The document discusses mineral resources, their types, uses, and associated environmental and social problems. It highlights various minerals like iron, aluminum, copper, and coal, emphasizing their importance in manufacturing, energy generation, and the potential issues of depletion, pollution, and disruption to local communities caused by mining activities. The need for conservation and sustainable management of these resources is also underscored.

1. Topic:- Mineral Resources
Subject Name :- Hazards & Safety Management
Subject Code:- MQA201T
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Smt. B. N. B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Salvav–vapi
Presented by:-
Machhi Dhruvi A.
2nd sem M.Pharm.

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• Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
CONTENTS

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• A mineral is a naturally occurring substance of definite chemical
composition & identifiable physical properties.
• Mineral resources are inorganic crystalline solids having a natural
occurrence on earth.
• They are among the scarce resources & are non-renewable in nature.
• Minerals are mainly of following types:
1. Metallic
2. Non metallic

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• Minerals are homogenous inorganic substances which have definite
physical properties & chemical compositions. Their physical structure
constitutes of a sequential arrangement of atoms, molecules & ions in a
lattice.
• There are around 3500 different types of minerals found on earth, out of
which only few of these minerals are popularly used. Minerals are
composed of more than 92 elements of different types.

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• India has abundance of mineral resources which are found in the form of
crystalline rocks & are obtained by mining activities.
• The various types of mineral resources found on earth are as follows:
1. Iron:
• One of the most important mineral among all is iron which is used in the
production of heavy machineries, automobiles & automotive parts,
construction of buildings, agricultural equipment, etc.
• Iron exists inside the earth's surface in its crude form known as "iron ore".
MINERAL RESOURCES

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2. Aluminium:
• Aluminium is a hard metal but is light in weight & is used in production of
electric wires, household utensils & construction of ships, airplanes,
automobiles, etc.
• Aluminium is obtained from its ore known as "Bauxite".
3. Copper:
• Copper is one of the valuable metals & is considered as a good conductor
of electricity.
• Brass & bronze are prepared by alloying copper with zinc & tin.
• It is used for making electrical wires & appliances.

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4. Manganese:
• India is one of the largest producers of manganese, which is widely used in
the manufacturing of steel, chemicals & glass industries.
5. Gold:
• Gold is one of the precious metals after diamond & is very fondly used by
the people of India in form of jewellery & other ornaments.
6. Diamond:
• Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on earth & exists in
crystalline form of pure carbon.
• It is a precious stone & one most costly among all stones.

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7. Coal:
• Coal is most known as "black diamond". It is also an important mineral
which is extracted through mining activities & other minerals & some
metals are obtained from the ores of coal.
• It is commonly used as a fuel for generating thermal power, especially in
production of electricity & operating rail engines.
8. Petroleum:
• Petroleum is also known as crude oil or mineral oil which is obtained as a
dark thick liquid deep down the sea bed of earth's crust. It is also "black
gold.
• Some of the by-products of petroleum obtained are diesel, kerosene, wax,
vasaline, tar, neptha, etc.

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• Uses of mineral are very prominent in manufacturing items that are used by
us regular basis.
• These includes manufacturing of machineries & equipment, jewelleries,
utensils & construction of building. ships, aircrafts. etc.
• Following are the points depicting the use of mineral resources:
1. In manufacturing of heavy machineries (automobile, rails, parts of
machinery etc.) & industrial plants
2. Construction of buildings & equipment
3. In generating energy for the production of electricity using minerals like
coal, uranium, lignite, etc.
USES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

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4. In manufacturing of defence weapons, armaments & ammunitions
5. In making of electric wires & cables as well as other electronic devices
6. In jewellery making using gold, silver, diamond, platinum, etc.
7. In production of ayurvedic medicines & other health supplements
8. In formation of alloys for specific purposes.

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1. Depletion of Mineral
Resources
2. Environmental Issues
3. pollution 4. Social problems
Associated
Problems with
Mineral
Resources
• There are several problems associated with excessive use of mineral
resources, Some of them are as follows:
ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS WITH MINERAL
RESOURCES

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1. Depletion of Mineral Resources:
• Due to over-exploitation of mineral by humans, most of the mineral
resources are on the mark of depletion in the future.
• For ex., the increasing mining of gold extracts is causing depletion of gold
mines in U.S.A..
• Thus, there is a need for conservation & utilisation of mineral resources.

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2. Environmental Issues:
• Some very serious environmental issues are created due to the extraction of
minerals.
• Huge areas of agricultural land have become completely barren due to
increased mining activities.
• Mineral extraction has resulted in the removal of natural vegetation from
large tracts causing threat flood. These flood-prone areas need appropriate
drainage system, lack of which further causes breeding of mosquitos &
spread of endemic diseases like malaria, dengue, etc.

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3. Pollution:
• The surrounding areas of these mineral-producing regions are also suffering
from the problems of air, water & noise pollution due to the use of
machinery, thus creating lots of health hazards for the locals.
4. Social problems:
• Displacement of local people is quite common wherever there are new
discoveries of minerals.
• The most affected community is the tribal population as most of the tribal
areas have rich mineral deposits.
• The local economy, values & lifestyle of these people are drastically
impacted due to industrialisation of these areas.

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The various effects resulting from the extraction of excessive mineral resources
are as follows:
1. Carbon output:
• Mining industry is dependent on the use of fossil fuels for obtaining energy
for its operational activities.
• Burning of fossil fuels emit carbon which acts as a major pollutant harming
the environment.
• In order to control the emission of carbon, various regulations related to the
emission credits have imposed by different countries under their
environmental laws.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO
EXTRACTING & USING MINERAL RESOURCES

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2. Soil Erosion :
• Mining can be seen as an aggressive process which can harm the landscape
in the vast area apart from the mining field itself.
• The negative effects of these mining activities are experienced even after
decades of shutting down of the mines.
3. Water use & waste water:
• In modern mining activities, huge amount of water is required for
extraction, processing, & waste disposal activities.
• The water sources of the nearby locations are polluted from the waste
water, thus leading to scarcity of the freshwater for drinking & other daily
needs.

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4. Ecosystem Damage:
• Mining activities also cause great damage to surrounding ecosystem.
• Different types of mines affect different types of ecosystems.
• For ex., rare and potentially valuable organisms (ex. Ocean snail, ghost
octopus) endangered due to deep sea mining.
5. Air:
• Air quality is also greatly impacted by the mining.
• In order to extract an ore, drilling & blasting of rock is required on large
scale, which produces lots of dust particulates in atmosphere.
• Mining also involves emission of greenhouse gases like methane which is a
great threat for the environment & living organisms.

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6. Damage to Land:
• A number of concerns have been raised related to the negative impact of
mining on land.
• The creation of landscape blots like open pits and piles of waste rocks due
to mining operations can lead to the physical destruction of the land at the
mining site.
• There is also a huge possibility that many of the surface features that were
present before mining activities cannot be replaced after the process has
ended.

20. 1. Dr. Y. K. Singh, in "Environmental Science" ; New age international
publishers, New Delhi, 2006, pp: 10-
2. Erach Bharucha in "Textbook of environmental studies for
undergraduate courses"; University Grant Commission, New Delhi, 2004,
pp: 20-
3. Virendra Kumar, in Environmental Science, Thakur Publication,
Lucknow, pp: 67-68
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REFERENCES

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