Abstract— Spotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus female bug lays 25-30 rounded black eggs. Eggs hatch in 5-6 days. The 1st instar nymph lasts for 3.33 days (ranged 3-4 days), however the second instar nymphal period is completed in 3.67 days (ranged 3-4 days), while the 3rd instar takes 4 days (ranged 4 days). The 4th and final instars nymph lasts for 4.67 days (4-5 days), however adult period lasts 6.67 days (ranged 6-7 days). The P. bioculatus was found to complete its life cycle on an average in 22.33 days (ranged 20-24 days) in the laboratory. In a laboratory experiment on feeding potential of different stages of bug showed that a single bug consumed 22.0 grubs (ranged 20-22 grubs) during its life period. This bug is recorded as a limiting factor of Z. bicolorata.
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
India is a nation with the second highest population in the world. With dwindling job opportunities in the rural setup, the population seeks employment in metropolitan cities. Migration is on the rise. This presentation studies the trends and the various impacts of this phenomenon, supported with reliable statistics.
The existence of migrants abroad can increase family income and create capital, which can be used in
productive economic activities, through their remittances. This presumption needs to be examined from an
economic perspective to determine whether differences exist in their consumption patterns, which result in the
productive behavior of migrants upon their return from abroad. To test this hypothesis, a survey was conducted
among migrant families in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia. In-depth interviews and observations were conducted to
determine the changes in household expenses. Results suggest that migrants and their families consume more, lack
concern about human investment, and exert minimal effort toward capital accumulation.
Migration Theories
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Zipf’s Gravity Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration
Push-Pull hypothesis
Lewis-Fei-Ranis Model of Development
Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
AS Level Human Geography - Migration of Population Arm Punyathorn
This chapter has very recently been expanded from being a mere part of the population dynamic topic. A good call since migration has become a pretty big issue in the world today as population mobility has greatly increased in the 21st century.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
India is a nation with the second highest population in the world. With dwindling job opportunities in the rural setup, the population seeks employment in metropolitan cities. Migration is on the rise. This presentation studies the trends and the various impacts of this phenomenon, supported with reliable statistics.
The existence of migrants abroad can increase family income and create capital, which can be used in
productive economic activities, through their remittances. This presumption needs to be examined from an
economic perspective to determine whether differences exist in their consumption patterns, which result in the
productive behavior of migrants upon their return from abroad. To test this hypothesis, a survey was conducted
among migrant families in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia. In-depth interviews and observations were conducted to
determine the changes in household expenses. Results suggest that migrants and their families consume more, lack
concern about human investment, and exert minimal effort toward capital accumulation.
Migration Theories
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Zipf’s Gravity Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration
Push-Pull hypothesis
Lewis-Fei-Ranis Model of Development
Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
AS Level Human Geography - Migration of Population Arm Punyathorn
This chapter has very recently been expanded from being a mere part of the population dynamic topic. A good call since migration has become a pretty big issue in the world today as population mobility has greatly increased in the 21st century.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Effects of LED light spectra on active oxygen metabolism and expression of an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effects of various LEDs on active oxygen metabolism and patterns of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. seedlings were investigated. After three weeks of light treatment, the MDA content was higher under blue LED compared with the control (P﹤0.05), while it decreased under white, red and yellow LEDs (P﹤0.05). The content of H2O2 was gradually increased in red, yellow, green and blue LEDs. The production rate of superoxide anion increased under yellow and blue LEDs by contrast with the control (P﹤0.05), and it decreased under white LED (P﹤0.05). LEDs altered the banding patterns of POD enzymes where the more loci of POD isozymes were observed under green and blue LEDs. The increased intensities of Fe-SOD were showed in green and blue LEDs. As for Mn-SOD and CAT enzymes, enhanced intensities appeared in all LED groups compared with the control. Our results indicated that the antioxidant system of Houttuynia cordata seedlings were more sensitive to short light wavelength than the long ones.
Thirty genotypes of mango screened against anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeiosporioides ) under natural field condition during 2011-12 and 2012-13, only one genotype Keitt showed resistant reaction whereas, Himsagar and Ostin showed moderate resistant. Gajiria, Kishan bhog, Malvia bhog Kent Lily and Maya showed moderate susceptible reaction. The genotypes viz., Mahmood Vikarabad, Konkan Ruchi, Arka Anmol, Mankurad, Madhukrupa, Alphonso, Ambica and Kesar showed susceptible reaction whereas, Mallika, Vellai Kolumban, Ratna, Goa Mankur,, Totapuri X Vanaraj, Arka Neelkiran, Palmer , Muvandan, Ajod Sindurio , Karel (Reva), Kensington, Bombai and Sensation exhibited highly susceptible reaction against anthracnose of mango.
Maintenance of market quality from quality loss is vital importance for the success of horticultural industry. After harvest, many horticultural products are susceptible to deterioration and it is necessary to cool them as quick as possible. The process of precooling is the removal of field heat which arrest the deteriorative and senescence processes so as to maintain a high level of quality that ensures customer satisfaction. Different precooling methods employed to cool down the produce includes room cooling, forced-air cooling, hydro-cooling, package icing, vacuum cooling and cryogenic cooling. These methods use different modes and media for their function. Room cooling and forced-air cooling use cold air, hydro-cooling makes use of cold water, package iced products have direct contact with ice, vacuum cooling employs the evaporation of water and cryogenic cooling involves liquid nitrogen. Fruits are normally cooled with cold air, although stone fruits benefit from hydrocooling, while vegetables and flowers may be cooled by employing any of the above-mentioned cooling methods, depending on the physiology and market requirements. So, it has been pointed out that precooling is the most important of all the operations used in the maintenance of any desirable, fresh and saleable produce.
Studies on technological quality of sugar beets and soil parameters in relati...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of the studies was to determine suitability of effluent from methane digestion of organic wastes generated during processing of sugar beets for soil application at sugar beet plantations. In the paper parameters of technological value of sugar beet roots harvested from plots with standard values (i.e. optimal values for processing) which were defined by the Institute are discussed. It was shown that effluent from digestion of sugar beet pulp can be utilized as soil amendment on sugar beet plantations without any restrictions bearing in mind content of heavy metals and harmful microorganisms. Nutrients contained in studied effluent from gasifier are available for sugar beet plants at the same level as nutrients from mineral fertilizers. Determination of heavy metals in soil samples taken before and after effluent application did not reveal accumulation of harmful elements in the soil in the result of waste utilization.
Abstract— The elasticities of substitution are derived from the optimal slack variables obtained from the additive models which are based on the DEA method. Measuring the substitutability of cereal production factors in the study area allows us to see the existence of substitutability between the land and other production factors as well as between mechanization and other inputs except the hands artwork. The estimated elasticities of substitution between irrigation water and other inputs allow us to conclude that the irrigation water and labor are substitutable.
Abstract— Pinus halepensis Mill., is a most common tree in the Mediterranean basin. In Tunisia, specifically Kroumirie, it is an excellence species. However, for several years, we assist a continual deterioration of this ecosystem type. Several factors are the origin for this degradation: insects and fungi attack, fire, aging populations, low regeneration and hardening climate. This degradation is further accentuated by installing careers around the pine forest. Our objective in this study was to identify the career dust influence on growth and productivity of Aleppo pine; through dendrochronological approach (tree rings study) and dendrometric approach (measurement of diameter, height and survival rate). Study is accomplished on two populations: a reference site ‘Charchara’ located away from mining and Oued el maaden site near a gravel extraction career. In addition, physical and chemical parameters are analysed on soil and water samples collected in the two sites. Results showed significant differences of parameters studied between stations both in dendrometric and dendrochronological parameters over time. Second, in physical and chemical parameters, a very high content on metals traces was found on soil and water in Oued el maaden site.
Structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three selected agro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Homegardens in Kerala mimic forest ecosystems on account of the tree components included and are agroforestry systems that integrate different agricultural crops and enterprises as per the needs and interests of the farm family. Analysis of the structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three agroforestry homegardens in southern Kerala revealed multi-tier cropping patterns with cropping intensities ranging from 177.18 to 187.04%. Two of the homegardens included livestock components adding to the nutritional security of the family. Diversity indices were in the order 0.92, 1.53 and 0.86. The quantum of litter fall varied with the tree canopies and species, amounting to 473.6, 425.37 and 345.11 kg adding 7.02, 7.517 and 5.165 kg NPK annually in the three homegardens. Maximum nutrient additions were recorded for nitrogen and potassium and least for phosphorus.
Abstract— To understand the responses of various soybean (Glycine max) cultivars to ultraviolet-B, Dongnong 42, Zhonghuang 57 and Jin 36 were cultured either under UV-B radiation (10.08 kJ / m-2 UV-B) or without UV-B for 25 days. Under UV-B irradiation, significant difference were observed in plant height, nodes length, contents of soluble sugar, proline, protein, flavionoids, GSH, ASA, relative content of anthocyanins, also the emzymes activities of APX ,SOD and GR. The lowest plant height was presented in Jin 36, followed Zhonghuang 57 and Dongnong 42. The node length of plant decreased from the first node to the fourth one, and the maximal reduction was observed in Jin 36. Contents of protein, flavionoids, GSH, ASA and anthocyanins as well as emzyme activities of APX, SOD and GR significantly increased under UV-B irradiation where content of protein and activities of emzyme APX, SOD and GR were higher in Zhonghuang 57 than those in Dongnong 42 and Jin 36; higher GSH, ASA, flavonoids, as well as the anthocyanins were showed in Donghong 42. Increased proline content was observed in the three cultivars upon UV-B (p<0.05)>Dongnong 42 > Jin36; for the soluble sugar content, the order was Zhongnong 57>Jin 36>Dongnong 42 (p<0.05). Various soybean cultivars showed varied physiological responses upon UV-B.
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
Effect of Replacement of Cement by Different Pozzolanic Materials on Heat of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The paper aims to focus on the possibility of using industrial by products like SF, GGBS, FA and MK. The utilization of pozzolans is well accepted because of several improvements possible in the concrete composites. The present study reports the results of experimental study conducted to evaluate Setting Time, HOH and Compression Strength of Concrete, by partially replacing cement by various percentages of silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK) (5%, 10%, 15%, & 20%). The Heat of Hydration (HOH) and Compression Strength test are done for M30 grade concrete. The effort is made towards a specific understanding of efficiency of pozzolans in concrete considering the percentage of replacement and combinations of pozzolans. The pozzolans replacement as cementitious material is characterised by high compressive strength, low heat of hydration and increased initial and final setting time of concrete.
Combining ability analysis and nature of gene action for grain yield in Maize...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present investigation combining ability analysis and nature of gene action was studied for twenty lines, four testers and eighty hybrids, which were obtained from Line x tester biparental crossing scheme. The twelve characters were studied for winter maize under this experiment. Parental variance, Line variance, and line x tester variance revealed that there were significant differences in all the characters, whereas only tester variance showed three non-significant characters, namely days to 50% anthesis, days to maturity and cob length. The nature and magnitude of gene action showed that the dominance variance major reason towards hybrid performance for all characters. This means that non-additive action is important for the hybrid performance. The most promising crosses for higher yield per ha were L8 x T1 (27.63), L9 x T4 (23.44), L3 X T3 (23.41), L16 x T2 (23.03), L3 x T3 (22.81), L1 x T3 (22.51), L20 x T2 (19.48), L13 x T4 (19.47), L7 x T1 (18.22) and L17 x T4 (17.58) which have shown high SCA effects for grain yield which high parental GCA effects can be exploited for the development of SCHs because of non-additive gene action.
A Major Irrigation Project (Accelerated Mahaweli Programme) and the Chronic K...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Mahaweli River is the longest river in Sri Lanka. In 1978, the government of Sri Lanka launched the Accelerated Mahaweli Development Programme, under the purview of Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, the largest irrigation program in the country. It is a multi-purpose development scheme designed for the generation of hydroelectricity, irrigation, and water for domestic consumption. Since the mid-1990s, a major, non-infectious epidemic of chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin (CKDmfo) has been reported in Sri Lanka for which no cause has been identified. This disease predominantly affects dry zonal, agricultural regions, particularly the North Central Province (NCP). During the past two decades, thousands of people have died due to this disease. This article assesses whether there is a relationship between this environmental impact from this major irrigation project and the deadly disease of CKDmfo. Water in the Mahaweli River is known to be polluted with various compounds, including phosphates coming from the excessive use of fertiliser in the hill country. However, the levels of phosphate in the Mahaweli River and in the NCP reservoirs are less than 0.15 mg/L. Such levels can cause ecological harm but are not a threat to human health nor causes renal failure. In addition, there are large regions outside the Mahaweli-fed localities where people are affected with CKDmfo. Thus, it is unlikely that water from the Mahaweli River itself is directly related to the occurrence of CKDmfo, but its harmful environmental impact is noticeable. Nevertheless, excess phosphates can cause algae blooms and cyanobacterial growth in water bodies, which harm aquatic lives and the ecology. Thus, governments and society must take responsibility and initiate actions to minimise environmental harm, protect and preserve the watersheds, curb the overuse of agrochemicals, and preserve water quality and the environment for current and future generations.
Abstract— Agriculture (the agricultural exports flagship from southern Brazil) is highly dependent on temporal rainfall distribution. However, the technology used in the field has been altering this relationship. Such technology, in addition to minimizing the effects of climate variability, has increased the annual soybean yield observed in the trend analysis, which was positive in 17 of the municipalities studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the rainfall variability and soybean production in one of the areas of greatest soybean production in southern Brazil by applying the quartile, percentile, Pettitt (homogeneity - break results) and Mann-Kendall (trend) tests. The results indicate a significant relationship between annual rainfall variability (1999-2000; 2009-2010) and soybean yield (kg/ha), particularly during the growing season of 2009-2010 when the yield variation between municipalities was low. It was concluded that the statistically significant correlations indicate that the soy dependence ranges from 22% to 50% in certain municipalities.
Abstract— The aim of this study was to map comprehensively as the basis for the implementation of technologies that met the needs of dairy farmers. Specifically, the objectives were: to analyze the marketing and institutional characteristics of dairy industryy in rural farmers. The target population is dairy farmers in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java Provinces. The numbers of samples were selected in nine dairy cooperatives, which were three cooperatives represented each province, three milk processing industries, and totally 270 farmers as respondents. Data were taken such as demographic characteristic of farmers, farmer groups, and marketing line of milk distribution from farmers to consumers. The results showed that the institutional environment of dairy industry and governance both from Cental Java, Yogyakarta and East Java need handlers more serious, it can be seen from the dependence of farmers on the institutions that exist including cooperatives and milk processing industries still high. From the aspect of livestock farming, cows in East Java showed better performance than the two other major regions, namely Central Java and Yogyakarta. Distribution and marketing of milk which is currently still depends on the institutional binding of cooperative, and dairy processing industry, and there has been no increase of participation in enhancing the value chain.
Mulching and Tied Ridges as A Moisture Conservation Strategy to Improve the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of soil moisture conservation techniques on improving sorghum yield in a semi-arid rural area of Swaziland. The four treatments were; planting sorghum on flat soil (F), planting on tied ridges (T), planting on mulched soil (M) and planting on a combination of tied ridges and mulch (TM). Sorghum planted on flat soil was used as control in the experiment. The sorghum variety 8625 was planted. The experiment was complete randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were; grain yield, total biomass yield, soil moisture suction and grain moisture content at harvest. The grain yields from all the other treatments (mulching, tied ridges, tied ridges with mulching) were higher than those of the control (flat planting). The grain yield from TM was the highest at an average of 10.002 tons/ha. It was significantly different from that of T and F (p<0.05).>0.05). The results showed that a combination of tied ridges and mulching provided superior results in terms of grain yield, dry matter yield and soil moisture suction. Mulching and tied ridges also yielded results that were better than the control (F).
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Global Population and Mobility
- The Global City
- Global Demography
- Global Migration
- OFWs
Contemporary World
For educational purposes only. No rights to information and pictures.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Migration as an agent of Social Change in the Rural Areas: A case of Banke Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recent research on the impact of labor migration on the socioeconomic development of developing
countries has provided opportunity to try and resolve some of the long-standing polemics that have pervaded the
literature on migration and development. This article focuses on findings concerning the labor, remittance, and
social impacts of emigration on countries that have participated in labor emigration. While a great deal more
research needs to be done, recent findings confirm that in some situations the sort-term impacts of labor migration
on sending countries have been considerable. In the study area (Titiheriya, Samserganja and Rajhena VDCs of
Banke district, Western Nepal total 6272 young adults left “home” to work as migrants in the Gulf and Middle
Eastern countries or in India. Random sample method has been used and selected 240 households (migrants) for
the data collection. Better jobs with handsome earnings motivates them to migrate to Arabian and Indian cities
to secure livelihoods. But at the same time migrants are not free of risks. The findings of this study have shown
largely a positive outlook of migration in terms of livelihood security. This reflects the wider themes with respect
to socio-economic determinants of access and opportunity. Regardless of whether migration is as accumulative
process or coping strongly, most migrants receive little support and live in very difficult conditions at their
destinations. Thus, a rights-based approach to guarantee the overall security of migrants is needed.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
First record of two spotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (Fab.) from Meerut (U.P.) North India
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-3 July- 2015]
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The effects of rural labour migration process on occupational
distribution, family facilities and livelihoods
Saha Akash1
and Adhikary M M2
1
Masters Student, Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
2
Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Abstract— Migration of human beings is a phenomenon which has historical roots and wider implications. Migrations
have economic genesis but resulting socio-political cultural ramifications. In economic parlance, migration is perceived as
when a person is engaged or likely to engage in a remunerative activity in a place of which he is not a native or national.
The migrants send remittances to their relatives in the rural areas and these remittance-receiving households use the
remittances for various purposes. With this background keeping in mind the present study was conducted with some
objectives, such as, to recognize the changing pattern of occupational scenario of the study area; to identify the changes of
family facilities before and after migration and to compare the income differences before and after migration. The study was
conducted on 100 numbers of respondents in three villages named Chengerkuthi Khalisamari, Jatamari, and Choto
Khalisamari under Khalisamari Gram Panchayat of Coochbehar district of West Bengal. The statistical method used for
analysis and interpretation of raw data were mean, frequency percentage and paired ‘t’ test. It is noticeable due to high
remunerative and regularity of income, the youth and middle aged group are more attracted for migration. The study also
reveals migration process transformed the occupational distribution of the respondents massively. The income variation
factor before and after migration are also in favour of migration. It is evident that after migration the family daily life
standard changed towards a positive direction. The number of cell phone users and bank account holder also increased.
Keywords— Family daily life standard, Migration, Per-capita income, Rural Labour.
I. INTRODUCTION
Migration is the intrinsic character of rural livelihood of India. Many a time, the low economic productivity of the small and
fragmented holding associated with uncertainty and seasonality of market prices accrued to the farmers have steered to the
process of migration from their own village to elsewhere in search of economic and social security as well. Migration is shift
from a place of residence to another place for some length of time or permanently including different types of voluntary
movements. It has great impact on economic, social, cultural and psychological life of people, both at place of emigration as
well as of migration (Kaur, 2003). Migration of workers is a human phenomenon which has historical roots and wider
implications. The search for the source of survival or quest for Eldorado, the blissful life, has ever remained the inspiring
and the dovetailing force of migrations. Migrations have economic genesis but resulting socio-political cultural ramifications.
Indeed, mingling of different cultures has had positive consequences as well as placing strain on the culture and life of the
upcoming society affected in either way by migration. In economic parlance, migration is perceived as when a person is
engaged or likely to engage in a remunerative activity in a place of which he is not a native or national.
Migration is an important feature of human civilization. It reflects, human endeavour to survive in the most testing conditions
both natural and man-made. Migration in India has existed historically, but, in the context of globalization and opening up of
the world economy it has assumed special significance for the country and the society. As a consequence of historical and
economic factors, there are serious income disparities, agrarian distress, inadequate employment generation, vast growth of
informal economy and the resultant migration from rural areas to urban, urban to urban and backward to comparatively
advanced regions in the most appalling conditions. Migration is a global phenomenon. Uneven economic development, inter-
regional disparity and differences in living standards between socio-economic groups are some of the important reasons
responsible for migration.
The last few decades have observed massive seasonal or permanent migration of peasants from rural to urban areas in the
third world countries. This has been extensively documented, and there has also been an enormous growth of theoretical
literature and empirical evidence towards an understanding of the realities of rural-urban migration. The phenomenon has
also led to a considerable debate on the process of capitalist penetration into rural areas and its role in influencing the existing
socio-economic differentiation in the countryside. One of the prominent theoretical arguments on rural-urban migration
views it as individual utility maximization behaviour (Hariss and Todaro 1970), where wage differentials between the urban
and rural sectors are considered to be the prime determinant of migration. The neoclassical expected income model of
Todaro, with its numerous variants, seems to focus on individual potential migrants, and argues that holding much less
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-3 July- 2015]
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constant; people will migrate if they expect to do better than they would if they did not move. The neoclassical theory of
migration is largely based on the Lewis model, where the institutionally given urban wage rate and the wage differential
between the urban and rural sectors form the basis of framework. This implies that migration from the rural to the urban
sector results when the actual rural wage rate falls short of the expected urban wage rate. However, the neo-classical model,
which is the most dominating framework in the context of rural-urban migration, assumes that rural migrants are a
homogeneous category of poor people, ignoring the fact that their migration is not always based on a strategy of
maximization, but of survival. The circulation of labour or migration from rural to urban areas is at times a response to
economic necessity. Of land-owning and other institutional mechanisms that lead to migration from rural to urban areas.
The study on the effects of migration process on socio-economic status of the rural population has remained relevant since
migration acts as a catalyst in the social transformation process. Migration process not only affects the destiny of individual
migrants but also it has a great impact on the conditions of family members left behind, local communalities, social and
cultural scenario. Trend of rural labour migration towards urban territory is mainly drive by the regularity of income, high
remittances and perceived high social esteem. The migrants send remittances to their relatives in the rural areas and these
remittance-receiving households use the remittances for various purposes. With this background keeping in mind the present
study was conducted with some objectives, such as: to recognize the changing pattern of occupational scenario of the study
area; to identify the changes of family facilities before and after migration; to compare the income differences before and
after migration.
II. METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in three villages named Chengerkuthi Khalisamari, Jatamari, and Choto Khalisamari under
Khalisamari Gram Panchayat of Coochbehar district of West Bengal. For analysis of the socio-economic status of migrants
household level the data was collected from the migrant individual as well as their family member also. Total number of
respondent was 100. State, district, block, gram panchyate were selected purposively but villages and respondents were
selected by simple random sampling method. Data collection was done through personal interview method with the help of
structured schedule. The statistical method used for analysis and interpretation of raw data were mean, frequency percentage
and paired ‘t’ test.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
FIG. 1 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS BEFORE MIGRATION
The above Fig. reveals the occupational distribution of the respondent before the migration. It represents that from the chart
that 82 percent of the respondent was farmer, 11 percent were unemployed, and 7 percent were student.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-3 July- 2015]
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FIG. 2 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS AFTER MIGRATION
The Fig. shows the occupational pattern of the respondent after migration. It reveals from the chart that 3 percent of the
respondent government services, 2 percent business, 11 percent in textile industry, 12 percent car driver, 7 percent house
keeper, 19 percent industry labour, 5 percent in brick industry, 5 percent versatile job, in sweet shop 3 percent, in cloth shop
3 percent, in others stationary shops 4 percent, labour in stone industry 2 percent, 4 percent in tea garden, 4 percent van
puller, 4 percent rickshaw puller, 6 percent stonemason, 3 percent repairing, 3 percent some non-governmental companies.
This study clearly indicates that there was a tremendous transformation on occupational distribution before and after
migration. Rural economy is basically agriculture dominated. The increasing population rate causes decreasing land-human
ratio which results unemployment as well as under employment situation in rural economy. Side by side the regular
investment on agricultural sector and uncertainty regarding return also is an important characteristic of rural economy. The
youth and middle age group of the rural population with comparatively high educational qualification and social exposure are
losing their interest on farming sector and searching for a versatile job sector. Urban unorganised sector attract them with a
lot of choice and comparatively regularity of income which influence the rural population to take part in migration process.
As a results of this the occupational distribution which was previously (before migration) monolithic (dominated by
agriculture) in nature totally changed into versatility after migration.
Change of family facilities before and after migration: a comparative study
TABLE 1: CHANGE OF FAMILY FACILITIES BEFORE AND AFTER MIGRATION
Change of family facilities before and after migration
Before Migration After Migration
Good quality Water Facilities 15% 85%
Toilet Facilities 23% 77%
Cell Phone 15% 85%
Bank Account 4% 96%
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-3 July- 2015]
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The study reveals that, most of the respondents (85 percent) indicate their family enjoys the benefit of quality water facilities
after migration, whereas only 15 percent respondent indicates that, they enjoy these facilities before migration. The study
also reveals that 77 percent of respondent’s family gets the benefit of good sanitation facilities after migration, whereas only
23 percent of them indicate that they enjoy these facilities before migration. The remittance due to migration and regularity
of income the migrant’s households can affords good quality water in daily life. It is also reveals that after migration process
a major portion of respondents adopt the good sanitation facilities which help to live a healthy life. This phenomenon
indicates migration has a positive impact on migrant’s standard of living.
It is also observed that before migration only 24 percent of migrants get the benefit of bank account whereas after the
migration the 74 percent of respondent come under the benefit of the banking facilities. Before migration the respondents had
no requirements for banking facilities but after migration for sending remittance, making transactions they come under the
arena of banking sectors. The study reveals that before migration only 15 percent of migrants use cell phone in daily life
whereas after migration 85 percent of the respondent started to use cell phone. Before migration the needs for
communication, social exposure was less. After migration due to maintain the contacts, builds up communication network
and other requirements the number of cell phone users increased.
Change in per-capita income before and after migration: a comparative study
TABLE 2 PAIR ‘T’ TEST FOR COMPARING INCOME DIFFERENCES BEFORE AND AFTER MIGRATION
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N SD Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 A 4.704 100 1188.85685 118.88569
B 1.419 100 367.27085 36.72709
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Significance
(2-tailed)
Mean SD Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 A- B 3.28 1296.0 129.602 3028.130 3542.450 25.34 99 0.000
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-3 July- 2015]
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Where, A = per capita Income after Migration
B = per capita Income before Migration
At 5 percent probability level and 99 degrees of freedom (N-1) where, N indicates total no. of respondents, the table t value is
1.984 and at 1 percent probability level and 99 degrees of freedom, the table t value is 2.626.
‘t’ – test is used for comparing the means of two independent group .the t test was used to test the variation in per capita
income before migration and after migration. It is observed that the calculated value of t was 25.349 which are highly
significant at 5 percent level of significance (1.984) and also at 1 percent level of significance (2.626) hence, we can
conclude that there is a significant difference in per capita income of all respondents before and after migration. This results
clearly indicates that migration has a positive and significant impact on livelihood income generation and increment which
influence the rural population to take part on the process.
IV. CONCLUSION
Human mobility in its many and varied forms, within and across national borders, is a major characteristic and perhaps even
one of the defining features of our contemporary world. People move in ever increasing numbers and for many different
purposes related to work, family, social, educational, cultural, business or personal safety concerns; sometimes within their
own countries, at other times across the nearest border or perhaps across the world. It is noticeable due to high remunerative
and regularity of income, the youth and middle age group are more attracted for migration. The study reveals that migration
process transformed the occupational distribution of the migrants massively. The income variation factor before and after
migration are in favour of migration also. The study also found that after migration the family daily life status changed
towards a positive direction. The number of cell phone users and bank account holder also increased.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Harris and M. Todaro, “Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis”, American Economic Review, 60,
1970, pp-126–142.
[2] Amandeep Kaur, “Pattern of Utilization of Remittances of NRIs in Doaba Village of Punjab”. 2003, unpublished M. Phil thesis,
Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala.