Here are potential responses to the questions: 1. Migration rates differ between countries due to factors like a nation's economic opportunities, wage differentials, political stability, migration policies, geographic proximity to other nations, and demographic trends within a country. Countries with strong economic growth and job opportunities tend to see higher in-migration, while nations experiencing conflict or stagnation may experience more out-migration. 2. Strict migration policies can be seen as counter-productive for a few reasons. They may discourage highly skilled foreign workers and students who could contribute economically from immigrating or staying long-term. They also risk creating an underground population of undocumented immigrants who live in the shadows and are less able to integrate. This undermines the rule

1. Globalisation and the
Increase in Migration

2. starter
• What do you think I mean by the following
terms:
• Migration
• Identity
• Sovereignty
• How do you think the concepts of
migration impacts on a countries identity?

3. Learning Objectives
• Definition of migration
• Understand the types of migrants
• Assess the reasons for migration
• 2 Case studies highlighting views on
migration

4. • IMF defines Globalisation as
“The growing economic interdependence of
countries worldwide…”
• This can also apply to people and not just
goods and services
• It is globalisation that has created
opportunities for people to migrate as well
as incentives and pressures that help to
explain the movement of people
• A migrant is defines as “Someone who
moves their permanent residence from
one country to another for at least a year”.

5. Types of migrant
• Economic migrant: Someone moving for
better employment opportunities or more
money.

6. Refugee
• People who leave their home because
they have suffered or fear they will suffer
persecution due to their:
• Race
• Religion
• Nationality
• Political Opinions
• They seek asylum in other countries and
can be granted Asylum seeker status

7. Irregular migrant
• Someone who enters a country illegally
without a valid visa or permit or who as
overstayed the duration of a visa or its
been cancelled

8. Changes
• Globalisation has changed the economic
system creating push and pull factors
required to drive migration
• The two trends:
– Rural to urban migration within emerging
economies and developing countries
– International migration between interconnected
countries.

10. Biggest movements
• Have generally always occurred within
emerging economies such as rural to
urban migration in China
• Largest reginal movement = SE Asia to
the Middle East (Oil and construction)
• Between countries = Mexico to USA
• Circulation of people = Sub-Saharan
countries
• Biggest issues = the press telling us it is
only an EU issue.

11. Case Study: Rural To Urban:
China
• The International Labour
Organisation said that since 1979
China has experienced the largest
internal migration ever recorded
• 229.8 million rural migrant workers
• 70% employed in the eastern
areas working in large or middle
sized cities in manufacturing or
construction
• Global shift in manufacturing
CREATES new labour markets

12. Why
Push Factors:
Less jobs in agriculture
due to mechanisation
Pull Factors:
Higher wages
Better Q of L

13. Issues
• All Chinese births are registered by the Hukou system
• Rural citizens do not have an urban Hukou and
therefore can’t easily relocate to cities
• Creating a floating pop’n
• Often denied access to:
– Health care
– Housing
– Education
• Despite this the pull factors often are too great
estimated by 2025 a further 250 million will leave their
rural homes taking china’s urban pop’n to over 1 billion

14. Same issues in different countries
• The same problems with rural to urban
migration exist across the globe as the
wage differential grows.
• The DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo)
suffer the same issues due to massive
rural poverty, conflict and lack of food
• The DRC rural to urban migration is
overwhelming driven by push factors

15. Lee’s Model 1966

16. • Does not isolate push/pull factors
• Looks at attributes for each place
• Decisions based on personal factors
reliant on
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Marital Status
4. Education
5. Socio-economic class
• Some are positive factors some are
seen as negative others as neutral all
this influences personal decision making
process

17. For instance
• Where would you want to live in the world?
• What would cause you to leave?
• Why wouldn’t you leave?
• Many of these factors depend on the individual
and can rely on a vast array of factors but
each person makes internalised choices
• One person’s push factor could be another's
pull factor.
• E.g.
• Hate Manchester v Love Manchester

18. Intervening Obstacles
• Lee’s model introduces a refinement to
push pull factors
• Intervening Obstacles Both real or
perceived
• International boundaries, language,
anxieties etc.

19. International Migration
• Around 3-4% of global pop’n live outside their country of
birth
• This varies greatly between countries due to:
– Migration policies
– Levels of engagement in global economy
– Internal economic growth

20. Case Study: Singapore
• 5th most globalised state in the world
• Attracts large international flows of migrants
• Est. 1819 as a British trading colony and attracted
workers from the mainland China, Malaysia and India
• When it gained independence it introduced stricter laws

21. Modern Singapore
• As one of the 4 tiger Economies it attracted a fresh wave of
migrants as a result the population can be divided into two types
• Citizens and permanent residents
– People who have residency including naturalised citizens
• Temporary immigrants (non-residents)
– Students and certain workers
• Non-resident pop’n has increased dramatically accounting for
25.7% of the total with nearly half of these coming from Malaysia

22. Issues
• Most of non-residents are low-skilled working in construction, services
or manufacturing
• Some in bars and tourist spots
• Termination of employment means termination of visa and non-
residents must leave within 7 days
• They are screened for HIV/AIDS
• Can’t marry residents
• Females found to be pregnant are forced home without exception
• Skilled labour from the west have less restrictive visas and can apply
for residency after 2yrs.
• Singaporeans often seek work aboard and nearly 200,00 live
overseas
• Many are highly skilled and students sponsored by the Govt are
forced to return after completion.

23. Questions
• Explain why migration rates differ between
countries (6)
• Explain why migration policies can be
seen as counter-productive (6)