This document discusses Immanuel Kant's theory of knowledge and objectivity. It explains that Kant studied the philosophies of Leibniz and Wolff and was introduced to Newton's mathematical physics. Kant devised his own model of epistemology by examining the basis of human knowledge and its limits. He published the Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 to discuss categories of understanding and the limits of reason. The document also discusses Kant's views on concepts, intuitions, analytic vs synthetic knowledge, and the faculties of understanding and reason.

1. --
Objectivity—
is a central philosophical concept, related
to reality and truth. Generally, objectivity means
the state or quality of being true even outside of
a subject's individual biases, interpretations,
feelings, and imaginings.

2. CONCEPTION AND CONCEIVABLE THEORY
KANT’S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is a German
philosopher where he went into the University Of
Königsberg, and spent his academic career focusing
on philosophy, mathematics and physics. He studied
the philosophies of Leibniz and Wolff. At the same
time, he was introduced to Newton’s mathematical
physics.

3. IMMANUEL KANT

4. Kant devised a model, an individual
epistemology, by examining the basis of
human knowledge and its limits. In 1781, he
published his Critique of Pure Reason, but it
was not recognized because it was written in a
tough scholastic style. He was disappointed
with his Critique. In 1783, he clarified it by
publishing Prolegomena to Any Future
Metaphysics.

5. The introduction in the CRITIQUE OF PURE
REASON stated that metaphysics is possible.
Metaphysics is within the province of
transcendental aesthetics, which deals
mainly with the problem of time and space.
Time and space are our means to deal with
objects, which are the beginning of
understanding the truth. Space and time are
necessary for without them we cannot do
anything.

6. Space and time is necessary and
universal as they are, have something to
do with intuition and not with concept.
Necessity and universality are means to
be certain in the natural existence of
metaphysics.

7. Kant believes that the revolution
established by mathematics and the
natural sciences, although a good ground
for experimentation, is not enough to lead
us to the safe path of knowledge.

8. The Transcendental Logic is
subdivided into 2 MAJOR
SECTIONS:
• The Transcendental Analytic— Kant discussed
the categories to speak on “good behavior”
• The Transcendental Dialectic— he discusses
the attempt to apply the pure concepts outside
the field of experience; the categories on “bad
behavior”

9. TYPES OF JUDGMENT
Before Kant concluded the validity of his
position, he discussed it from two perspectives:
1. ANALYTIC a priori. This kind of knowledge is
universal, conceptual, and relies heavily on
ideas. Kant identified this as the noumena.
2. SYNTHETIC a prosteriori. This kind of knowledge
arises within the bounds of phenomena and
experiences and relies heavily on empirical data.
Kant identified this as the phenomena.

10. According to Kant, “Gedanken
ohne inhalt sind leer, anchaungen ohne
begriffe sind blind (Concept without
intuition is empty, intuition without
concept is blind).” Hence, he pointed
that there can be no science without
concept and intuition.

11. INTUITION
means the direct perception of truth. It is
the power of understanding or realizing
something without thinking it.
CONCEPT
means an idea of something formed by
mentally combining all its characteristics
or particulars.

12. In metaphysics, and especially ontology,
a concept is a fundamental category of
existence. In contemporary philosophy, there
are at least three prevailing ways to
understand what a concept is:

13. • Concepts as mental representations, where
concepts are entities that exist in the brain.
• Concepts as abilities, where concepts are
abilities peculiar to cognitive agents.
• Concepts as abstract objects, where objects
are the constituents of propositions that
mediate between thought, language, and
referents.

14. When the mind makes a generalization
such as the concept of tree, it extracts
similarities from numerous examples; the
simplification enables higher-level thinking.

15. QUIZ: Answer the following:
1. It is the direct perception of truth and it is
the power of understanding or realizing
something without thinking it.
(CONCEPT, INTUITION, JUDGMENT)
2. It is a Transcendental Logic where Immanuel
Kant discusses the attempt to apply the pure
concepts outside the field of experience; the
categories on “bad behavior”

16. 3. This kind of knowledge is universal,
conceptual, and relies heavily on ideas. Kant
identified this as the noumena. It is a priori.
(ANALYTIC or SYNTHETIC)
4. This kind of knowledge arises within the
bounds of phenomena and experiences
and relies heavily on empirical data. Kant
identified this as the phenomena. It is a
prosteriori.
(ANALYTIC or SYNTHETIC)

17. 5. A German philosopher who spent his academic
career focusing on philosophy, mathematics and
physics. He also introduced to Newton’s
mathematical physics.
6. It is a central philosophical concept, related
to reality and truth. It means the state or
quality of being true even outside of a subject's
individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and
imaginings.
(SUBJECTIVITY or OBJECTIVITY)

18. 7. It is an idea of something formed by
mentally combining all its characteristics
or particulars.
(CONCEPT or INTUITION)
8. TRUE or FALSE
Concepts as mental representations,
where concepts are entities that exist in
the HEART.

19. 9. TRUE or FALSE
Concepts as mental representations,
where concepts are entities that exist
in the brain.
10. If Transcendental Analytic is
about on “good behavior.” What is
The Transcendental Dialectic?