organic matrix and inorganic calcium salts. The matrix provides tensile strength while the salts provide compressive strength.
2. Osteoblasts build bone by secreting collagen fibers and ground substance to form osteoid which is then mineralized with calcium salts. Osteoclasts absorb bone.
3. Rickets results from vitamin D deficiency which decreases calcium and phosphate absorption leading to weakened, unmineralized bone. Symptoms include bowed legs.
physiology : muscular system
1. The muscular system contains three main types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones to enable movement, cardiac muscles are involuntary and found in the heart, and smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs and blood vessels.
2. Skeletal muscles contain repeating contractile units called sarcomeres composed of the proteins actin and myosin. The sliding of actin over myosin forms cross-bridges that cause muscle contraction.
3. Contraction is initiated by a neural impulse causing calcium release and the binding of calcium to troponin, exposing actin binding sites on the myosin heads to generate force through cross-bridge cycling. Relax
Joints
The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. There are three main types of joints: fixed or immovable joints where bones overlap and do not move; slightly movable joints where bones can move a little and are connected by ligaments and cartilage; and freely movable or synovial joints where bones move freely, including ball-and-socket joints in the hips and shoulders. The document further describes six types of synovial joints based on their movement: ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid joints. Examples are provided of each type of joint and how they enable different motions.
Classification of bones (anatomy)
This document summarizes the classification of bones based on shape, development, region, and structure. It discusses the different types of bones such as long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also describes the types of cartilage, classification of joints, and provides additional facts about bones.
Myology
This document defines and describes the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It provides definitions of myology and muscles, and outlines the key functions of muscles which include movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation. The document then describes the characteristics and functions of each type of muscle - skeletal muscles are attached to bones and produce voluntary movement, smooth muscles are involuntary and line organs, and cardiac muscles make up the heart wall. It also classifies skeletal muscles based on shape, fiber architecture, and group action.
Anatomy of Joints & its classification
There are three main types of joints in the body - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are immovable, cartilaginous joints allow slight movement, and synovial joints can move freely. Synovial joints are further classified by their shape and include hinge, ball-and-socket, and saddle joints. Each joint has a fibrous capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and in some cases articular discs or bursae to facilitate movement and reduce friction between bones.
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The skeletal system has several functions including protection of organs, providing levers for movement, and storing minerals. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton comprising the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Bone formation occurs through ossification by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoporosis is the thinning of bones which can be prevented by sufficient calcium, vitamin D, weight bearing exercise, and good nutrition. Synovial joints like the ball-and-socket hip joint allow a wide range of movement. Connective tissues like cartilage, tendons, and ligaments support the skeletal system.
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Muscle tissue
1. Muscle tissue is one of four primary tissue types and is divided into three main categories: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows voluntary movement.
2. Skeletal muscle contains bundles of fibers surrounded by connective tissues. Within the fibers are myofibrils composed of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction.
3. Contraction is triggered when a motor neuron stimulates the neuromuscular junction, causing calcium release and the myosin heads to interact with and pull on the actin filaments. The strength of contraction depends on factors like overlap of filaments and stimulation frequency.
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Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three main types of joints - immovable joints which do not allow movement (e.g. sutures in the skull), slightly movable joints which allow some movement (e.g. symphysis pubis joint), and freely movable joints which allow extensive movement (e.g. ball and socket joint in the shoulder). Freely movable joints have structures like synovial fluid and membranes that reduce friction and allow movement. Examples of different freely movable joints are ball and socket, hinge, gliding, condyloid, saddle, and pivot joints.
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Skeletal muscle is composed of long cylindrical muscle fibers that contain contractile filaments called myofibrils. Myofibrils contain regularly arranged thick and thin filaments that allow for muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism. Thick filaments are composed of myosin and thin filaments are composed of actin. When calcium levels rise, myosin heads bind to actin and the power stroke causes thin filaments to slide inward, shortening the sarcomere and muscle fiber. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via T-tubules in response to neural stimulation.
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Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells, fibers, and minerals. It forms through two processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are replaced by bone, forming long bones and portions of flat bones. It begins in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells directly forming bone, without a cartilage intermediate, forming bones like the skull and clavicle. Bone growth is regulated by hormones like growth hormone and sex hormones. Common bone diseases include osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia.
Types of Bone cells
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of both organic and inorganic parts. The organic part includes collagen and other proteins, while the inorganic part contains calcium and phosphate minerals. Bone contains three main cell types - osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone by secreting proteins and minerals, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteocytes maintain bone structure. Together these cells regulate bone remodeling through signals that stimulate or inhibit each other's activity.
Ossification
Ossification is the term use to describe a process of bone fermentation by deposition of calcium in the fetal hyaline cartilage.
1 Bone Structure and Composition
Bone is a composite material made up of cells and an extracellular matrix. At the micro level, bone contains osteoblasts that build bone tissue, osteoclasts that resorb bone, and osteocytes embedded in the matrix. The matrix is made of collagen fibers mineralized with hydroxyapatite crystals. Bones can be classified by their macro structure as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses. Bone structure is adapted to its mechanical functions according to Wolff's law.
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The document discusses the process of ossification where cartilage is changed to bone during human development. It explains that ossification is impacted by three key cells: osteoblasts, which build bone; osteocytes, which are trapped osteoblasts that give bone its star-shaped appearance; and osteoclasts, which break down old or damaged bone. The document also outlines factors like nutrition, vitamins, hormones, and growth that influence bone growth and remodeling throughout life.
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The skeletal system has several functions including protection of organs, providing levers for movement, and storing minerals. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton comprising the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Bone formation occurs through ossification by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoporosis is the thinning of bones which can be prevented by sufficient calcium, vitamin D, weight bearing exercise, and good nutrition. Synovial joints like the ball-and-socket hip joint allow a wide range of movement. Connective tissues like cartilage, tendons, and ligaments support the skeletal system.
Joints in human body
Joints are connections between bones that allow for movement and include fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most mobile and complex type of joint, having articular cartilage covering the bone ends, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, and a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane. The shape of the articular surfaces and presence of ligaments determine the specific movements possible at each type of synovial joint, such as the ball-and-socket shoulder joint which allows for the greatest range of motion in all directions.
Muscle tissue
1. Muscle tissue is one of four primary tissue types and is divided into three main categories: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows voluntary movement.
2. Skeletal muscle contains bundles of fibers surrounded by connective tissues. Within the fibers are myofibrils composed of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction.
3. Contraction is triggered when a motor neuron stimulates the neuromuscular junction, causing calcium release and the myosin heads to interact with and pull on the actin filaments. The strength of contraction depends on factors like overlap of filaments and stimulation frequency.
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The document discusses reflex arcs and reflexes. It defines a reflex arc as an involuntary response to a stimulus that involves a receptor, sensory transmission through afferent nerves, integration in the central nervous system, and motor response through efferent nerves and effectors. It provides the example of a spinal reflex using a headless frog where touching the limb causes withdrawal. The basic components of a reflex arc are described as the receptor, afferent limb, center (spinal cord or brain), efferent limb, and effector organ. Reflexes are also classified clinically, by number of synapses, and physiologically.
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Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three main types of joints - immovable joints which do not allow movement (e.g. sutures in the skull), slightly movable joints which allow some movement (e.g. symphysis pubis joint), and freely movable joints which allow extensive movement (e.g. ball and socket joint in the shoulder). Freely movable joints have structures like synovial fluid and membranes that reduce friction and allow movement. Examples of different freely movable joints are ball and socket, hinge, gliding, condyloid, saddle, and pivot joints.
Ossification (Intracartilaginous and Intramembranous)
Ossification is the process of bone formation. There are two types of ossification: intramembranous ossification and intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification. In intramembranous ossification, bone is laid down directly in fibrous membranes by osteoblasts differentiating from mesenchymal cells. Bones formed this way include the skull and clavicle. In intracartilaginous ossification, a cartilaginous model is first formed and then replaced by bone. Long bones develop through this process, with osteoblasts eroding and replacing the cartilage matrix.
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The skeletal system has five main functions: movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It is made up of bones and joints, with four basic bone shapes. The document describes the main bones in the skull, spine, shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. It also outlines the different joint types and connectors like ligaments and tendons. Common skeletal system problems are discussed like fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
Skeletal Muscle Physiology Basics
Skeletal muscle is composed of long cylindrical muscle fibers that contain contractile filaments called myofibrils. Myofibrils contain regularly arranged thick and thin filaments that allow for muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism. Thick filaments are composed of myosin and thin filaments are composed of actin. When calcium levels rise, myosin heads bind to actin and the power stroke causes thin filaments to slide inward, shortening the sarcomere and muscle fiber. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via T-tubules in response to neural stimulation.
Types of bones
The document classifies bones into five categories based on shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. It provides examples of bones that fall into each category and describes their typical shapes and functions. The key functions of bones are listed as support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, and blood cell formation.
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The Muscular System
The document summarizes the muscular system. There are three types of muscle tissue: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones to enable movement. It contracts through the sliding filament model, where actin and myosin filaments interact powered by ATP. Motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction, and calcium ions link electrical signals to contraction. Muscle utilizes creatine phosphate, glycogen, and cellular respiration to fuel contractions and overcome fatigue. Muscular diseases can result from genetic mutations affecting muscle proteins.
Formation of Bone
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells, fibers, and minerals. It forms through two processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are replaced by bone, forming long bones and portions of flat bones. It begins in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells directly forming bone, without a cartilage intermediate, forming bones like the skull and clavicle. Bone growth is regulated by hormones like growth hormone and sex hormones. Common bone diseases include osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia.
Types of Bone cells
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of both organic and inorganic parts. The organic part includes collagen and other proteins, while the inorganic part contains calcium and phosphate minerals. Bone contains three main cell types - osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone by secreting proteins and minerals, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteocytes maintain bone structure. Together these cells regulate bone remodeling through signals that stimulate or inhibit each other's activity.
Ossification
Ossification is the term use to describe a process of bone fermentation by deposition of calcium in the fetal hyaline cartilage.
1 Bone Structure and Composition
Bone is a composite material made up of cells and an extracellular matrix. At the micro level, bone contains osteoblasts that build bone tissue, osteoclasts that resorb bone, and osteocytes embedded in the matrix. The matrix is made of collagen fibers mineralized with hydroxyapatite crystals. Bones can be classified by their macro structure as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones have a diaphysis and epiphyses. Bone structure is adapted to its mechanical functions according to Wolff's law.
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Bone is a specialized connective tissue that forms the skeleton and is composed of both inorganic and organic materials. It has several functions including protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage. Bone is made up of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes and has both compact and cancellous structures. The quality and quantity of available bone at an implant site influences the success of dental implants, as sufficient bone is needed for proper anchoring of the implant.
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The document describes the structure and function of bones and bone tissue. It discusses the different types of bone tissue (compact and spongy bone), the cells found in bone tissue, and the organization of bones. Compact bone forms the dense outer walls and is made up of concentric rings called osteons. Spongy bone forms a porous inner structure of branching plates called trabeculae. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. The periosteum and endosteum are membranes that line the outer and inner surfaces of bones.
mbbs ims msu
Bones have several important functions in the body including supporting soft tissues, protecting organs, containing bone marrow, and allowing movement. Bones are made up of cells, bone matrix, and mineral deposits. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Bones grow and remodel through the actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Fractures are breaks in the bone that can be classified based on features like displacement. The bone healing process involves hematoma formation, callus development, and bone remodeling over time.
bones physiology.ppt
This document discusses bone histology and physiology. It contains information on the three main types of bone cells - osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions in bone formation and resorption. It also describes the structure of bone tissue and the skeletal system's roles in support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage. Key aspects of bone physiology covered include mineral storage and regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
Introduction of bones, types, structure
Bones are living tissues made of connective tissues and minerals. They perform many functions including supporting the body, protecting organs, allowing movement, and producing blood cells. The adult skeleton contains 206 bones that form through two processes - intramembranous formation which produces flat bones like the skull, and endochondral formation where cartilage is replaced by bone. Bones continuously remodel through the actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts.
bone.pptx
Bone provides structural support and protects vital organs. It is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells embedded in a mineralized matrix. There are three main bone cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix, osteoblasts which build bone matrix, and osteoclasts which break down bone matrix. Bone is either compact cortical bone or cancellous trabecular bone. Bone develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and is remodeled throughout life by coordinated bone resorption and formation. The skeleton acts as a calcium reserve and its mineral content is maintained through dynamic exchange with body fluids. Joints connect bones and allow various ranges of movement.
Bone tissue ppt.pptx
The document provides an outline and overview of bone tissue. It discusses the key components of bone, including the introduction to bone tissue, functions, parts, cells, classifications into compact and spongy bone, and the formation of bone tissue. The formation involves the initial creation of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts, followed by the mineralization of the osteoid matrix. The document also examines the cells involved, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone-lining cells, as well as the extracellular matrix composition.
Bone tissue ppt.pptx
The document provides an outline and overview of bone tissue. It discusses the key components of bone, including the introduction to bone tissue, functions, parts, cells, classifications into compact and spongy bone, and the formation of bone tissue. The formation involves the initial creation of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts, followed by mineralization of the osteoid matrix. The document also provides details on the classifications, components, cells, and microscopic structures of bone tissue.
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Anatomy and physiology of a bone
- 1. Bone Anatomy and Physiology UNIT I 2076/02/30 Dr. Subhash Kumar Das Resident Department of Orthopaedics SBH
- 2. OBJECTIVES • Introduction • Functions • Embryology • Gross anatomy of bone • Bone markings • Microscopic anatomy • Composition • Classification of bones • Bone formation, growth and remodelling • Blood supply • Role of PTH, calcitriol and vit D
- 3. Introduction • Bone is mineralized dense connective tissue • Made up of few cells in mineralized matrix • Consists of 30-40 % of our body weight. • Dynamic in nature
- 4. Function • Framework of the body. • Attachment of muscle and tendon. • Permit the movements in body parts. • Protection of organs. • Haematopoiesis • Reservoir of minerals and fat.
- 5. Embryology • Embryonic mesodermal cells • Neural crest cells
- 7. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone
- 8. Structures of a Long Bone • Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone • Medullary cavity Cavity of the shaft
- 9. Bone Markings • Surface features of bones • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Passages for nerves and blood vessels • Categories of bone markings – Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface – Depressions or cavities – indentations
- 12. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Osteon (Haversian System) – A unit of bone • Central (Haversian) canal – Opening in the center of an osteon – Carries blood vessels and nerves • Perforating (Volkman’s) canal – Canal perpendicular to the central canal – Carries blood vessels and nerves
- 14. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Lacunae – Cavities containing bone cells(osteocytes) – Arranged in concentric rings • Lamellae – Rings around the central canal – Sites of lacunae
- 15. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Canaliculi – Tiny canals – Radiate from the central canal to lacunae – Form a transport system
- 16. Composition of Bone • Bone is a specialized connective tissue. • It consists of cells and intercellular substance or matrix. • Cells are: Osteoblasts- precursor cells of osteocytes. Osteocytes- Bone forming cells. Osteoclasts- These cells helps in bone resorption. • Matrix: Organic matrix= mainly type I collagen fibers Inorganic matrix= calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, chloride, fluride and citrate.
- 17. • Inorganic content give rigidity to the bone • Organic content give the elasticity to the bone. • Lack of inorganic content- soft bone(rickets/osteomalacia) • Lack of organic content- brittle bone (OI/lobstein syndrome)
- 19. Classification • Regional classification -Axial skeleton- 80 bones -Appendicular skeleton-126 bones • Microscopic classification -Compact bone -Cancellous/trabecular bone
- 20. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
- 21. Bone Formation, Growth and Remodeling • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
- 22. Bone Formation, Growth and Remodeling Ossification – is the process of bone formation • It involves two major phases: – First, the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by bone forming cells called osteoblasts. – Then, the enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullar cavity within the newly formed bone.
- 23. -
- 24. How do bones widen? • Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone to the external face of the diaphysis as osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall. • Appositional growth - The process by which the bones increase in diameter.
- 25. • Bones are remodelled continually in response changes in two factors: -Calcium levels in the blood -The pull of gravity and muscles on the bones
- 26. Wolff’s law
- 27. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE
- 28. Role of PTH, CALCITONIN and VIT D
- 29. THANK YOU