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 MINERAL RESOURCES
 USES AND EXPLOITATION
 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF EXTRACTING
AND USING MINERAL RESOURCES
 CASE STUDIES
Malligaarjunan
 Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline
solids having a definite chemical
composition and characteristic physical properties.
 An ore is a mineral or combination of
minerals from which a useful
substance, such as a metal, can be
extracted and used to manufacture a
useful product.
a gold ore
 Minerals are formed over a period of
millions of years in the earth’s crust.
The main uses of minerals are as follows:
(i) Development of industrial plants and
machinery.
(ii) Generation of energy e.g. coal, lignite,
uranium.
(iii) Construction, housing, settlements.
(iv) Defense equipments weapons, armaments.
(v) Transportation means.
(vi) Communication- telephone wires,
cables, electronic devices.
(vii) Medicinal system- particularly in
Ayurvedic System.
(viii) Formation of alloys for various purposes
(e.g. phosphorite).
Based on their properties, minerals are
basically of two types:
 (i) Non metallic minerals e.g. graphite,
diamond, quartz, feldspar.
 (ii) Metallic minerals e.g. Bauxite, laterite,
haematite etc.
 Distribution and uses of some of the major
metallic and non-metallic minerals are given
in Tables 1 and 2.
 (a) Energy generating minerals
 Coal and lignite: West
Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P., A.P.
 Uranium (Pitchblende or Uranite ore):
Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh
(Nellore, Nalgonda), Meghalaya, Rajasthan
(Ajmer).
 b) Other commercially used minerals
 Aluminium (Bauxite ore): Jharkhand, West
Bengal,Maharashtra, M.P., Tamilnadu.
 Iron (haematite and magnetite ore):
Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P.,A.P., Tamilnadu, Karnatak
a, Maharashtra and Goa.
 Copper (Copper Pyrites): Rajasthan
(Khetri), Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, M.P., West
Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
 The issue related to the limits of the mineral
resources in our earth's crust or in the ocean
is not so significant. More important
environmental concern arises from the
impacts of extraction and processing of these
minerals during mining, smelting etc.
 Indian Scenario: India is the producer of 84
minerals the annual value of which is about
Rs.50,000 crore.
 At least six major mines need a mention
here which are known for causing severe
problems:
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null-1.pdf

  • 1.  MINERAL RESOURCES  USES AND EXPLOITATION  ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF EXTRACTING AND USING MINERAL RESOURCES  CASE STUDIES Malligaarjunan
  • 2.  Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids having a definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties.
  • 3.  An ore is a mineral or combination of minerals from which a useful substance, such as a metal, can be extracted and used to manufacture a useful product. a gold ore
  • 4.  Minerals are formed over a period of millions of years in the earth’s crust.
  • 5. The main uses of minerals are as follows: (i) Development of industrial plants and machinery. (ii) Generation of energy e.g. coal, lignite, uranium. (iii) Construction, housing, settlements. (iv) Defense equipments weapons, armaments.
  • 6. (v) Transportation means. (vi) Communication- telephone wires, cables, electronic devices. (vii) Medicinal system- particularly in Ayurvedic System. (viii) Formation of alloys for various purposes (e.g. phosphorite).
  • 7. Based on their properties, minerals are basically of two types:  (i) Non metallic minerals e.g. graphite, diamond, quartz, feldspar.  (ii) Metallic minerals e.g. Bauxite, laterite, haematite etc.
  • 8.  Distribution and uses of some of the major metallic and non-metallic minerals are given in Tables 1 and 2.
  • 9.
  • 10.  (a) Energy generating minerals  Coal and lignite: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P., A.P.  Uranium (Pitchblende or Uranite ore): Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh (Nellore, Nalgonda), Meghalaya, Rajasthan (Ajmer).
  • 11.  b) Other commercially used minerals  Aluminium (Bauxite ore): Jharkhand, West Bengal,Maharashtra, M.P., Tamilnadu.  Iron (haematite and magnetite ore): Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P.,A.P., Tamilnadu, Karnatak a, Maharashtra and Goa.  Copper (Copper Pyrites): Rajasthan (Khetri), Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, M.P., West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
  • 12.  The issue related to the limits of the mineral resources in our earth's crust or in the ocean is not so significant. More important environmental concern arises from the impacts of extraction and processing of these minerals during mining, smelting etc.
  • 13.  Indian Scenario: India is the producer of 84 minerals the annual value of which is about Rs.50,000 crore.  At least six major mines need a mention here which are known for causing severe problems: