The document discusses the process of solubilization, including factors affecting solubility such as temperature, nature of solute or solvent, and pressure, while detailing the properties and types of surfactants which serve as wetting agents. It elaborates on amphipathic molecules, micelle formation in various environments, and describes different types of micelles including spherical, rod-shaped, and laminar micelles. Additionally, the document explains the behavior of surfactants and their interactions in different systems.

1. SOLUBILIZATION
PRESENTED BY
“SANJAY KUMAR”
DE-073
SUBMITTED TO :
Dr. TAHMINA ADNAN
LECTURER AT HAMDARD
UNIVERSITY,
FACULTY OF PHARMACY

2. The process whereby something becomes
soluble or more soluble.

3. Break up of solute-solute
intermolecular bonds.
Break up of solvent-solvent
intermolecular bonds.
Formation of cavity in solvent
phase large enough to
accommodate solute particles.
Transfer of solute into cavity of
solvent phase.
Formation of solute –solvent
intermolecular forces.

4. o IN QUANTITATIVE WAY:
Concentration of solute ion a saturated solution at a
certain temperature.
o IN QUALITATIVE WAY:
Spontaneous interaction of two or more substances
to form homogenous molecular dispersion

5.  There are three main factors that control solubility
of a solute.
 Temperature,
 Nature of solute or solvent,
 Pressure.

6. TEMPERATURE
EXOTHERMIC PROCESS
solubility decreases
with increase in
temperature and vice
versa
ENDOTHERMIC
PROCESS
solubility increases with
increase in temperature
and vice versa.
NATURE OF SOLUTE
AND SOLVENT
A polar solute dissolved in
polar solvent.
Solubility of a non-polar
solute in a solvent is large.
A polar solute has low
solubility or insoluble in a
non-polar solvent
PRESSURE
An increase in pressure
increases of solubility of a gas
in a liquid. The relationship
between pressure and
solubility can be summarized
by combining Le Chatelier's
principle and Henry's Law.

7. STRUCTURE OF SURFACTANTS
Surfactant molecules are usually
organic compounds that contain
hydrophobic groups or "tails" and
hydrophilic groups or "heads."
Surfactants are chemical species
that act as wetting agents to
lower the surface tension of
a liquid and allow for increased
spread ability
EXAMPLE
Sodium stearate
4-(5-dodecyl) benzenesulfonate
 alkyl ether phosphates
benzalkaonium chloride (BAC)

8.  There are four types of surfactants.
 Anionic,
 Nonionic,
 Cationic,
 Zwitter (amphoteric) ion.

9.  Have a negatively charged
end of the molecule that gives it
hydrophilic part .
 These negatively charged
parts of the molecules are
usually sulfonates, sulfates, or
carboxylates .
 Are ionic , made up of two
ions positively charged(metal,
ion )and a negatively
charged(organic ion)
EXAMPLE: sodium alkyl
benzene sulfonates, sodium
stearate (a soap), and
potassium alcohol sulfates

10. have no ions.
derive their polarity from
having an oxygen rich
portion of the molecule at
one end and a large
organic molecule at the
other end.
EXAMPLE: alcohol
ethoxylates,
nonylphenoxy
polyethylenoxy alcohols,
and ethylene
oxide/propylene oxide
block copolymers

11. Are positively charged
molecules usually derived from
nitrogen compounds.
Not commonly used as cleaning
agents .
 Many cationic surfactants have
bactericidal or other sanitizing
properties.
Cationic surfactants are usually
incompatible with anionic
surfactants, because they will
react with the negatively charged
anionic surfactant to form an
insoluble or ineffective
compound.

12.  Change their charge with pH.
 They can be anionic, nonionic,
or cationic depending on pH.
 For the amphoteric
surfactants the charge of the
hydrophilic part is controlled by
the pH of the solution.
They can act as anionic
surfactant in an alkalic solution
or as cationic surfactant in an
acidic solution.

13.  Are made out of amphipathic molecules.
 A micelle is a ball that forms when amphipathic
molecules are put in a liquid.
 The liquid can be polar like water or non-polar like
butane or octane. Micelles will form because only
one end of the amphipathic molecules will be
compatible with the liquid.

14.  In the aqueous system the high interfacial energy between
the water molecules and the hydrocarbon chains of the
surfactant is the primary factor in the process, while in a
nonpolar system the attractive interaction between the
polar parts serves as the force governing the association
process.
 The micellization in aqueous solutions may be perceived as
a phase separation that is modified through geometrical
restrictions, while the corresponding phenomenon in oils is
a chemical equilibrium similar to that of alcohols in such
media.
 The consequence of this difference is that the process in
water is highly cooperative and the designation of a critical
micellization concentration (cmc) is justified.
 In the nonpolar environment, on the other hand, the
association process is gradual and the term cmc is not
warranted. In this case the interactions leading to the
micellization are amenable to analysis by spectroscopic
methods.

15.  Following are three types of micelles
 Spherical micelle,
 Rod shaped micelle,
 Laminar micelle.

16.  Amphipatic can form bilayers
that sandwich the tails in the
middle, or they can form
spherical micelles.
Phospholipids are amphipathic
molecules that contain two
water-fearing tails.
Phospholipids prefer to form
bilayers.
Fatty acids have only one water-
fearing tail, so forming a micelle is
easier and more stable for them

17. Monomers are arranged in rod
shape
Rod formation is primarily
governed by the characteristic
Gibbs free energy of rod
formation, ΔG rod.
Geometrically, a rod-shaped
micelle consists of a central
cylindrical part of hydrocarbon
radius r c and of more or less
hemispherical parts at the ends
of hydrocarbon radius r s.
 The model includes
hydrophobic, electrostatic, and
steric interactions.

18. Are interconvertable.
In this type of micelle
monomers are arranged in
laminar manner.
They are form at higher
concentration.
Initially micelles are of
spherical type but as the
concentration increases
towards higher side leads to
formation of laminar micelle.