Uses and Exploitation of Water
Conflicts Over Water- National and International, Underground water, Flood, drought, Auqafiers, Cavery water conflict. characteristics of water.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
water conservation
need for water conservation
strategies of water conservation
methods of water conservation
rainwater harvesting
rooftop rainwater harvesting
watershed management
maintenance of watershed
Water is a very important resource in our life . The availability of water resources on earth are limited and unevenly distributed. Human demand for water has been growing for two reasons. The available water is to be conserved. This module explains the major practices adopted in water conservation.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Introduction to Environment
Global environmental issues
National environmental issues
Food Scarcity in India
water Scarcity in India
Sustained development
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
water conservation
need for water conservation
strategies of water conservation
methods of water conservation
rainwater harvesting
rooftop rainwater harvesting
watershed management
maintenance of watershed
Water is a very important resource in our life . The availability of water resources on earth are limited and unevenly distributed. Human demand for water has been growing for two reasons. The available water is to be conserved. This module explains the major practices adopted in water conservation.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Introduction to Environment
Global environmental issues
National environmental issues
Food Scarcity in India
water Scarcity in India
Sustained development
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
It includes:
1. what is a resource?
2. its types.
3. why do we need to conserve resources?
4. ways to conserve resources?
5. what is water resources?
6. Where and in what forms is water available on Earth?
7. How Can Human Actions Seriously Affect Water Resources?
8. How can the growing demand for water be met?
9. How could water resources be developed sustainably?
10. Conclusions On Water Resources
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
ground water depletion and their effect.
What is Groundwater Depletion?
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-groundwater-depletion.php . Overview of Ground Water in India Roopal Suhag February 2016
Ministry of Jal Shakti
. GROUNDWATER CRISIS IN INDIA
:: Drishti IAS Coaching in Delhi, Online IAS Test Series & Study Material
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Water Resources'.
Geography
Chapter 3
For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
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The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
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Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
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Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
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2. Water is indispensable to human life.
Though plentiful, it is limited and global demand for freshwater has
been growing rapidly due to population growth and greater affluence.
At the same time, climate change and environmental degradation are
altering the regional and seasonal availability and quality of water.
The resulting competition over water use may lead to conflict and
sometimes violence, though researchers emphasize that it is rarely the
lack of water as such that fuels conflict, but rather its governance and
management.
3. ⚫ Out of the total water reserves of the world, about 97% is salty water,
most of the animals and plants have 60-65% water in their body.
⚫ Only 3% is fresh water. Even this small fraction of fresh water is not
available to us as most of it is locked up in polar ice caps and just
0.003% is readily available to us in the form of groundwater and
surface water
4. Water is characterized by certain
unique features which make
it a marvelous resource:
⚫It exists as a liquid over a wide range
of temperature i.e. from 0°
to100°C.
⚫It has the highest specific heat, due to
which it warms up and cools down very
slowly without causing shocks of
temperature jerks to the aquatic life.
⚫It has a high latent heat of vaporization
Hence, it takes a huge amount of
energy for getting vaporized. That’s
why it produces a cooling effect as it
evaporates.
5. ⚫ It is an excellent solvent for
nutrients. Thus, it can serve as a
very good carrier of nutrients, including oxygen,
which are essential for life. But, it
can also easily dissolve various pollutants
and become a carrier of
pathogenic microorganisms.
⚫ Due to high surface tension and cohesion
it can easily rise through great
heights through the trunk even in the of the
trees like Sequoia.
6. ⚫ It has an anomalous expansion behavior i.e. as it freezes, it
expands instead of contracting and thus becomes lighter.
It is because of this property that even in
extreme cold, the lakes freeze only on the
surface. Being lighter the ice keeps floating,
whereas the bottom waters remain at a higher
temperature and therefore, can sustain aquatic organisms
even in extreme cold.
7. Water useand
Over-exploitation
⚫ Due to its unique properties water is of multiple uses for all
living organisms.
⚫ Water is absolutely essential for life.
⚫ Most of the life processes take place in contained in
the body.
⚫ Uptake of nutrients, their distribution in the body,
regulation of temperature, and removal of wastes are all
mediated through water.
⚫ Human beings depend on water for al
mos
t every developmental
activity.
⚫ Water is used for drinking, irrigation, transportation, washing
and waste disposal for industries and used as a coolant f
o
r
8. Groundwater
⚫ About 9.86% of the total fresh water resources is in the
form of groundwater and it is about 35-50 times that of
surface water supplies.
⚫ Till some time back groundwater was to be very pure.
⚫ However, of late, even groundwater aquifers been found to
be contaminated.
⚫ A layer of sediment or rock that is highly
permeable and contains water is called an
aquifer.
9. ⚫ Aquifers may be of two types:
⚫ Unconfined aquifers which are overlaid by permeable earth materials
and they are recharged by water seeping down from abovei
n
the form of
rainfall and snow melt.
⚫ Confined aquifers which are sandwiched between two i
layers of rock
or sediments and are recharged only in those areas where
the aquifer intersects the land surface. Sometimes the recharged
area is hundreds of kilometers away from the location of the well
10. EffectsofGroundwaterUsage
⚫ Subsidence: When groundwater withdrawal i
s more
than its recharge rate, the sediments in
the aquifer get compacted, a phenomenon known
as ground subsidence. Huge economic losses may
occur due to this phenomenon because it results in the
sinking of overlying land surface. The common problems
associated with it include structural damage in
buildings, fracture in pipes, reversing the flow of sewers and
canals and tidal flooding.
⚫ Lowering of water table: Mining of groundwater is
extensively in arid and semi- arid regions for irrigating
crop fields. However, it is not advisable to do excessive
mining as it would cause a sharp decline in future agricultural
production, due to lowering of water table.
11.
12. FLOODS
⚫ Heavy rainfall often causes floods in the low-lying coastal
areas.
⚫ Prolonged downpour can cause the over-flowing of lakes and
rivers resulting into floods.
⚫ Deforestation, overgrazing, rapid industrialization, global warming
etc. have also contributed largely to a sharp rise in the
incidence of floods, which otherwise is a natural disaster.
13. DROUGHTS
⚫ When annual rainfall is below and less
than evaporation, drought
conditions are created.
⚫ Ironically, these drought- hit areas are having a high
population growth
which leads to poor land use and the situation worse.
14. ⚫ Anthropogenic causes:
Drought is a
phenomenon, but due to
several anthropogenic
causes like over grazing,
deforestation, mining etc.
there is spreading
of the deserts tending
to convert more
areas to drought affected
areas.
⚫ Erroneous and
intensive pattern
and increased
exploitation of scarce
water resources through well
or canal irrigation to
get high productivity
15. Remedial measures:
⚫Indigenous knowledge in of drought and
desertification
can be very useful for dealing with the problem.
⚫Carefully selected mixed help
optimize production and minimize the risks of crop
failures.
⚫Social Forestry and development can prove
quite effective to fight the problem, but it should
be based on proper understanding of
ecological requirements and natural process.
16. TRADITIONALWATERMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
⚫ In India, even today, there are s
e
v
e
r
a
l villages where water
management
is done not by the Irrigation but by local managers.
⚫ In south India, a neerkatti manages
the tanks very efficiently based on his/her
knowledge of the terrain, drainage
and irrigation needs.
⚫ They usually give preference to the end fields and
decide per capita allocation of water based on the
stock of available water in the tank and crop needs.
⚫ In Maharashtra, the water mangers are havaldars or jaghyas
who manage and resolve conflicts by overseeing the water
channels from main canal to the distributor canals
17. ⚫In Ladakh, the water manager is as churpun who
has got complete charge with full powers over allocation
of available water.
⚫The major source of water melt water
from glaciers and snow supplementary by water
from springs and marshes.
⚫The water is distributed different
fields through an intricate network of earthen
channels.
18.
19. 2. Water shortages and public discontent in
Yemen
As a consequence of severe mismanagement,
Yemen’s water availability is declining
dramatically. The impacts on the people are
unequally distributed, and corruption and
nepotism are at the core of this imbalance.
This has increasingly frustrated the
disadvantaged, with water scarcity playing a
role in fuelling the political and security crisis
in Yemen.
20. 1. Dispute over water in the Nile Basin
The Nile basin features significant conflict over access to and rights over
the Nile water resources among its eleven riparian countries. The Nile
Basin Initiative (NBI), founded by 9 out of 10 riparian countries in 1999
with backing from major donor institutions, has achieved some
successes in its attempts to strengthen cooperation. Yet, since 2007,
diverging interests between upstream and downstream countries have
brought negotiations to a standstill, pitting Egypt (and, to a lesser
extent, Sudan) against upstream riparians, especially Ethiopia. In 2015,
trilateral negotiations between these countries over a major dam under
construction in
Ethiopia led to a
framework agreement
that may, in time,
prepare the ground for a
broader agreement.
21. 3. Turkey, Syria and Iraq: conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris
The Euphrates-Tigris Basin is shared between Turkey, Syria and Iraq,
with Iran comprising parts of the Tigris basin. Since the 1960s, unilateral
irrigation plans altering the flows of the rivers, coupled with political
tensions between the countries, have strained relations in the basin.
Disputes have prevented the
three governments from
effectively co-managing the
basin’s rivers. Although
cooperation efforts were
renewed in the 2000s, these
have yet to result in a formal
agreement on managing the
basin waters.
22. Afghanistan’s efforts to harness the waters of the
Helmand River and the Harirud to support post-
conflict reconstruction and development have
alarmed Iran.
The Iranian government perceives Afghanistan’s
agricultural expansion and dam construction
activities as threats to water security in its eastern
and northeastern provinces.
With a largely ineffective water treaty in place,
cooperative initiatives have not yet achieved a
breakthrough.
Afghanistan’s reluctance to engage in water
negotiations, coupled with Iran’s alleged
“paradoxical” activities of support vs. disruption,
have further complicated the resolution of
transboundary water disputes between the two
countries.
4. Transboundary water disputes between
Afghanistan and Iran
23. The Mekong basin is witnessing an enormous
expansion of dam-building for hydropower
generation, especially in China and Laos. This has
led to diplomatic tensions as countries downstream
of the dams fear the negative impacts they may
bring about, from greater flooding to seasonal lack
of water. The Mekong River Commission’s (MRC)
effectiveness in resolving these tensions has so far
been limited due to its lack of enforcement powers
and China’s reluctance to join as a full member.
Instead of joining the MRC, China is trying to
engage with downstream riparians by proposing
alternative institutional mechanisms and offering
assistance for dam construction downstream in the
Lower Mekong basin. However, without more
formalized cooperation, especially between the
lower riparians and China, contemporary dam-
building activities might continue to act as a
destabilizing force in the Mekong River Basin.
5. Dam projects and disputes in
the Mekong River Basin
24. The long-standing conflict over water
from the Cauvery River between the
Indian states Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
has recently resurfaced in the context of
drier climate conditions. The implications
are not only legal battles, but also violent
protests following decisions to alter water
distribution between the two states.
6. Dispute over water in the
Cauvery Basin in India
25. Frequent droughts in Somalia put significant pressures on pastoral
livelihoods. Droughts cause herders to sell more of their livestock
than they would under normal conditions, resulting in
plummeting livestock prices and deteriorating rural incomes.
Widespread poverty and lack of economic alternatives, in turn,
provide incentives for illicit activities and for joining armed groups
such as Al Shabaab, which offer cash revenues and other benefits
to their fighters. Especially the record drought of 2011 is believed
to have swelled the ranks of the militant Islamist group.
7. Droughts, livestock prices and
armed conflict in Somalia
26. The Turkish-Armenian case is a prominent
example of how two coriparians can put
their tensions aside, work together in
their mutual interest, and share
transboundary waters equitably.
8. Turkey-Armenia: Water cooperation despite tensions
27. Egypt is currently using more water than its
internal renewable resources - mainly based
on Nile fresh water inflows - supply. Water
stress in Egypt is expected to further increase
in the future as a result of rapid population
growth, rising temperatures and increasing
water consumption. If not properly dealt with,
growing freshwater scarcity will put severe
strains on Egypt’s economy and make the
country more vulnerable to renewed internal
strife. Moreover, it risks putting increasing
pressure on Egypt’s diplomatic relations with
other states along the Nile.
9. Security implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt
28. In 2000, privatisation of the drinking water in
Cochabamba incurred violent protests and escalated
into the so-called ‘Water War of Cochabamba’,
which killed at least nine people. Eventually, the
city’s water was renationalised and access to water
received new legal backing. However, dwindling
water supplies induced by global climate change,
over-consumption and technological deficiencies
continue to heavily strain the city of Cochabamba.
10. Water privatisation in Cochabamba, Bolivia