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Presentation by Dr. Teppo Eskelinen, philospher and freelance journalist, discussing the concept of "development" and the relationship oj journalism to development
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
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Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
âThe Human Development Index is is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development that tracks progress in providing a long and healthy life, improved knowledge and a decent standard of living.
Presentation by Dr. Teppo Eskelinen, philospher and freelance journalist, discussing the concept of "development" and the relationship oj journalism to development
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
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Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
âThe Human Development Index is is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development that tracks progress in providing a long and healthy life, improved knowledge and a decent standard of living.
_Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development .pdfLeandraLeiCaalita
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EVERY NATIONS
STRIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT
But economic progress is not the only component
DEVELOPMENT > material and financial
Widespread realization = national context + international economic + social system
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Why study economics for Sustainable Development? A question of growthDr Leonie Pearson
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Postgraduate lecture to the students at Chulalongkorn University's Enviornment, Devleopment and Sustainability course. Lecutre explores: (i) Exploring economics for sustainable development (ii) Growth versus development
(iii) Development options: measuring what matters and (iv) Assignment outline on sustainable development
COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA
Wholesale Banking Division
Micro Business Banking Department
Proposal on empowering young entrepreneurs
under âKENAâ program along with UNCDF
July, 2023
Introduction
The youth employment crisis is a global development priority. Over 10 million youth enter Africaâs labour market each year, yet only 3 Million formal jobs are available, making it an uphill battle for most youth to secure decent employment. According to GSMA 2020, there are about 1 billion people between 15 and 24 years of age in the worldâs less developed regions. As they grow into adulthood, they will need support from many sources â including parents, trusted mentors, and social networks and a variety of financial and non-financial services.
Kena is a program designed by EYEA to understand, support and empower young entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurship journey. Kena aspires to capacitate young entrepreneurs on the required skills and make their business ideas/products ready for financing. Kena will address the existing entrepreneurship challenges in the academic context which has little to no contribution in preparing the young entrepreneurs to prepare the youth and realize their vision. To achieve this there is a need to prepare
contextualized training, coaching and mentoring programs. The program objective is to provide service packages that enhance trusts between entrepreneurs and financial institutions. Target groups of kena are young entrepreneurs from different areas like university students and others aged 18 to35. The priority sectors are Agriculture, Health, Tourism, Manufacturing, Education and ICT. The overall aim of Kena is prepare potential entrepreneursâ business ideas investment ready and provide networking opportunities for accessing finance and related exposure at Zelela monthly policy advocacy and networking platform. Thus, this proposal aimed to arrange and work on the area of activities on young entrepreneurs of the association, based on shared objective CBE and UNCDF.
Company profile
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is one of the oldest, the giant and the leading African commercial banks with an asset of more than 1.24 trillion Birr (as of December 31, 2022) which is 58% of the industry share, wide capital base and huge lending capacity. Furthermore, CBE combines a wide customer base with more than 38.1 million account holders, more than 8.8 million card holders, more than 7.7 million Mobile banking users, has deployed more than 3,120 ATM Machines, have more than 9,340 Point of sale terminals, more than 7.4 million CBE birr users, more than 36,507 agents, more than 1,879 branches networks, and more than 69,594 talented and committed employees clerical and non-clerical employees.
CBE is well known in playing a huge and catalytic role in in the countryâs economic development and societyâs wellbeing (prosperity). The bank has also played a great role in creating better environment for th
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
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Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Hanâs Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insiderâs LMA Course, this piece examines the courseâs effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarâs dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireâs birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireâs society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Definitions of Development
ī§ For almost every writer a different
definition of development exists
ī§ Important to first distinguish between:
ī§ a. Development as a state or condition-
static
ī§ b. Development as a process or course
of change- dynamic
3. Meaning of Development-Todaro
ī§ Development is not purely an economic
phenomenon but rather a multi-
dimensional process involving
reorganization and reorientation of entire
economic AND social system
ī§ Development is process of improving the
quality of all human lives with three
equally important aspects. These are:
4. Todaroâs Three Objectives of
Development
ī§ 1. Raising peoplesâ living levels, i.e.
incomes and consumption, levels of food,
medical services, education through
relevant growth processes
ī§ 2. Creating conditions conducive to the
growth of peoplesâ self-esteem through the
establishment of social, political and
economic systems and institutions which
promote human dignity and respect
ī§ 3. Increasing peoplesâ freedom to choose
by enlarging the range of their choice
variables, e.g. varieties of goods and
services
5. Alternative Interpretations of
Development (Mabogunje)
ī§ Development as Economic Growth-
too often commodity output as opposed
to people is emphasized-measures of
growth in GNP. Note here the persistence
of a dual economy where the export
sector contains small number of workers
but draws technology as opposed to
traditional sector where most people
work and is dominated by inefficient
technology
6. Alternative Interpretations of
Development
ī§ Development as Modernization-
emphasizes process of social change
which is required to produce economic
advancement; examines changes in
social, psychological and political
processes;
ī§ How to develop wealth oriented behavior
and values in individuals; profit seeking
rather than subsistence and self
sufficiency
ī§ Shift from commodity to human approach
with investment in education and skill
training
7. Alternative Interpretations of
Development
ī§ Development as Distributive Justice-
view development as improving basic
needs
ī§ Interest in social justice which has raised
three issues:
ī§ 1.Nature of goods and services provided
by governments
ī§ 2. Matter of access of these public goods
to different social classes
ī§ 3. How burden of development can be
shared among these classes
ī§ Target groups include small farmers,
landless, urban under-employed and
unemployed
8. Alternative Interpretations of
Development
ī§ Development as Distributive Justice-
view development as improving basic
needs
ī§ Interest in social justice which has raised
three issues:
ī§ 1.Nature of goods and services provided
by governments
ī§ 2. Matter of access of these public goods
to different social classes
ī§ 3. How burden of development can be
shared among these classes
9. Marxist View of Development
ī§ Emphasizes Mode of Production -
elements and activities necessary to
produce and reproduce real, material life
ī§ Capitalist (market economy) mode
depends on wage labor whose labor
power produces a surplus which is
accumulated and appropriated by the
employer-result is often class conflict in
capitalist societies
10. Neocolonial Dependence Model
ī§ Outgrowth of Marxist thinking-Dos Santos
ī§ Existence of underdevelopment due to historical
evolution of an unequal international capitalist
system of rich country-poor country relations
ī§ Sets up center (developed countries) versus
periphery (developing countries) contrast
ī§ Attempts to become self-reliant and progressive
are surpressed by this relationship
ī§ Moreover certain elites in the developing world
(e.g landlords, entrepreneurs, merchants) enjoy
high incomes, social status and political power
and thus perpetuate inequality and conformity
and are rewarded
ī§ They serve international power groups such as
multi-national firms, assistance agencies (World
Bank) and other agents
11. Sustainable Development
ī§ Defined as development that is likely to achieve
lasting satisfaction of human needs and
improvement of the quality of life and
encompasses:
ī§ Help for the very poorest who are left with no
option but to destroy their environment to survive
ī§ Idea of self-reliant development with natural
resource constraints
ī§ Cost effective development using different
economic criteria to the traditional âi.e.
development should not degrade environment
ī§ Important issues of health control, appropriate
technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and
shelter for all
ī§ People centered activities are necessary-
human beings are the resources in the concept
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Theories of Development
ī§ 1940-50s- Keynesian growth theory -
process of capital of formation is
determined by savings and investment
ī§ Domestic savings are chanelled to
productive investments such as
manufacturing which result âusually-in
high productivity
ī§ Growth is market driven as income levels
rise, savings rises and frees capital for
alternative investment
17. Theories of Development
ī§ Modernization Theory -as noted
previously this theory suggests that
economic dimension alone is insufficient
and adds theories on institutional and
social change
ī§ Incorporates non-economic elements such
as social practices, beliefs, values and
customs (McClelland, Achieving Society)
ī§ Diffusion and speed of change is critical as
is removal of various cultural and social
barriers
ī§ Backward internal structures-rather than
external factors-cause underdevelopment
18. Theories of Development
ī§ NeoLiberal Development Theory- grew
in the 1970s and designed to counteract
impact of Keynesianism
ī§ New emphasis on supply side factors in
development- private initiatives and
market led growth
ī§ Move away from demand stimulation
(interest rate manipulation), import
substitution, state intervention and
centralized planning
ī§ Gradual industrialization with âtrickle downâ
of benefits to all social classes
19. Theories of Development
ī§ Popular Development- what is it?
ī§ Avoids âgrand theoriesâ and emphasizes
solutions viewed in context of development
which is part of historical process
ī§ Context of development is constantly changing
in scale and time
ī§ Accommodates geographical and historical
diversity
ī§ Theory of little use to practitioners of
development
ī§ Stresses local diversity, human creativity,
process of social change through pragmatism,
flexibility and context
ī§ Not extent of state intervention but comparative
advantages of public and private sectors and
their complementarity
20. Popular Development and
Environment
ī§ Recognizes high âopportunity costsâ
associated with irreversible environmental
damage
ī§ Dealing with environmental problems
requires solutions sensitive to local social
and ecological conditions
ī§ Society and nature relations are affected
by variations in class, gender and ethnicity
ī§ âReproductive squeezeâ forces peasants
to intensify production in fragile
environments
21. Popular Development, Space and
Place
ī§ Bottom up approaches (as opposed to top-
down) to peoplesâ participation are important in
this view
ī§ How are various social groups and classes
affected by rural-urban, core-periphery and
other spatial interactions?
ī§ Growing importance of âdecentralizationâ of
decision-making and authority from center to
periphery
22. Popular Development and Power
ī§ How does the power structure affect
development?
ī§ Examine sources of empowerment,
inequality and discrimination
ī§ Need to devise more people centered
approaches which stress empowerment
and participation
ī§ Empowerment as participatory
development seeks to engender self-help
and self-reliance but also effective
collective decision-making
23. What causes
underdevelopment?
ī§ Very easy to focus on characteristics of
development
ī§ For example we know that
underdevelopment is usually
characterized by: low per capita incomes,
low literacy and educational attainment,
lack of basic services- water and power
ī§ But how do we EXPLAIN
underdevelopment?
24. Some Common âTheoriesâ
ī§ Old view that absence of development caused
by certain physical environments, particular
cultural traditions and value systems-
environmental and cultural determinism
ī§ Lack of natural resources certainly impediment
to development but not impossible- example of
Japan
ī§ Why has Japan succeeded?
25. Reasons for Japanese Success
ī§ Strong cooperation between government
and business
ī§ Able to adapt to spatial-physical situation
and acquire a maritime prowess
ī§ Early development (Meiji restoration) of
transport and banking systems
ī§ Highly literate population
ī§ Niche development- technology driven
26. Other Common Explanations of
Underdevelopment
ī§ Instability and other adverse internal situations-
political factors
ī§ Some truth to this as extended periods of
turbulence are not conducive to development-
central African nations with tribal rivalries and
ethnic cleansing
ī§ Poor physical environment- lack of rainfall,
poor soils also may pose barriers to
development
27. Vicious Circles- Gunnar Myrdal
ī§ Complex web of interlocking vicious circles
each of which constitutes a chain of cause and
effect relationships where one unfavorable
circumstance leads to another and produces
downward spiral
ī§ High Birth Rate> Large Families>Low PCI>
Poverty> Low Output Per Worker>
ī§ Low PCI> Low Productivity> Poor
Health>Inadequate Housing
ī§ Remedy > Downward spiral not reversible
without massive aid
28. Remedy for Vicious Circle
ī§ Aid would stimulate growth in modern
sector and reduce size of âinformalâ or
traditional sector
ī§ Thus eliminate dualism and the major
causes of unequal distribution of wealth
ī§ Foreign aid would allow countries to
increase low levels of productivity
29. Another Common Explanation
ī§ Colonialism As Scapegoat
ī§ Attacking vicious circle proponents-do
not explain how these magic circles
come into existence
ī§ Need to view development in historical
perspective as sequence of dynamic
events-explore roots
ī§ Colonialism viewed as the cause of
disintegration and decline- how?
30. Colonialism as Scapegoat
ī§ Indigenous population exploited
ī§ Traditional way of life and self sufficient
mode of production have been destroyed
ī§ Forced to pay taxes and conscripted
labor practices
ī§ Social differentiation increased-
disintegrating force
ī§ Fatal effects on secondary
(manufacturing) and tertiary (service)
sectors- import of cheap goods forced
indigenous artisans out of work
ī§ Discouraged modern industrialization
31. Colonialism as Scapegoat contâd
ī§ Thus what occurred in these situations
was dependent not autonomous
development
ī§ Colonial powers extracted wealth for
home country-Netherlands, France,
Great Britain
ī§ International division of labor (IDL) and
western dominated trading structure was
created to take advantage of colonial
authority
ī§ IDL=allocation of tasks among laborers
such that each one engages in tasks that
he performs most efficiently and this
promotes worker specialization and
productivity
32. What to Do With Development
Theory ?
ī§ Several theories have been advanced
have been criticized and some also
discreditedâto be replaced by other
theories
ī§ Third World is very heterogeneous-
dissimilar in terms of population,
resources, climates, culture , economic
structure and location
ī§ Unlikely that one theory will be powerful
enough to explain underdevelopment
everywhere
33. What to Say About Development
Theory ?
ī§ Underdevelopment must be seen as a
product of an array of complex and
continuously changing interactions
between:
ī§ 1. Past and Present
ī§ 2. Natural and Human Environments
ī§ 3. External and Internal Conditions
ī§ Multitude of obstacles to development
vary with place and time
ī§ Critical to remember that the above
theoretical ideas aid us in asking
pertinent questions