Introduction to Micro Sensors and Transducers. Application of MEMS in industries and their basic architecture. MEMS accelerometer and gyroscope explored a bit i.e. their structures and their applications.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances.
The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.
Accelerometer introduction, working, types, advantages and diadvantages are well explained for all the types of accelerometer focusing on automobile applications
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
MEMS is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical components together on a chip. It produces a system of miniature dimensions i.e the system having thickness less than the thickness of human hair. The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technology which allows the microsystem to both sense & control the environment.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances.
The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.
Accelerometer introduction, working, types, advantages and diadvantages are well explained for all the types of accelerometer focusing on automobile applications
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
MEMS is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical components together on a chip. It produces a system of miniature dimensions i.e the system having thickness less than the thickness of human hair. The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technology which allows the microsystem to both sense & control the environment.
A thermal sensor plays an important role in many applications. For example, maintaining a specific temperature is essential for equipment used to fabricate medical drugs, heat liquids, or clean other equipment. For applications like these, the responsiveness and accuracy of the detection circuit can be critical for quality control.
MEMS = Micro Electro Mechanical System
Any engineering system that performs electrical (switching ,deciding) and mechanical functions (sensing,moving,heating) with components in micrometers is a MEMS.
In this slide there is all about the digital transducer and its types.Its is very helpful in making short notes of transducer. There is a simple description.
This presentation presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology ,basic classifications of optic sensors, the basic functions of optical fiber sensors and also discusses the two important fiber optic sensors , namely the Mach - Zehnder interferometric fiber sensor and the fiber optic gyroscope.
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.
They always sound so high tech that we hardly notice that our day-to-day lives always involve the use of sensors. From IR sensors in TV remotes to passive infrared sensors on automatic doors or LDRs for outdoor and street lightings, sensors are everywhere.
Sensors detect changes, acknowledge those changes, and produce outputs from those changes. They detect and measure qualities such as light, temperature, sound, and other types of output from the environment.
Read more at https://www.asap-supplychain.com/blog/different-types-of-sensors/
Buy various types of speed and temperature sensors from asap-supplychain.com
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/speed-sensor/
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/temperature-sensor/
ASAP Supply Chain is trusted one stop solution to access over 32 million aircraft and electronics parts from 7300 manufacturers of different industries.
MEMS technology consist of micro electronic elements actuators, sensors and mechanical structures built onto a substrate which is usually “Silicon”. They are developed using microfabrication techniques : deposition, patterning, etching.
The most common forms of MEMS production are :
Bulk micromachine, surface micromachine etc.
The benefits of this small scale integrated device brings the technology of nanometers to a vast no. of devices.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of micro fabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters.
A thermal sensor plays an important role in many applications. For example, maintaining a specific temperature is essential for equipment used to fabricate medical drugs, heat liquids, or clean other equipment. For applications like these, the responsiveness and accuracy of the detection circuit can be critical for quality control.
MEMS = Micro Electro Mechanical System
Any engineering system that performs electrical (switching ,deciding) and mechanical functions (sensing,moving,heating) with components in micrometers is a MEMS.
In this slide there is all about the digital transducer and its types.Its is very helpful in making short notes of transducer. There is a simple description.
This presentation presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology ,basic classifications of optic sensors, the basic functions of optical fiber sensors and also discusses the two important fiber optic sensors , namely the Mach - Zehnder interferometric fiber sensor and the fiber optic gyroscope.
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.
They always sound so high tech that we hardly notice that our day-to-day lives always involve the use of sensors. From IR sensors in TV remotes to passive infrared sensors on automatic doors or LDRs for outdoor and street lightings, sensors are everywhere.
Sensors detect changes, acknowledge those changes, and produce outputs from those changes. They detect and measure qualities such as light, temperature, sound, and other types of output from the environment.
Read more at https://www.asap-supplychain.com/blog/different-types-of-sensors/
Buy various types of speed and temperature sensors from asap-supplychain.com
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/speed-sensor/
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/temperature-sensor/
ASAP Supply Chain is trusted one stop solution to access over 32 million aircraft and electronics parts from 7300 manufacturers of different industries.
MEMS technology consist of micro electronic elements actuators, sensors and mechanical structures built onto a substrate which is usually “Silicon”. They are developed using microfabrication techniques : deposition, patterning, etching.
The most common forms of MEMS production are :
Bulk micromachine, surface micromachine etc.
The benefits of this small scale integrated device brings the technology of nanometers to a vast no. of devices.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of micro fabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters.
Describes about the principle and working of a general SAW sensor, and also describes about the SAW based wireless microactuator for the biomedical applications
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the world they are called “Microsystems Technology” or “micromachined devices”.
This article discusses MEMS, i.e. Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems.
It gives a rudimentry idea of MEMS technology, its block diagram, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also gives a brief idea on the working principle of MEMS devices.
Microelectromechanical Devices And Applications of MEMsAkshay Pukale
Introduction on MEMs,
MEMS is a technology of very small devices. It is a combination of mechanical functions and electrical functions on the same chip.
MEMS are made up of components between 1 to 100 micrometers in size.
Classification of MEMs,
Application of MEMs in medical field(For hearing aid, for sight, for functioning of Kidney, for Diabetes patient , For Cardio-MEMs),
Automoblie,
Moblie devices,
Digital tattoo,
Mirconeedles and etc.
Advantages and Disadvantages,
Conculsion.
WHAT IS MEMS ? MEMS Accelerometer MEMS Gyroscope MEMS MagnetometerMIbrar4
The MEMS are very small systems or devices, composed of micro components ranging from 0.001 mm to 0.1 mm in size. These components are made of silicon, polymers, metals, and/or ceramics, and they are usually combined with a CPU (Microcontroller) for completing the system.
Now we will briefly explain how each of these Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) sensors work.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Introduction to MEMS transducers
MEMS or Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems are also known as smart
matters.
They are miniaturized mechanical and electromechanical devices.
MEMS are embedded in semiconductor chips using micro-fabrication
techniques.
Why are they important?
It generates continued sustained improvement e.g.
functionality of small microphones, cameras, electrical signal
filters etc.
Generates new kinds of products such as multi-axis inertial
motion sensors.
3. History and current state
■ The origins of what we now know as micro-electromechanical
system (MEMS) technology can arguably be traced back to 1
April 1954, when a paper by Smith (1954), then at the Bell
Telephone Laboratories, was published in Physical Review.
■ Roots were laid by Richard Feynman while delivering a speech at
Caltech in 1959 “There is plenty of room at the bottom.”
■ From 1960s through 1990s development took place at linear
pace.
■ Hit inflation point in 2000s and sustained considerable
momentum into the 2010s.
4. Future of MEMS
The developments in the MEMS include,
Trillions of sensors.
Incorporation of heterogeneous sensors
Improvement on wafer-level packaging technology
Integration with advanced CMOS circuitry
Local environmental monitoring devices and deployment in wearables.
MEMS reliant drones and other small personal robots.
5. Why choose MEMS?
■ Small size and light weight.
■ Enhanced performance and reliability.
■ Low cost
Applications
■ Automotive systems
■ Automated manufacturing
■ Health care
■ Instrumentation
■ Consumer products
■ Aerospace
6. Types of MEMS devices
Typical MEMS Devices;
Sensors
In the broadest definition, a sensor is an object whose purpose is
to detect events or changes in its environment, and then provide a
corresponding output. This category includes:
> Pressure Sensors
> Accelerometers
> Gyroscopes
Actuators
Converts energy into motion or mechanical energy. Actuator is
a motor that actuates or moves something. Actuators include:
> High Aspect Ratio Electrostatic Resonators
> Thermal Actuators
> Magnetic Actuators
> Comb-drives Comb drive actuator
7. MEMS based SENSORS
■ MEMS sensors can be defined as the combination of micro-sensors and electronic
devices integrated on a single chip.
■ That package is a bit like processors, but it includes all the mobile parts of the
device. Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured
on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology.
■ MEMS researchers and developers have demonstrated an extremely large number
of microsensors for almost every sensing modality including temperature,
pressure, inertial forces, chemical species, magnetic fields, radiation, etc.
■ The micromachined version of a sensor usually outperforms a sensor made using
the most precise macroscale level machining techniques.
8. How do they work?
■ Input samples may be:
a) motion of a solid
b) pressurized liquids or gases,
c) biological and chemical substances.
■ Major sensing technologies that can be applied in the
MEMS form include the following:
• piezoresistive
• capacitive
• resonant
• thermoelectric
■ Piezoresistive sensors dominate pressure, acceleration, and force
applications. Typically, four piezoresistors are connected into a
Wheatstone bridge configuration to reduce temperature errors.
9. Applications of MEMS sensors
■ Biotechnology
DNA amplification and identification, biochips for detection of hazardous chemical
and biological agents and drug screening.
■ Communications
Electrical components such as inductors and tunable capacitors can be improved
significantly compared to their integrated counterparts if they are made using
MEMS and Nanotechnology.
■ Inertial Sensing
MEMS accelerometers have displaced conventional accelerometers for crash air-
bag deployment systems in automobiles.
■ Medicine
The first and by far the most successful application of MEMS in medicine are
MEMS pressure sensors, which have been in use for several decades to monitor
patient’s vital signs and used in eye surgery to control vacuum level.
10. Accelerometer
■ Accelerometer measures proper acceleration ("g-force"). which
is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the
acceleration felt by people and objects.
■ Modern accelerometers are often small micro electro-
mechanical systems (MEMS), and are indeed the simplest
MEMS devices possible.
They can be made using
>) Piezo-electric effect
>) By sensing capacitive changes
>) For very high sensitivities Quantum Tunneling is also used
How are they made?
11. Features of capacitive interface
■ Can operate as both sensor and actuator.
■ Independent of base material.
■ Relies on the variation of capacitance.
Structure of MEMS Accelerometer
■ They consist of MEMS structures suspended by poly-silicon springs above
the substrate in a manner that proof mass(body of sensor) is capable of
moving in both X and Y axes.
■ 32 sets of radical fingers around four sides of proof mass.
■ Fingers are placed between the plates that are fixed to the substrate.
■ Each finger and pair of fixed plate represents a capacitor.
12. Working Calculations
■ Capacitance of capacitor:-
■ Where =
A= area of electrodes
d=distance between the
=permittivity of material separating them
■ For zero acceleration the capacitance of plates remains same.
■ Displacement is approximately proportional to the capacitive difference.
■ The differential capacitance is measured using synchronous
modulation/demodulation techniques.
■ Output signals are;
* Voltage proportional to acceleration
* PWM proportional to acceleration
13. Applications of MEMS
Accelerometers
■ Personal devices such as media players, gaming
devices and smart phones.
■ Camcorders and still cameras.
■ Detecting car crashes and deploying air bags.
■ Controlling and monitoring military and aerospace
systems.
14. Gyroscopes
■ MEMS gyroscope reliably sense and measure the
angular rate of an object using the Coriolis Effect.
■ MEMS gyroscopes are making significant progress
towards high performance and low power
consumption.
■ When a mass (m) is moving in direction v→ and
angular rotation velocity Ω→ is applied, then the mass
will experience a force in the direction of the arrow as a
result of the Coriolis force. And the resulting physical
displacement caused by the Coriolis force is then read
from a capacitive sensing structure.
15. Features
■ Measure rotation
■ Couple energy from one vibrational axis to another due to Coriolis Effect
■ Two micromachined modes: Open loop vibration and Force-to rebalance
mode
■ Vibrating prismatic beams
■ Beam driven in one direction, deflection measured in orthogonal
direction
How are they made?
MEM gyroscopes are printed onto circuit boards using
photolithography.
Some parts incorporate multiple gyroscopes and accelerometers,
to achieve output that has six full degrees of freedom.
There are many types, but they all rely on the same principle, that
of vibrating objects undergoing rotation.
16. Structure
Internally, MEMS gyroscopes use lithographically constructed versions of one or more of the
mechanisms outlined below:
• Tuning forks
– This type of gyroscope uses a pair of test masses driven to resonance. Their displacement from the
plane of oscillation is measured to produce a signal related to the system's rate of rotation.
• Piezoelectric gyroscopes
–A piezoelectric material can be induced to vibrate, and lateral motion due to Coriolis force can be
measured to produce a signal related to the rate of rotation.
• Vibrating wheel gyroscope
– A wheel is driven to rotate a fraction of a full turn about its axis. The tilt of the wheel is measured to
produce a signal related to the rate of rotation.
17. Applications of MEMS Gyroscope
■ Spacecraft orientation
The oscillation can be induced and controlled in the vibrating structure gyroscope for the positioning
of spacecraft such as Cassini-Huygens. They provide accurate 3 axis positioning of the spacecraft
and are highly reliable over the years as they have no moving parts.
■ Automotive
These are used to detect error states in yaw compared to a predicted response when connected as
an input to electronic stability control systems in conjunction with a steering wheel sensor.
■ Entertainment
Game Boys and most modern smartphones use a piezoelectric gyroscope to detect rotational
movement. The Sony SIXAXIS PS3 controller uses a single MEMS gyroscope to measure the sixth
axis (yaw).
■ Photography
Many image stabilization systems on video and still cameras employ vibrating structure gyroscopes.
■ Industrial robotics
Epson Robots uses a quartz MEMS gyroscope, called QMEMS, to detect and control vibrations on
their robots. This helps the robots position the robot end effector with high precision in high speed
and fast-deceleration motion.
18. Actuators
■ An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving
or controlling a mechanism or system, a device that
actuates or moves something.
■ Converts Energy into motion or mechanical energy.
MEMS Actuators
■ Also known as micro-actuators, micro-systems or micro-
machines.
■ Produced by assembling extremely small functional parts
around 1-15 mm.
19. Classification of MEMS Actuators
■ Electrostatic: attraction between oppositely charged conductors.
■ Thermal: Displacement due to thermal expansion.
■ Piezoelectric: Displacement is due to strain induced by an electric field.
■ Magnetic: Displacement is due to interaction among various magnetic elements
i.e. permanent magnets, external magnetic fields, magnetizable material and
current carrying conductor.
■ On the basis of movement micro-actuators are:
1. Translational
2. Rotational
20. Features
Features of MEMS actuators are:
■ Light weight
■ Conformable
■ Precision device
■ One of the basic building blocks in MEMS processing is the ability to deposit thin
films of material with a thickness anywhere between a few nanometers to about
100 micrometers.
■ Patterning in MEMS is the transfer of a pattern into a material.
21. Applications of MEMS Actuators
■ The applications of micro-actuators include:
■ Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD) chip in a projector based
on DLP technology, which has a surface with several
hundred thousand micro-mirrors or single micro-scanning-
mirrors also called micro-scanners.
■ Optical switching technology, which is used for switching
technology and alignment for data communications.
■ Fluid acceleration such as for micro-cooling.
■ Micro-surgical applications.
■ Data reading and recording control.
■ RF signal limiting.