The document discusses the solubilization process, which involves breaking intermolecular bonds and forming interactions between solute and solvent molecules. It describes the role of surfactants, their types (anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitter), and the formation of micelles, including their types (spherical, rod-shaped, laminar) and the factors influencing their stability. Additionally, it highlights the differing micellization processes in aqueous versus nonpolar environments.

1. SOLUBILIZATION
BY;
Sanjay Kumar (DE_073)
To:
DR_TEHMINA _ADNAN
Physical pharmacy

2.  The process of Solubilization involves the breaking of inter-ionic or intermolecular
bonds in the solute, the separation of the molecules of the solvent to provide space in the
solvent for the solute, interaction between the solvent and the solute molecule or ion..
SOLUBILIATION:

3. Break up of solute-
solute intermolecular
bonds.
Break up of solvent-
solvent intermolecular
bonds.
Formation of cavity in
solvent phase large
enough to accommodate
solute particles.
Transfer of solute into
cavity of solvent phase.
Formation of solute –
solvent intermolecular
forces.

4. Solubility;
 Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a
given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.
o
IN QUANTITATIVE WAY:
Concentration of solute ion a saturated solution at a certain
temperature.
o IN QUALITATIVE WAY:
Spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form
homogenous molecular dispersion

5. surfactant
 Surfactants are chemical species that act as
wetting agents to lower the surface tension of
a liquid and allow for increased spread ability
 STRUCTURE OF SURFACTANTS
Surfactant molecules are usually organic
compounds that contain hydrophobic groups
or "tails" and hydrophilic groups or "heads.“
 EXAMPLE
 Sodium stearate
 4-(5-dodecyl) benzenesulfonate
 alkyl ether phosphates
 benzalkaonium chloride (BAC)

6. Types of surfactant;
 There are four types of surfactants.
 Anionic,
 Nonionic,
 Cationic,
 Zwitter (amphoteric) ion.

7. Nonionic surfactant
have no ions.
derive their polarity
from having an oxygen
rich portion of the
molecule at one end
and a large organic
molecule at the other
end.
EXAMPLE: alcohol
ethoxylates,
nonylphenoxy
polyethylenoxy
alcohols, and ethylene
oxide/propylene oxide
block copolymers

8. Cationic surfactant
Are positively charged
molecules usually derived
from nitrogen compounds.
Not commonly used as
cleaning agents .
 Many cationic surfactants
have bactericidal or other
sanitizing properties.
Cationic surfactants are
usually incompatible with
anionic surfactants, because
they will react with the
negatively charged anionic
surfactant to form an
insoluble or ineffective
compound.

9. Amphoteric (zwitter) ionic
surfactant
Change their charge
with pH.
They can be anionic,
nonionic, or cationic
depending on pH.
 For the amphoteric
surfactants the charge of
the hydrophilic part is
controlled by the pH of
the solution.
They can act as anionic
surfactant in an alkalic
solution or as cationic
surfactant in an acidic
solution.

10. Are made out of amphipathic molecules.
A micelle is a ball that forms when amphipathic molecules are put in a
liquid.
The liquid can be polar like water or
non-polar like butane or octane. Micelles will form because only one
end of the amphipathic molecules will be compatible with the liquid.

11.  In the aqueous system the high interfacial energy between the water
molecules and the hydrocarbon chains of the surfactant is the primary factor in
the process, while in a nonpolar system the attractive interaction between the
polar parts serves as the force governing the association process.
The micellization in aqueous solutions may be perceived as a phase
separation that is modified through geometrical restrictions, while the
corresponding phenomenon in oils is a chemical equilibrium similar to that of
alcohols in such media.
The consequence of this difference is that the process in water is highly
cooperative and the designation of a critical micellization concentration (cmc) is
justified.
 In the nonpolar environment, on the other hand, the association process is
gradual and the term cmc is not warranted. In this case the interactions leading
to the micellization are amenable to analysis by spectroscopic methods.

12. TYPES OF MICELLE
Following are three types of micelles
Spherical micelle,
Rod shaped micelle,
 Laminar micelle,

13. SPHERICALMICELLE
 Amphipatic can form bilayers that
sandwich the tails in the middle, or they
can form spherical micelles.
 Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules
that contain two water-fearing tails.
 Phospholipids prefer to form bilayers.
 Fatty acids have only one water-fearing
tail, so forming a micelle is easier and
more stable for them

14. ROD SHAPED MICELLE
 Monomers are arranged in rod shape
 Rod formation is primarily governed by
the characteristic Gibbs free energy of rod
formation, ΔG rod.
 Geometrically, a rod-shaped micelle
consists of a central cylindrical part of
hydrocarbon radius r c and of more or less
hemispherical parts at the ends of
hydrocarbon radius r s.
 The model includes hydrophobic,
electrostatic, and steric interactions.

15. LAMINAR MICELLE
 Are interconvertable.
 In this type of micelle monomers are
arranged in laminar manner.
 They are form at higher
concentration.
 Initially micelles are of spherical type
but as the concentration increases
towards higher side leads to
formation of laminar micelle.