Cities grow due to both push and pull factors related to migration. Key push factors driving rural to urban migration include lack of land, food, and opportunities in rural areas, as well as the pull of potential work and higher wages in cities. Migration leads to changes in birth and death rates in cities as people adopt an urban lifestyle with better access to education, healthcare, and family planning services compared to rural areas. Cities also depend on wealth inequality as migrants have a wide range of incomes and access to services.

1. Migration – Why Do Cities GrowAS Geography

2. Thinking of the DTM...At What stage do you feel people began to migrate to cities?Why Do cities grow?

3. Why did cities grow?Increase in natural population growthNet migration from rural areasRural depopulationIndustrialisationSo why do people move to cities?

4. Reasons to move?To find workEarn money to send home (Remittances)Shortage of land, food or opportunities is rural areasFreedom from traditional rural societyPull of the bright lightsWar, Natural disastersHope to receive support from Govt or NGO’s in the event of food shortages

5. You can categorise migration into Push and pull factorsPhysicalDemographicEconomicSocialPolitical

6. Birth Rates always fall when people migrate to cities... WHY?Education levels are higher especially for girlsChildren are less economically advantageousLarge families can be a drag on economic progress for newcomersGenerally not the same extended family structure

7. How are Death Rates affected then?Housing – often poor quality when under rapid growth but generally improves laterWater – Has a similar issueSewage Treatment – Again is poor but improvesFood Supply – Often better than rural areas because cities are centre for storage and distributionHealth Care – Can be better than rural areas

8. Cities Depend on WealthOften huge ranges of income in cities and access to services.This is still apparent today in many societies around the globeCan you think of areas where wealth plays a part?

10. Types of Migration

11. Forced MigrationReligious or political persecution, war, natural disaster, forced labour or famine

12. VoluntaryClimateEmploymentFamilyBetter services

13. Internal MigrationMigration within countriesMoving houseUrban to urbanUrban to ruralRural to urbanSuch as Pioneer advances across USA 1800’s +

14. International MigrationVoluntaryColonisation of countries such as the USA upto around 1924Most is now forced due to the tightening of immigrant policy

15. Lee’s Model 1966

16. Does not isolate push pull factorsLooks at attributes for each place Decisions based on personal factors reliant on AgeGenderMarital StatusEducationSocio-economic classSome are positive factors some are seen as negative others as neutral all this influences personal decision making process

17. Lee’s model introduces a refinement to push pull factorsIntervening Obstacles Both real or perceived International boundaries, language, anxieties etc.

18. Consequences of Migration Overview

19. Demographic ConsequencesChanges in the numbers and distribution of people within a region are changed. Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people.

20. Social ConsequencesMigration brings different people together leading to conflicts. Migration however also creates understanding between different groups of people. Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes in cities.

21. Economic ConsequencesThis depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the economic needs of the origin and destination. Quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc. In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it reduces the pressure on the land. In under populated areas, emigration may slow down development.

22. Class Work‘Most migrants travel short distances, with increased distance the number of migrants decrease’‘The major direction of migration is from agricultural to areas of industry and commerce’‘Most migrants are adults and families rarely migrate out of their own countries of birth.’These remarks were made 150yrs ago how well do they stand up today, write notes on your own and then discuss in small groups