Migration is one the most important demographic component to determine the size, growth and structure of population of a particular region, besides fertility and mortality. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society and societal change better. Bhubaneswar is one of the magnets for migrants in east India attributing to its exponential growth rates. This is an attempt to map the migration pattern in the city and the state.
Problems and Issues with Indian UrbanisationRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy discusses legislative, policy and financial problems and issues associated with Indian Urban Sector / Urbanisation.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Problems and Issues with Indian UrbanisationRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy discusses legislative, policy and financial problems and issues associated with Indian Urban Sector / Urbanisation.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
The National Capital Region (French: Région de la capitale nationale), also referred to as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa–Gatineau (formerly Ottawa–Hull), is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city of Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding urban and rural communities.
georgia regions ppt
types of regions ppt
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan ConcentrationPrasad Thanthratey
A study report on Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration- towards the partial fulfillment of credits for the course CA3- Planning Techniques at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (November 2019)
Perspective plan of bubaneshwar cuttack urban complexSneha Manjunath
STUDY ON BHUBHANESHWAR-CUTTACK URBAN COMPLEX A A PART OF VISION 2030. BASICALLY STUDY OF PERSPECTIVE PLANS FOR THE PROJECT. STUDY IN RELATION WITH CITY PLANNING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS
Vasna, a municipal ward under Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) was taken for study for Area Planning Studio -2013. The aim was to identify the key issues, opportunities and inherent development potential of the ward and to prepare a ward plan through a specific vision which could mitigate the current problems plaguing the ward and promote balanced development and thus serve the present and future population of the ward as well as the city.
Land use and land value theory ppt
William Alonso In location theory William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial,…
land use and land value theory of william alonso ppt
william alonso
The Structure of the Presentation:
Introduction to Master Plan
Location
Physiography
Factors for growth potential of NOIDA
Regional setting of NOIDA
Objectives
Population Growth
Development Constraints
Planning and design concept
Salient Features
Land Use Statistics
Proposals
Conclusion
Region: A territorial area of similar characteristics, which is bigger than local area and smaller than the country / nation,
Regions in India, city region & linkages like economic, functional and transportation,
Rural-Urban Linkage,
Rural-Urban Fringe,
Urban periphery settlements: Urban Village and Unauthorised colony/ illegal-land sub-division,
Land Ceiling Repeal Act 1999
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The National Capital Region (French: Région de la capitale nationale), also referred to as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa–Gatineau (formerly Ottawa–Hull), is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city of Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding urban and rural communities.
georgia regions ppt
types of regions ppt
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan ConcentrationPrasad Thanthratey
A study report on Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration- towards the partial fulfillment of credits for the course CA3- Planning Techniques at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (November 2019)
Perspective plan of bubaneshwar cuttack urban complexSneha Manjunath
STUDY ON BHUBHANESHWAR-CUTTACK URBAN COMPLEX A A PART OF VISION 2030. BASICALLY STUDY OF PERSPECTIVE PLANS FOR THE PROJECT. STUDY IN RELATION WITH CITY PLANNING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS
Vasna, a municipal ward under Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) was taken for study for Area Planning Studio -2013. The aim was to identify the key issues, opportunities and inherent development potential of the ward and to prepare a ward plan through a specific vision which could mitigate the current problems plaguing the ward and promote balanced development and thus serve the present and future population of the ward as well as the city.
Land use and land value theory ppt
William Alonso In location theory William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial,…
land use and land value theory of william alonso ppt
william alonso
The Structure of the Presentation:
Introduction to Master Plan
Location
Physiography
Factors for growth potential of NOIDA
Regional setting of NOIDA
Objectives
Population Growth
Development Constraints
Planning and design concept
Salient Features
Land Use Statistics
Proposals
Conclusion
Region: A territorial area of similar characteristics, which is bigger than local area and smaller than the country / nation,
Regions in India, city region & linkages like economic, functional and transportation,
Rural-Urban Linkage,
Rural-Urban Fringe,
Urban periphery settlements: Urban Village and Unauthorised colony/ illegal-land sub-division,
Land Ceiling Repeal Act 1999
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
First record of two spotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (Fab.) from Meerut...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Spotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus female bug lays 25-30 rounded black eggs. Eggs hatch in 5-6 days. The 1st instar nymph lasts for 3.33 days (ranged 3-4 days), however the second instar nymphal period is completed in 3.67 days (ranged 3-4 days), while the 3rd instar takes 4 days (ranged 4 days). The 4th and final instars nymph lasts for 4.67 days (4-5 days), however adult period lasts 6.67 days (ranged 6-7 days). The P. bioculatus was found to complete its life cycle on an average in 22.33 days (ranged 20-24 days) in the laboratory. In a laboratory experiment on feeding potential of different stages of bug showed that a single bug consumed 22.0 grubs (ranged 20-22 grubs) during its life period. This bug is recorded as a limiting factor of Z. bicolorata.
India is a nation with the second highest population in the world. With dwindling job opportunities in the rural setup, the population seeks employment in metropolitan cities. Migration is on the rise. This presentation studies the trends and the various impacts of this phenomenon, supported with reliable statistics.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Demographic characters of bhilwara city Satyam Rai
Demographic characters of bhilwara city
LOCATION ON MAP
INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY
POPULATION & ITS COMPOSITION
LITERACY RATEOF BHILWARA CITY
BIRTH RATE OF BHILWARA CITY
DEATH RATE OF BHILWARA CITY
GROWTH RATE OF BHILWARA CITY
LABOR TRENDS OF BHILWARA CITY
MIGRATION TRENDS
HOUSEHOLD STATISTICS
HEALTH STATISTICS
CRIME STATISTICS
SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Science, Education and Innovations in the context of modern problems..pdfPublisherNasir
SEI Conference
Proceeding Title Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems (2790-0169)
Type
Conference Proceedings (International)
ISSN 2790-0169
E-ISSN 2790-0177
Short Title SEI
Abbreviated key-title Sci. educ. innov. context mod. probl.
ISBN 978-1451-11-764-6
Editor Nasir Mammadov, Mammad
Chairman of Editorial Board Dr. Uma Shankar Yadav (India)
Publisher International Meetings and Conferences Research Association
E-mail (Submission & Contact) editor@imcra-az.org
Topics Science and Social Sciences (no Art and Humanities)
Frequency Bi-monthly (6 in a year)
Prioritize the enablers of urbanization in indiaGirish Singh
The process of urbanization in India creates a better and higher order of infrastructures of education, employment, modernization, industrialization and healthcare facilities. As per Chetan Vaidya (2011), Urbanization is inevitable and necessary to achieve the 10% GDP growth rate of India. As per that calculation India has to increase its urban area by 40% in the next 25 years. However, the current urban governance and management of the services is far from satisfactory. This study presents a coexisting scenario of migration that is ongoing in India. Post independent India witnessed several transformations in different sectors. Due to unequal progress and the apathetic approach of development agencies and the Government, a considerable proportion of the rural population has immigrated to the urban places in search of better opportunities resulting in many problems such as unidentifiable population groups and slum formation. Migration from rural to urban has changed the nature and proportion of population and its supportive systems. This paper describes how the migration is happening in the recent time and which the more influential enablers among them are. If there are any significant enablers among the list, the government policies for future can be made concentrating on those factors to get to the GDP goal in stipulated time.
Key-words: Urbanization, India, migration pattern, government policies, education, employment, modernization, industrialization, healthcare facilities.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Population Projection of Khordha District, ODISHA 2021-51Kamlesh Kumar
Work is based on Walter Isard's methods in a simplistic manner.
1. ARITHMATICAL INCREASE METHOD OF PROJECTION
2. GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
3. INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF CONTINENTAL ODISHAKamlesh Kumar
Although the state is endowed with vast natural resources it has remained on the bottom of the developmental chart of the nation. With such a reserve of natural resources and human resource potential, it is like a hibernating beast which must awake for good. Stealing the limelight of the most favourable smart city, the capital is growing like never before along with a few more cities. Yet the state remains mostly rural and lagging in most aspects except for the coastal regions. My analysis is that the state has not been given its due attention in planning which is the reason for its present backwardness.
‘Fashion’ is a notoriously difficult term to pin down, and it is extremely doubtful whether it is possible to come up with necessary and sufficient conditions for something justifiably to be called ‘fashionable’. Generally speaking, we can distinguish between two main categories in our notion of fashion: one that fashion refers to clothing or that fashion is a general mechanism, logic or ideology that, among other things, applies to the area of clothing.
Adam Smith , who was among the first philosophers to give fashion a central role in his anthropology, claims that fashion applies first and foremost to areas in which taste is
a central concept. This applies in particular to clothes and furniture, but also to music, poetry and architecture. Immanuel Kant provides a description of fashion that focuses on general changes in human lifestyles: ‘All fashions are, by their very concept, mutable ways of living.’
However, trends die quickly and with that comes waste. Clothing produced by fast fashion brands are oftentimes made from cheap materials, like polyester and acrylic, and not built to last: The average American throws away 80 pounds of clothing every year. We’ve been conditioned to believe that buying a garment and wearing it once is justifiable. It’s not. Due to the growing demand in the fast fashion industry, we see a vast overproduction of clothing; for example, the Copenhagen Fashion Summit reports that fashion is responsible for 92 million tons of solid waste dumped in landfills each year. This cultural shift on how we consume clothing is leaving a huge mark on the planet. Fashion has become much more than representation and being covered.
COMMUNAL HARMONY: PUNJABI & TIBETANS IN DELHIKamlesh Kumar
LANDSCAPE AS TEXT
Delhi, the majestic, cosmopolitan, sprawling capital of the nation viewed as one of the global nodes bustling with life in haste. It has maintained its identity as a pluralistic amalgamation with myriads of ethno-religious groups and minority communities. Such is the very famous, our own ‘little Tibet’- Majnu Ka Tila situated at a stone’s throw from the Delhi University North Campus. Officially known as Aruna Nagar Colony is the universal gathering place
for Tibetans living around Delhi and a transit point for the people of the trans-Himalayan range and conversely a gateway to Tibet for the Indians and foreign tourists alike as the capital city enjoys a status of a flourishing educational and political hub.
Tall buildings on either side make the narrow alley so dark it’s as if the sun never makes it here. Shops on either side sell only exotic Tibetan jewellery, Buddhist artefacts and crockery. In this labyrinth of a colony, the stalls are full of copies of branded shoes and clothes, reflecting the latest in fashion trends across Asia. Many of the tiny outlets sell Buddhist curios and Tibetan literature. Ahead, the alley opens into a bright courtyard facing the monastery. Old ladies sit in the sun, making fresh momos and laphing, pancakes rolled with chilli paste. Besides MKT is a Foodie's paradise, the eateries here are not only popular for its momos, but one can also enjoy authentic Tibetan, Chinese and Korean delicacies along with the yummiest of the English pastries.
Majnu Ka Tila not only is limited to Tibetan community but constituted by the Punjabi community as well which has a historical context.
The area provides a microcosm of diversified India where there is invisible transition and diffusion of identity, culture of distinct communities and Indianisation of Tibetan lifestyle.
For instance, many Tibetans who cannot afford the rising rents of the Tibetan enclave (due to hotels and tourist activities) are forced to live in the Punjabi Basti where renting an apartment is cheaper comparatively. Living in Punjabi zone is seen influencing a cultural and identity loss. To diffuse with the Punjabi population is perceived as a risk “of identity loss”, and forgetting your Tibetan culture. These frontiers are mental, social and religious. Nonetheless, the ethnic groups interacting and sharing a space is a matter of pride as community harmony.
An overlay operation is much more than a simple merging of linework; all the attributes of the features taking part in the overlay are carried through. In general, there are two methods for performing overlay analysis—feature overlay (overlaying points, lines, or polygons) and raster overlay. Some types of overlay analysis lend themselves to one or the other of these methods. Overlay analysis to find locations meeting certain criteria is often best done using raster overlay (although you can do it with feature data). Of course, this also depends on whether your data is already stored as features or raster. It may be worthwhile to convert the data from one format to the other to perform the analysis.
Weighted Overlay
Overlays several raster files using a common measurement scale and weights each according to its importance.
The weighted overlay table allows the calculation of a multiple criteria analysis between several raster files.
Raster- The raster of the criteria being weighted.
Influence- The influence of the raster compared to the other criteria as a percentage of 100.
Field- The field of the criteria raster to use for weighting.
Remap- The scaled weights for the criterion.
In addition to numerical values for the scaled weights in Remap, the following options are available:
Restricted- Assigns the restricted value (the minimum value of the evaluation scale set, minus one) to cells in the output, regardless of whether other input raster files have a different scale value set for that cell.
No data - Assigns No Data to cells in the output, regardless of whether other input raster files have a different scale value set for that cell.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
In the context of remote sensing, change detection refers to the process of identifying differences in the state of land features by observing them at different times. This process can be accomplished either manually (i.e., by hand) or with the aid of remote sensing software. Manual interpretation of change from satellite images or aerial photos involves an observer or analyst defining areas of interest and comparing them between images from two dates. This may be accomplished either on-screen (such as in a GIS) or on paper. When analyzing aerial photographs, a stereoscope which allows for two spatially-overlapping photos to be displayed in 3D, can aid photo interpretation. Manual image interpretation works well when assessing change between discrete classes (forest openings, land use and land cover maps) or when changes are large (e.g., heavy mechanized maneuver damage, engineering training impacts). Manual image interpretation is also an option when trying to determine change using images or photos from different sources (comparing historic aerial photographs to current satellite imagery).
Automated methods of remote sensing change detection usually are of two forms: post-classification change detection and image differencing using band ratios. In post-classification change detection, the images from each time period are classified using the same classification scheme into a number of discrete categories like land cover types. The two (or more) classifications are compared and the area that is classified the same or different is tallied. With image differencing, a band ratio such as NDVI is constructed from each input image, and the difference is taken between the band ratios of different times. In the case of differencing NDVI images, positive output values may indicate an increase in vegetation, negative values a decrease in vegetation, and values near zero no change. With either post-classification or image differencing change detection, it is necessary to specify a threshold below which differences between the two images is considered to be non-significant. The specification of thresholds is critical to the results of change detection analysis and usually must be found through an iterative process.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
Accuracy assessment is an important part of any classification project. It compares the classified image to another data source that is considered to be accurate or ground truth data. Ground truth can be collected in the field; however, this is time consuming and expensive. Ground truth data can also be derived from interpreting high-resolution imagery, existing classified imagery, or GIS data layers.
The most common way to assess the accuracy of a classified map is to create a set of random points from the ground truth data and compare that to the classified data in a confusion matrix. Although this is a two-step process, you may need to compare the results of different classification methods or training sites, or you may not have ground truth data and are relying on the same imagery that you used to create the classification. To accommodate these other workflows, this process uses three geoprocessing tools: Create Accuracy Assessment Points, Update Accuracy Assessment Points, and Compute Confusion Matrix.
Thresholding
Thresholding is the process of identifying the pixels in a classified image that are the most likely to be classified incorrectly. These pixels are put into another class (usually class 0). These pixels are identified statistically, based upon the distance measures
that were used in the classification decision rule.
Accuracy Assessment : Error Matrix
Accuracy assessment is a general term for comparing the classification to geographical data that are assumed
to be true, in order to determine the accuracy of the classification process. Usually, the assumed-true data are derived from ground truth data. It is usually not practical to ground truth or otherwise test every pixel of a classified image. Therefore, a set of reference pixels is usually used. Reference pixels are points on the classified image for which actual data are (or will be) known. The reference pixels are randomly selected.
Overall accuracy: Overall accuracy is used to indicate the accuracy of whole classification (i.e. number of correctly classifier pixels divided by the total number of pixels in the error matrix)
User’s accuracy(commission error): User’s accuracy is regarded as the probability that a pixel classified on map actually represents that
class on the ground or reference data
Producer’s accuracy(omission error): Producer’s accuracy represents the probability of reference pixel being correctly classified
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
The objective of image classification is to classify each pixel into only one class (crisp or hard classification) or to associate the pixel with many classes (fuzzy or soft classification). The classification techniques may be categorized either on the basis of training process (supervised and unsupervised) or on the basis of theoretical model (parametric and non-parametric).
Unsupervised classification is where the groupings of pixels with common characteristics are based on the software analysis of an image without the user providing sample classes. The computer uses techniques to determine which pixels are related and groups them into classes. The user can specify which algorism the software will use and the desired number of output classes but otherwise does not aid in the classification process. However, the user must have knowledge of the area being classified when the groupings of pixels with common characteristics produced by the computer have to be related to actual features on the ground (such as waterbodies, developed areas, forests, etc.).
Supervised classification is based on the idea that a user can select sample pixels in an image that are representative of specific classes and then direct the image processing software to use these training sites as references for the classification of all other pixels in the image. Input classes are selected based on the knowledge of the user. The user also sets the bounds for how similar other pixels must be to group them together. These bounds are often set based on the spectral characteristics of the input classes (AOI), plus or minus a certain increment (often based on “brightness” or strength of reflection in specific spectral bands). The user also designates the number of classes that the image is classified into.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
Interpolation is the process of using points with known values to estimate values at other unknown points. It can be used to predict unknown values for any geographic point data, such as elevation, rainfall, noise levels, atmospheric components and so on.
The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) assumes each input point to have a local influence that diminishes with distance. It assumes that closer things are more alike than those that are farther apart. It weights the points closer to the processing cell greater than those further away. A specified number of points, or all points within a specified radius can be used to determine the output value of each location. To predict a value for any unmeasured location, IDW will use the measured values surrounding the prediction location. Those measured values closest to the prediction location will have more influence on the predicted value than those farther away.
Spline estimates values using a mathematical function that minimizes overall surface curvature, resulting in a smooth surface that passes exactly through the input points. This method is best for gently varying surfaces, such as elevation, water table heights, or pollution concentrations. A Regularized method creates a smooth, gradually changing surface with values that may lie outside the sample data range.
Kriging is a geostatistical interpolation technique that considers both the distance and the degree of variation between known data points when estimating values in unknown areas. Kriging assumes that the distance or direction between sample points reflects a spatial correlation that can be used to explain variation in the surface. The Kriging tool fits a mathematical function to a specified number of points, or all points within a specified radius, to determine the output value for each location. Kriging is a multistep process; it includes exploratory statistical analysis of the data, variogram modeling, creating the surface, and (optionally) exploring a variance surface. Kriging is most appropriate when you know there is a spatially correlated distance or directional bias in the data. It is often used in soil science and geology.
Trend is a statistical method that finds the surface that fits the sample points using a least-square regression fit. It fits one polynomial equation to the entire surface. This results in a surface that minimizes surface variance in relation to the input values. The surface is constructed so that for every input point, the total of the differences between the actual values and the estimated values (i.e., the variance) will be as small as possible.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
Raster data is commonly obtained by scanning maps or collecting aerial photographs and satellite images. Scanned map datasets don't normally contain spatial reference information (either embedded in the file or as a separate file). With aerial photography and satellite imagery, sometimes the location information delivered with them is inadequate, and the data does not align properly with other data one has. Thus, to use some raster datasets in conjunction with other spatial data, we need to align or georeference them to a map coordinate system. A map coordinate system is defined using a map projection (a method by which the curved surface of the earth is portrayed on a flat surface). Georeferencing a raster data defines its location using map coordinates and assigns the coordinate system of the data frame. Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with other geographic data.
Generally, we georeference raster data using existing spatial data (target data)—such as georeferenced rasters or a vector feature class—that resides in the desired map coordinate system. The process involves identifying a series of ground control points—known x,y coordinates—that link locations on the raster dataset with locations in the spatially referenced data (target data). Control points are locations that can be accurately identified on the raster dataset and in real-world coordinates. Many different types of features can be used as identifiable locations, such as road or stream intersections, the mouth of a stream, rock outcrops, the end of a jetty of land, the corner of an established field, street corners, or the intersection of two hedgerows. The control points are used to build a polynomial transformation that will shift the raster dataset from its existing location to the spatially correct location. The connection between one control point on the raster dataset (the from point) and the corresponding control point on the aligned target data (the to point) is a link.
Finally, the georeferenced raster file can be exported for further usage.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
With increasing use of remote sensing, the need for crispier, accurate and enhanced precision has deemed to the improvement in the spectral and spatial resolution of remotely sensed imagery. For most of the systems, panchromatic images typically have higher resolution, while multispectral images offer information in several spectral channels. Resolution merge (also called pan-sharpening) allows us to combine advantages of both kinds of images by merging them into one.
The resolution merge or pan sharpening is the technique used to obtain high resolution multi-spectral images. The color information is collected from the coarse resolution satellite data and the intensity from the high resolution satellite data.
The main constraint is to preserve the spectral information for aspects like land use. Saving theimage from distortion of the spectral characteristics is important in the merged dataset.
The most common techniques for spatial enhancement of low-resolution imagery combining high and low resolution data can be used are: Intensity-Hue-Saturation, Principal Component, Multiplicative and Brovey Transform.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
Remote Sensing: Principal Component AnalysisKamlesh Kumar
Principal components analysis is a orthogonal transformational technique (preserving the symmetry between vectors and angles) to reveal new set of data arguably better from the original data set and better capture the essential information as well. It happens often that some variables are highly correlated with a lot of duplication. Instead of discarding the redundant data, principal components analysis condenses the info. in inter-correlated variables into a few variables, called principal components.
The main idea of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is to reduce the dimensionality of a data set consisting of many variables correlated with each other, either heavily or lightly, while retaining the variation present in the dataset, up to the maximum extent.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
The advantage of digital imagery is that it allows us to manipulate the digital pixel values in the image. Even after the radiometric corrections image may still not be optimized for visual interpretation. An image 'enhancement' is basically anything that makes it easier or better to visually interpret. An enhancement is performed for a specific application as well. This enhancement may be inappropriate for another purpose, which would demand a different type of enhancement.
Filtering is used to enhance the appearance of an image. Spatial filters are designed to highlight or suppress specific features in an image based on their spatial frequency. ‘Rough’ textured areas of an image, where the changes in tone are abrupt, have high spatial frequencies, while ‘smooth’ areas with little variation have low spatial frequencies. A common filtering procedure involves moving a ‘matrix' of a few pixels in dimension (ie. 3x3, 5x5, etc.) over each pixel in the image, using mathematical calculation and replacing the central pixel with the new value.
A low-pass filter is designed to emphasize larger, homogeneous areas of similar tone and reduce the smaller detail in an image. Thus, low-pass filters generally serve to smooth the appearance of an image. In some cases, like 'low-pass filtering', the enhanced image can actually look worse than the original, but such an enhancement was likely performed to help the interpreter see low spatial frequency features among the usual high frequency clutter found in an image. High-pass filters do the opposite and serve to sharpen the appearance of fine detail in an image. Directional, or edge detection filters are designed to highlight linear features, such as roads or field boundaries. These filters can also be designed to enhance features which are oriented in specific directions.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
Mountainous regions occupy one-fourth of the world’s terrestrial surface, most rich in diverse landscapes and hold on to the biodiversity and cultural diversity along with supporting 10% of humankind with their direct life support base. Most mountainous regions have been at the far periphery of mainstream societal concerns for a long time. Remote, relatively inaccessible, they were generally pictured as difficulty, unyielding and unprofitable environments. Very less have focused attention on mountainous people and cultures, primitive religion, marginal survival, unusual adaptation to very high altitude, fraternal polyandry to obliterate informed communication and more meaningful analysis in practical sense. Early research concentrated mainly on specialised studies with little cross disciplinary endeavour. During the last few decades there have been spasmodic accounts of the highland and lowland mainly induced by events of great economic or political significance and due to the degradation of highlands which are potential threats to subjacent lowland population centre. Recent developments, expanding highland research and awareness spread by institutions and governments have shone a new ray of light towards the bright future. However, increased awareness with political advocacy must be pursued further.
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
An assessment on the temperate ecosystem with the following sub headings:
Geological evolution: Location and Extent
Atmospheric changes
Hydrological Changes
Land Degradation
Biodiversity Loss
Challenges to Human Community
Geosystem Approach: El Nino Southern Oscillation EffectsKamlesh Kumar
Earth system as a whole is very complex and dynamic, for that matter we prepare models to represent the functioning linkages and processes for better understanding. However, the geo-systems can not be summed up in just one model. Hence, we use system analysis approach, if we see Earth as a giant system, there're many sub-systems for better comprehension representing only a particular component of the system.
Here, I've tried to cover the geo-system approach siting a globe affecting example of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena.
This report is detailed study of the research conducted in Kirori Mal College. The basic objective of this report is to get a tough insight in the use of research techniques. Geography, being a field science, a geographical enquiry always need to been supplemented through well planned Research. Research is an essential component of geographic enquire. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind. Disaster management is an inseparable part of the discipline especially which deals with the study of natural phenomena. This research focuses upon the FIRE safety plan of the institution. It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc. The Research facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
In this report, various methodologies have been employed such as my, measurement and interviewing, photographing, examining, the collection and gathering of information at different corners of the institution and later, tabulating and computing them is an important part of the field work.
Furthermore, the research report has been prepared in concise form alongside with maps and diagrams for giving visual impressions. Moreover, it contains all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed.
Disaster Prevention & Preparedness: Earthquake in NepalKamlesh Kumar
This report is detailed study of the field survey conducted in Kathmandu and Sindhupalchowk in Nepal on the earthquake disaster. The basic objective of this report is to get a tough insight in the use of field techniques regarding disaster management. Geography deals with human interaction with nature. This phenomenon can be better understood through field studies. Geography, being a field science, a geographical enquiry always need to be supplemented through well planned field surveys. Field is an essential component of geographic enquire. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind. It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc. Field work takes the children out of the class and enables them to better understand the subject by visiting the areas practically giving an insight into the social, cultural and economic lives of the people. This also adds up the advantage of visiting the grass root levels of the society and ameliorative comprehension of the GLOCAL lives. It also has instilled various research making techniques in the budding geographers and shaping their thinking perspectives. The field surveys facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
In this report, various methodologies have been employed such as mapping, digitization, measurement and interviewing (questionnaires designing), the collection and gathering of information at the local level by conducting primary surveys and later, tabulating and computing them is an important part of the field survey.
Furthermore, the field study report has been prepared in concise form alongside with maps and diagrams for giving visual impressions. Moreover, it contains all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed and the modern technology of navigation, satellite connections, GIS software have been very helpful in the pre-field drills.
The report has the following headings and sub-headings:
Introduction
Study area
Transit: Table & Maps
Disaster scenario of Nepal
Earthquake: Timeline
Causes
Impact
Who is helping Nepal?
Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Status
Objectives & Methodology
Literature review
Data representation and Analysis
Findings and Suggestions
Conclusions
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Migration Profile of Odisha with focus on Bhubaneswar
1. Paper on
MIGRATION PROFILE OF ODISHA WITH FOCUS ON
BHUBANESWAR
KAMLESH KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
DELHI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
University of Delhi
2. GENERAL OVERVIEW
Migration is one the most important demographic component to determine the size, growth and
structure of population of a particular region, besides fertility and mortality. For a large country
like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in
understanding the dynamics of the society and societal change better. The numbers are largely
informed by the Census and National Sample Survey Org. (NSSO). As per the Census the
reasons include (i) Work / Employment (ii) Business (iii) Education (iv) Marriage (v) Moved
after birth (vi) Moved with household (vii) Any other reason. Migrants constitute a ‘floating’
and invisible population in the society. In India, internal migration has been accorded very low
priority by the Government.
STATE OVERVIEW
Migration has been considered as the persistent problem of Odisha for a long time. The State
suffers from distress migration mostly from south west regions including Kalahandi-Bolangir-
Koraput (KBK) districts. The prevalence of small farmers having small sized land holdings,
seasonal unemployment in Odisha forced the people to search for alternate sources of
livelihood. As per Migration Information and Resource Centre (MiRC), more than 60,000
families, or two lakh people, from the districts of Bolangir, Nuapada, Kalahandi, Boudh,
Sonepur and Bargarh go to Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Additionally, around 40,000 to 50,000 people find work at the 150 brick kiln units that are
located within a 40km radius of the twin cities of Cuttack and Bhubaneswar. Yet, it’s not easy
keeping a track of these migrants. Umi Daniel, Head, Migration Thematic Unit, Aide-et-
Action, Bhubaneshwar said "Most migrants don't get registered. Various estimates show
highest people from Ganjam migrate for work. However, there number is very low in the
government data". According to the government figures, only 4966 labourers from Ganjam
migrated outside the state for work. There is a dominance of women in the migration estimates
due to the large-scale movement of women for marriage purposes and to work in brick kilns.
Further, women are also known to feature more in short-term migrant streams.
BHUBANESWAR URBAN AGGLOMERATION
The Administrative Jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation spreads over an
extent of 135 sq. km. The entire Municipal area is divided into 47 administrative divisions
called ‘Wards’. The city had a population of 843402 in 2011, with a growth rate of 29.27%
during the period 2001-2011. It was observed that the city always had a population growth rate
higher than that of the State. As per 2011 Census the density of the Bhubaneswar City is 6228.4
persons per sq. km. The Sex Ratio of the city is 890 and the child sex ratio is 904 whereas the
literacy rate is 91.87%. The male literacy rate is 94.66% and female literacy rate is 88.73%.
The total slum population of Bhubaneswar City is 19.5%. The Workforce participation rate is
35.55%. There are 106 urban local bodies in Odisha and every urban body in the State has more
or less migrant populations. Bhubaneswar as the capital city has attracted migrants from both
rural and urban areas for better opportunity for business and employment. Bhubaneswar, the fast-
growing cities in India has lost its earlier planned status due to massive growth of migrant population
and the increased informal sector activities in the recent years. Migrant labourers of Bhubaneswar
are the construction worker, shop man, rickshaw puller and daily worker. Some are also
engaged as street vendor, hawkers, domestic jobs like house and utensil cleaning etc. lacks of
employment in the surrounding rural pockets are the main reason for their migration to the city.
Some of them are seasonal migrants. Whenever agricultural starts they go back to their village
3. and during the off-season, they come to the city in search of work. The migrant labourers of
Bhubaneswar generally settle in the Bastis of various slum pockets of the city. Many of them
reside in kutcha houses in Basti and some have no house in basti also. In many cases
unaffordable rents in slums force them to live at their workplaces, on the verandas of the shops
and markets, shop pavements, railway stations or in open areas in the city in night. Most of the
time, they experience harassment by the police and other local authorities.
IN-MIGRATION
In case of Odisha like most of the eastern states urban centres are few and they show a high
concentration of population indicating primacy. Khordha district is a good example as the
capital Bhubaneshwar acts as a magnet of growth, growing at the expense of the surrounding
regions.
PLACE MIGRANTS MALE FEMALE
Intra-state 594574 305847 288727
Intra-District 186906 95685 91221
Other dist 407668 210162 197506
Other States 50114 27623 22491
Jammu & Kashmir 316 181 135
Himachal Pradesh 72 39 33
Punjab 666 333 333
Chandigarh 72 39 33
Uttarakhand 132 76 56
Haryana 362 199 163
Delhi 2105 1157 948
Rajasthan 1016 560 456
Uttar Pradesh 2879 1738 1141
Bihar 8647 5497 3150
Sikkim 58 27 31
Arunachal Pradesh 66 25 41
Nagaland 58 22 36
Manipur 61 40 21
Mizoram 6 4 2
Tripura 122 64 58
Meghalaya 90 42 48
Assam 1021 584 437
West Bengal 13053 7045 6008
Jharkhand 5036 2873 2433
Chhattisgarh 927 478 449
Madhya Pradesh 909 478 431
Gujarat 815 433 382
Daman & Diu 1 1 0
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 1 0
Maharashtra 1826 969 857
Andhra Pradesh 7443 3597 3846
Karnataka 693 391 302
Goa 48 24 24
Lakshadweep 3 1 2
Kerala 536 274 262
Tamil Nadu 722 399 323
5. Migrants experience migration with the whole of the household the most in which the largest
constituent is of the females. Other factor in which there has been observed a large migration
by females is due to marriage. Male4s continue to dominate the sphere of work and
employment.
MIGRANT WORKERS IN BHUBANESWAR UA
Migrants can be mainly classified into two type, seasonal migrant and permanent migrant.
Seasonal Migration is those migrants during different season for different business purpose.
For example, Seasonal Migrants are those people who come to the cities to work in the non-
agricultural season. During summer they come for three months i.e. March, April and May and
again go back to their native place for cultivation. These workers are mainly work as labourers.
Seasonal Migrants often migrate without their family.
24.9
5.3
17
7.81.2
31.9
11.9
REASON FOR IN-MIGRATION IN PERCENTAGE
Work/Employment
Business
Education
Marriage
Moved After Birth
Moved with Household
Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total Male Female
100
53.4
46.6
62.4
32.4 30
37.6
21
16.6
SEX-WISE %AGE SHARE OF MIGRANT WORKERS
Total Permanent Seasonal
6. The table shows that percentage share of male migration is more than the female. It is revealed
that the percentage share of permanent migrants 62.4% is more than the seasonal migrants
which is 37.6% only. It is also observed that the percentage of male migrants in higher than the
female migrants both in case of seasonal as well as permanent migrants. It is because the
workers engaged in the Construction Sites are those who have migrated without family. They
use to leave their family members at their home town and come to this place to sell the items
as per requirement. Therefore, the male percentage of migrants is 53.4% whereas the women
migrant is 46.4%. Male percentage of both the Seasonal and Permanent Migrant is 21 and
32.4% is higher than the women Seasonal and Permanent Migrant which is 16.6 and 30%
respectively.
INTER-DISTRICT MIGRATION
DISTRICT PERCENTAGE MIGRANTS (%)
GAJAPATI 9.39
NAYAGARH 7.71
JAGATSINGPUR 8.26
JAJPUR 6.33
CUTTACK 25.6
KHORDHA 31.4
OTHERS 11.3
Prepared by: Kamlesh Kumar
7. If we look at the over-all picture of migration in the study area. The city experiences migration
from different districts of Odisha like Khorda, Cuttack, Gajapati, Jagatsingpur, Nayagarh,
Jajpur, etc. 31.4% of workers are from Khorda, 25.6% workers are from Cuttack, 9.4% workers
are from Gajapati, 8.3% workers from Jagatsinghpur, 7.7% workers from Nayagarh, 6.3%
workers from Jajpur, and rest of the 11.3% are from other diatricts. Khorda shares the highest
number of percentages of construction worker followed by Khorda, Cuttack, Gajapati,
Jagatsingpur, Nayagarh, Jajpur, etc. The Ravenstein’s Law of Migration is applicable for the
inter-district migration. It has been observed that the people from the neighbouring districts
have migrated more than the others districts of Odisha.
The migrant workers settle in the slums in the city. The family structure in the slums at
Bhubaneswar is however entirely different. Here one finds the migrant slum dwellers living in
a single jhuggi along with their entire family. In Bhubaneswar, the percentage of married male
and female residents is almost the same. This is due to the fact that the married male members
live along with their wives and children in their respective jhuggis. The slum dwellers in
Bhubaneswar however had an entirely different opinion regarding the education of their
children. They generally felt that spending money on education is a waste when they did not
have sufficient income to meet both ends meet. Apart from the above factor they also felt that
since education fails to provide any job there is no necessity of sending the children to the
school. The slum culture in Bhubaneswar did not encourage the residents to think about
education. Those who send their children do so as long as they don't have to pay for their
studies. However, the scenario is changing gradually as many slum dwellers are getting fancy
with their lifestyle with the tide of modernisation.
OUT-MIGRATION
Odisha is known as one of the key migration source states of India. Khordha is among the 11
most migration-prone districts along with Bargarh, Balangir, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Sonepur,
Ganjam, Gajapati, Koraput, Nabarangpur and Rayagada. The office of the Labour
Commissioner of Odisha states that the district of Khordha has the highest number of migrants
followed by Bolangir district. The next highest outflow of migrants has been from the district
of Ganjam including Chhatrapur. The out-migration of the male members engaged in
agriculture in large numbers leading to an apparent view that the villagers now had changed
their occupation from primary activities to secondary activities.
As per the Department of Labour, Govt. of Odisha, close to 1.3 lakh workers migrate
to other states to work as migrant labourers. However, unofficially, there are 2 million migrants
are working in various states in India as migrant workers. Majority of the migrant workers are
from coastal region which accounts for 50% of the total migrants. Migration is an outcome of
frequent disasters that strike Odisha at regular intervals. Cyclones, floods, droughts and
famines hit the state at different times in different regions and Bhubaneswar being just at 60kms
off the coast is hit hard each time. Due to this, thousands of people especially migrants leave
in search of food and employment. They work in brick kilns in the neighbouring State of
Andhra Pradesh, the construction sites of the other cities. Besides, nearly thousands of
labourers go to Surat, mostly in the textile-weaving and diamond-polishing businesses. This
migration occurs as a survival strategy and not a step for better livelihood options.
The number of migrant workers to other States is rising steadily. Compared to 55,000 workers
migrating from Odisha in 2007, 1.46 lakh left the State in 2015. 87,000 migrant workers left to
other states in 2008, which rose to 1.05 lakh in 2012, 1.2 lakh in 2013 and 1.35 lakh in 2014.
8. Maximum migrants were from the
Bolangir district all these years
(45,000 in 2015). The state also
has been reporting large number
of workers who are migrating to
Gulf and other international
destinations as construction
workers.
CONCLUSION
Bhubaneswar, the fast-growing
cities in India has lost its earlier
planned status due to massive
growth of migrant population and the increased informal sector activities in the recent years.
There is not enough provision for the housing and other infrastructural facility for the migrant
people in the city. They suffer from poor living and working conditions, social isolation and
poor access to basic amenities. In fact, cities grow in different ways, which can be difficult to
distinguish. It may be through migration or the natural growth of the city’s
population. Migration to cities significantly contributes to urbanisation. Therefore, the city
needs planning for the migrants. There is a need to improve institutional preparedness and build
capacity for facilitating and promoting migration. Unplanned migration can be a serious
problem for the city. Migrant population should be included in the city planning process. If
well planned, migration can enhance the dynamism of cities and making the cities healthier,
more profitable and more interesting places to live in future. Moreover, as most of the migration
is un-registered, it needs to be considered well as to serve the planning process as very vague
data is available on migration.
References
• Odisha Economic survey 2017-18
• Odisha Review December 2010
• The Times of India
• orissamigration.blogspot.com
• theweekendleader.com
• dailypioneer.com
• Census of India 2011
• Migrants in urban informal sector: A case study of construction workers in
Bhubaneswar; International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development,
Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Dr. Pritirekha Daspattanayak, Sourobh Roy, Anuradha.
• Patterns and Potential of Urbanisation of Khordha district, Odisha, India; Debika
Banerji, September 2016
• Report of The Working Group on Migration, January 2017; Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation
0
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2007 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015
MIGRANTS WORKERS