Migration has significant effects on both source and destination areas in India. Over 300 million people, or 30% of India's population, are internal migrants. Key reasons for migration include employment, education, marriage, and poverty or lack of opportunity in source regions. Migration patterns show most movement is from poorer states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh to more industrialized states like Maharashtra, Delhi, and Gujarat. While migration fills jobs and supports economic growth, it also strains infrastructure and social services in urban destinations. It can lower wages and increase housing costs. Source areas experience loss of workforce and skills. The government has enacted policies like NREGA to address challenges of migration and support migrants' rights.

1. Migration
Studying its effect on urban areas

2. “It includes any movement within the political boundaries of a nation which
results in a change of usual place of residence.
It may consist of the crossing of a village or town boundary as a minimum
condition for qualifying the movement as internal migration. Thus, the concept of
internal migration involves implicitly an imposition of boundary lines which must
be crossed before a movement is counted as internal migration. ”
Source: censusindia.gov.in
CENSUS DEFINITION OF ‘MIGRATION’

3. QUICK FACTS
• The Constitution of India (Article 19) gives the right to all citizens to “to move freely throughout
the territory of India; to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India”.
• Internal migrants in India constitute a large population: 309 million internal migrants or 30 per
cent of the population (Census of India 2001), and by more recent estimates 326 million or 28.5 per
cent of the population (NSSO 2007–2008).
• Lead source states: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu.
• Key destination states: Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Karnataka.
• Migrants are mostly employed in the following subsectors: construction, domestic work, textile,
brick-kilns, transportation, mines, quarries and agriculture (Deshingkar and Akter 2009).
• Migration in India is primarily of two types:
• i. Long-term migration, resulting in the relocation of an individual or household;
• ii. Short-term or seasonal/ circular migration, involving back and forth movement between a source
and destination. Most short-term migrants belong to socioeconomically deprived groups, such as
Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, having negligible educational attainment, limited assets
and resource deficits

4. • Internal migration is of two types,
viz., intra state migration and
interstate migration.
• (i) Intra State Migration:
• This type of migration takes place
between two parts of the same state.
• (ii) Inter State Migration:
• Volume of interstate migration, i.e.,
migration between two states is much
smaller than the intra- state
migration simply because of increase
in distance. Most of the inter-state
migration takes place along border
between two neighbouring states.
SOURCE : WIKIPEDIA
SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

5. Causes of migration

6. Marriage is a very important social
factor of migration.
Every girl has to migrate to her in-law’s
place of residence after marriage. Thus,
the entire female population of India
has to migrate over short or long
distance.
Among the people who shifted their
residence, more than half (56.1%)
moved due to marriage in 1991.
SOURCE : YOURARTICLELIBRARY.COM

7. • EMPLOYMENT
• People migrate in large number from
rural to urban areas in search of
employment. The agricultural base of
rural areas does not provide
employment to all the people living
there. Even the small-scale and cottage
industries of the villages fail to provide
employment to the entire rural folk.
Contrary to this, urban areas provide
vast scope for employment in
industries, trade, transport and
services.
• About 8.8 per cent of migrants
migrated for employment in 1991.
SOURCE : YOURARTICLELIBRARY.COM

8. • EDUCATION:
• Lack of educational facilities also
results in migration of rural people into
urban livelihood
• People who aspire of getting higher
education which may not be available
in rural educational schools migrate to
urban areas which have higher
education facilities
• Afterwards, many of them settle down
in the cities for earning a livelihood
after completion of their education
SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

9. • LACK OF SECURITY:
• - Political disturbances and interethnic
conflicts drive people away from their
homes
• - Example of this type of migration in
India can be seen in Jammu and
Kashmir and Assam. Large number of
people migrated out during the last few
years due to disturbed conditions there.
• FORCED MIGRATION
• Residents of a particular area are
rehabilitated due to unsafe living
conditions.
SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

10. • GLORIFICATION OF ‘CITY’:
• Due to social media and advertising,
the city is promoted as a beacon of hope
and happiness.
• People are attracted to the ‘idea’ of
living in a city.
• Also, the entertainment industry
employs a large number of people.
Thus, struggling artistes from all parts
of the country rush to the
entertainment capital of the country to
fulfil their aspirations.
SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

11. • A push factor is forceful, and a factor which
relates to the country from which a person
migrates. It is generally some problem which
results in people wanting to migrate.
• - When people do not find means of livelihood in
their home villages, they are ‘pushed’ out to the
nearby or distant towns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
• A pull factor is generally a benefit that attracts
people to a certain place
• - Urban centres provide vast scope for
employment in industries, transport, trade and
other services. They also offer modem facilities
of life. Thus, they act as ‘magnets’ for the
migrant population and attract people from
outside. In other words, cities pull people from
other areas. This is known as “pull factor”.
SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

12. Statistics

13. SOURCE : CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_FOR_YOU
TABLE 11: NUMBER OF
MIGRANTS BY PLACE OF
LAST RESIDENCE – INDIA
2001
Category Migrations by Place of birth Percentage
A. Total Population 1,028,610,328
B. Total Migrations 314,541,350 30.6
B.1 Migrants within the state of
enumeration 268,219,260 85.3
B.11 Migrants from within the
districts 193,592,938 72.2
B.12 Migrants from other districts of
the state 74,626,322 17.8
B.2 Migrants from other states in
India 41,166,265 13.1
B.3 Migrants from other countries 5,155,423 1.6

14. SOURCE : CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_FOR_YOU
Number of Migrants Percentage to Migrants
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Total migrants 98,301,342 32,896,986 65,404,356 100.0 100.0 100.0
Reason for migration :
Work / Employment 14,446,224 12,373,333 2,072,891 14.7 37.6 3.2
Business 1,136,372 950,245 186,127 1.2 2.9 0.3
Education 2,915,189 2,038,675 876,514 3.0 6.2 1.3
Marriage 43,100,911 679,852 42,421,059 43.8 2.1 64.9
Moved after birth 6,577,380 3,428,673 3,148,707 6.7 10.4 4.8
Moved with households 20,608,105 8,262,143 12,345,962 21.0 25.1 18.9
Other 9,517,161 5,164,065 4,353,096 9.7 15.7 6.7

15. SOURCE : CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_FOR_YOU
Type of
MigrationTotal Males Females
Rural to
Rural 28.40 18.02 36.71
Rural to
Urban 32.83 41.42 25.95
Urban to
Rural 7.17 6.67 7.58
Urban to
Urban 34.6 37.90 29.75
Percentage
of total
inter-state
migrants 100.00 44.48 55.52
• Out of about 98 million, total intra-state and inter-state
migrants in the country during last decade, 61 million have
moved to rural areas and 36 million to urban areas.
Migration stream out of rural areas(73 million) to another
rural areas was quite high (53million) in comparison to from
rural to urban areas (20 million). About 6 million migrants
went to rural areas from urban areas.
• On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past
decade, i.e., the difference between in – migration and out –
migration, in each state, Maharastra stands at the top of the
list with 2.3 million net migrants, followed by Delhi (1.7
million), Gujrat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million) as
per census. Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7
million) were the two states with largest number of net
migrants migrating out of the state

16. SOURCE : PEOPLEMOV.IN

17. Stories from Mumbai
Talking to the Humans of Bombay

18. SOURCE : FACEBOOK

19. SOURCE : FACEBOOK

20. SOURCE : FACEBOOK

21. Effects of Migration

22. India is experiencing unprecedented growth. An IBM analysis of social media sentiment
around transportation in three major metropolitans – Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore –
illustrates how cities can use public opinion to set priorities for urban planning and
prepare for future growth.
SOURCE OF IMAGE: TOI

23. A
S
U
R
V
E
Y
B
Y
I
B
M

24. • Migrants from north Indian
states of Mumbai who have
been living in Mumbai since
1834(infochange.org) were
forced to return to their
home states due to political
campaigns.
• Health and security:
Migrants do not have access
to proper housing and
sanitation facilities, leading
to poor quality of life
• There is no policy to ensure
that the share of jobs that
should be availed by the
native labourers goes to
them, thus leading to
hostility among workforce.
• In an unregulated labour
market, increase in supply
leads to lowering of wages.
• The excessive inflow of
people leads to increase in
density per sq. km. This
leads to growth of slums.
• Pressure on housing and
amenities
• Brings about diversity in
culture and lifestyles
• Immigrants are willing to do
unskilled jobs
• Loss of the major chunk of
the youth workforce
• Traditional occupations
discontinued
• Unbalanced population
structure, since men leave
their families behind in
search of work
• Elderly population remains,
so higher death rate
• Reduces pressure on jobs and
resources, income sent home
EFFECT ON MIGRANTS EFFECT ON DESTINATION EFFECT ON SOURCE
SOURCE : SELF ANALYSIS WRT BBC.CO.UK

25. UNICEF proposals for the upliftment of migrants
• Develop a universal national minimum social security package covering minimum wages, displacement
allowance, medical facilities and protective clothing and labour standards
• Revise the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act
(1979)
• Increase research on sector-wise contribution of migrants in different industries of the economy, including
their contribution to GDP and domestic remittances
• Build capacity of panchayats to maintain a database of migrant workers (with details of numbers of
migrants and recruitment by contractors) and establish vigilant committees United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization to identify entry of new migrants at the local level.
• Increase financial and human resources in migration-prone areas.
• Ensure access to formal banking facilities for migrants to enable safe and secure transfer of remittances

26. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
• Later renamed as Mahatma Gandhi NREGA, it is an Indian
labor law and social security measure, that aims to ensure
livelihood security in rural areas by providing atleast 100 days
of wage employment in a financial year to every household
whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
• It is implemented mainly by Gram Panchayats. Labour
intensive tasks like creating infrastructure for water
harvesting, drought relief and flood control are preferred.
• NREGA helps in protecting the environment, empowering
rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering
social equity.
• However, amendments have been proposed in 2014, towards
increasing the minimum wage to Rs. 300, ensuring
employment to all card holders of a family and to involve the
Gram Sabha in the implementation of this policy.
SOURCE : WIKIPEDIA

27. THANK YOU
RASIKA DONGARE 09
JAYANT GYANCHANDANI
NEHA MALANKAR
RITHIKA RAVISHANKAR 40