Individual laboratory method, overview of Individual laboratory method, objectives of Individual laboratory method, Introduction of Individual laboratory method, Advantages of Individual laboratory method, Nature of experiments, Experiment, Exercise, Controlled Experiment, How to organize practical work? Grouping of pupils
A teacher should have love for his profession. He should be seriously and sincerely committed to his duties and work. As such be must be on the path of excellence both for his own personal achievements and that of his pupils.
Laboratories are wonderful settings for teaching and learning. It utilizes raw data or material things to produce better understanding of the subject matter. It is a method of learning by doing. It provides students with opportunities to think about, discuss, and solve real problems.
A teacher should have love for his profession. He should be seriously and sincerely committed to his duties and work. As such be must be on the path of excellence both for his own personal achievements and that of his pupils.
Laboratories are wonderful settings for teaching and learning. It utilizes raw data or material things to produce better understanding of the subject matter. It is a method of learning by doing. It provides students with opportunities to think about, discuss, and solve real problems.
CHEM Study and CBA : Salient features, merits and demeritsADITYA ARYA
CHEM study.
Chem study originated in 1960 at United States J.A Campbell was the project Director.
Chem Study employs inductive approach in which practical work precedes theory. The
main objectives of the course are
1) To diminish the separation between Scientist and teachers in the understanding of
Science.
2) To stimulate and prepare those high school students who planned to continue the
study of Chemistry in College in preparation for a professional career.
The materials produced under this project consists of a text, laboratory manual ,
teachers guide, two self instruction programmes two series of achievement tests,
26 basic films and 27 teacher training films.
Chemical Bond Approach (CBA)
CBA course was originated in 1959. Lawrence Strong was the founder of this
project. In CBA theory precedes practical work, ie, it is deductive in approach.
Important texts are Chemical system and investigating Chemical system. The concept of
bonding forms the central theme in C.B.A. The whole course is planned in such a
manner that experiments suggest the ideas to be tested and ideas to be tested suggest the
experiments to be setup.
Role of Science Museums in Teaching ScienceAngelaMwSabu
Engaging with subject related reference sources, in-order to learn the actual reading of reference books, the effective processes of reference research and its presentation.
Ict in education use of ict in learning physical sciencesMohit Parte
What is ICT?
ICT in education
ICT integration in Science
ICT in learning physical sciences
Tool applications used in teaching science
Using and selecting appropriate media
ICT for inclusive education
Skills to be developed in students
Effective use of ICT
Conclusion
References
CHEM Study and CBA : Salient features, merits and demeritsADITYA ARYA
CHEM study.
Chem study originated in 1960 at United States J.A Campbell was the project Director.
Chem Study employs inductive approach in which practical work precedes theory. The
main objectives of the course are
1) To diminish the separation between Scientist and teachers in the understanding of
Science.
2) To stimulate and prepare those high school students who planned to continue the
study of Chemistry in College in preparation for a professional career.
The materials produced under this project consists of a text, laboratory manual ,
teachers guide, two self instruction programmes two series of achievement tests,
26 basic films and 27 teacher training films.
Chemical Bond Approach (CBA)
CBA course was originated in 1959. Lawrence Strong was the founder of this
project. In CBA theory precedes practical work, ie, it is deductive in approach.
Important texts are Chemical system and investigating Chemical system. The concept of
bonding forms the central theme in C.B.A. The whole course is planned in such a
manner that experiments suggest the ideas to be tested and ideas to be tested suggest the
experiments to be setup.
Role of Science Museums in Teaching ScienceAngelaMwSabu
Engaging with subject related reference sources, in-order to learn the actual reading of reference books, the effective processes of reference research and its presentation.
Ict in education use of ict in learning physical sciencesMohit Parte
What is ICT?
ICT in education
ICT integration in Science
ICT in learning physical sciences
Tool applications used in teaching science
Using and selecting appropriate media
ICT for inclusive education
Skills to be developed in students
Effective use of ICT
Conclusion
References
Teacher Resource Guidebook - Practical Work ~ tessafrica.net ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This is a lecture focused on differentiating the traditional curriculum and the inquiry-based approach in laboratory teaching.
This talk was delivered in the plenary session of the Regional Science Competency, Instructional Empowerment, and Capability Enhancement (SCIENCE) Training (Series I) at DMMMSU-SLUC, Agoo, La Union, sponsored by the DEpED Division of La Union, Provincial Government of La Union, Municipality of Agoo, DMMMSU-SLUC College of Graduate Studies and College of Arts and Sciences.
2h. pedagogy of mathematics part ii (numbers and sequence - ex 2.8), Numbers and sequence, sum to n terms of a GP, sum to infinite terms of a GP, X std samcheer kalvi, Mathematics, Pedagogy of mathematics,
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Pedagogy of Mathematics - Part II (Numbers and Sequence - Ex 2.6), Numbers and Sequence, Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, series, Sum to n terms of an A.P.,
Pedagogy of Mathematics - Part II (Numbers and Sequence - Ex 2.5, Numbers and Sequence, Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, Arithmetic progression, definition of arithmetic progression, terms and common difference of an A.P., In an Arithmetic progression, conditions for three numbers to be in A.P.,
Pedagogy of Mathematics - Part II (Numbers and Sequence - Ex 2.4), Numbers and Sequence, Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, sequences, definitions of sequences, sequence as a function,
Pedagogy of Mathematics - Part II (Numbers and Sequence - Ex 2.3), Numbers and Sequence, Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, Modular arithmetic, congruence module, connecting euclid's lemma and modular arithmetic, Module operations,
Pedagogy of Mathematics - Part II (Numbers and Sequence - Ex 2.2), Numbers and Sequence, Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Significance of fundamental theorem of arithmetic,
Pedagogy of Mathematics - Part II (Numbers and Sequence - Ex 2.1), Numbers and Sequence, Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, Euclid's Division Lemma, Euclid's Division algorithm,
HTML tables, table tag, element of a HTML table, attribute of table tag, more tags on table, attributes of <td> tag, example for table tag, adding pictures to table,
Teaching models, concept attainment model, four phases of this model, social system, Principles of reactions, support system, application, Inquiry training model, 3 phases, social system, support system, classroom application
HTML link tag, creating links in html, non text anchors, link attribute, alink attribute, vlink attribute, example for links, vitamins.html, proteins.html,
HTML tags, Tags, Empty tag, Container tag, Attributes, Structure of HTML document, Head section, body section, comment tags, Font tag, attribute of font tag, More tags on formatting, heading tags, paragraph tag, the paragraph attribute 'align', line break, horizontal tag, line break, background tag, text attribute, Marquee tag,
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), Introduction to HTML, Tools required for HTML document. starting a HTML Document, To view the created HTML document, Modifying HTML code
X std mathematics - Relations and functions (Ex 1.4), Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, composition of function, definition of function, composition of three functions, identifying the graphs of linear, quadratic, cubic and reciprocal functions, linear function, modules or absolute valued function, quadratic function, cubic function, reciprocal function, constant function
X std mathematics - Relations and functions (Ex 1.4), Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, representation of functions, set or ordered pair, table form, arrow diagram, graph, vertical line test, types of function, one -one function, many- one function, onto function, surjection, into function, horizontal line test, special cases of function,
X std mathematics - Relations and functions (Ex 1.3), Maths, IX std Maths, Samacheerkalvi maths, II year B.Ed., Pedagogy, Mathematics, functions, definition of functions, representation by arrow diagram,
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Individual laboratory Method
• Overview:
• The discovery approach in teaching
science is the result of applying
psychological principles in the teaching of
Computer Science.
• There are quite a few methods, which
have accepted teaching through discovery
or inquiry approach.
3. • The individual laboratory method is
one such approach for teaching
science.
• Although in ideal sense, the student
is required to choose a laboratory
problem, and follow the steps of
scientific method for solving the
problem, in practice it is rarely the
case.
4. Objectives
1. List the advantages of laboratory
method of teaching.
2. Organise practical work for a
class by drawing a schedule of
activities for a standard.
3. Prepare suitable instructions for
the experiments.
5. 4. Conveniently group the students for
practical work and draw a suitable
schedule for supervision.
5. Guide the students in the preparation of
their observation and fair records.
6. Suitably guide the science talented in
the open-ended experimental work.
7. Identify the various errors that are likely
to occur in experimental work.
8. List a few investigational projects.
6. Introduction
• Science is doing.
• The laboratory is the scientist’s
workshop.
• Much reading and discussion are
essential in science work; but it is in the
laboratory that hypotheses are tested.
7. • Nature is a hard master and reveals
her secret only to those who are
patient and careful, persistent to
the point of obstinacy and willing to
spend time and energy without
reckoning the cost.
• The experimental method insists on
students conducting experiment
and arriving at their own inferences
under the guidance of the teacher.
8. • In this method, each pupil is
provided with separate apparatus to
perform experiments at his desk in
the laboratory.
• They may be provided with manuals
containing detailed instructions of
procedure regarding the
experiments to be performed.
9. • The teacher offers guidance only
wherever necessary.
• While solving problems, the individuals
mostly follow the scientific method.
• The application of the various steps of
the scientific method in solving the
problems in the laboratory has been
chiefly responsible for the growth of
science over the centuries.
10. • It is therefore very important that
practical work should centuries.
• It is therefore very important that
practical work should form an
integral part of any scientific
programme in school science.
11. Advantages of Laboratory
Method
1. ‘Learning by doing’ is an important
educational maximum in
education theory.
The things learnt by the students
through direct, purposeful activity
are permanently retained in the
minds of pupils
12. 2. Students have an opportunity to
manipulate the scientific
apparatus and collect data by
careful observation.
• This affords opportunities for the
children to develop the
construction skill, organisational
skill, manipulative skill,
communication skill, etc.
13. 3. While solving problems in science
in a laboratory, students generally
follow the various steps in the
scientific method.
Hence the experimental technique
of learning science is a valuable
asset for imparting training in
scientific method.
14. 4. Experimentation in the true sense
involves high-level thinking.
Open-ended experiments enable
the students to clearly define the
problems and suggest the methods
of attack.
“Science is not memory or magic
but rather a disciplined form of
human curiosity”.
15. 5. Experimental method develops
certain specific abilities in the
students perceiving a problem,
relating the problem to previous
experiences, formulating
hypotheses, deriving conclusion
and applying generalisations are
broadly the specific abilities.
16. 6. Practical work instils certain good
traits in children.
Habits like co-operation,
resourcefulness, initiative, and
patience, suspending the
judgment until valid evidences are
collected, careful observation are
some of the desirable habits.
17. Nature of Experiments
• Experiments range from the simple
activities to exceedingly complicated
activities.
• From the teaching stand point of view,
simple experiments are enough in lower
standards.
• Although the steps of the scientific
method are all involved in solving
problems of complicated nature, in
schools many of the experiments need
only a few steps.
18. • A simple problem like ‘what
happens when iron filings are
brought near a magnet?’ involves
only a few steps like
(i) Statement of a problem
(ii) Single trail
(ii) A conclusion.
• In some of other experiments, we
may need to repeat the experiment
a few more times till we get
concurrent results.
19. Experiment or Exercise
• There is much evidence which indicates
that youngster’s become interested in
science early in life, but lose much of
enthusiasm by the time they enter the
high schools or college.
• Their interest gets stifled when they are
asked to repeat the dull, routine,
stereotyped experiments several times
until they get the correct result as
enunciated by the prepared tables or the
teacher.
20. • In a sense, experiments like
verification of Inference law,
verification of the Associative laws,
verification of Distribution Law,
verification of the laws of
equivalence, verification of Ohm’s
law etc cannot be called as true
experiments.
21. • A true experiment is one in which
the result is not known in advance.
• But in all the types of experiments
mentioned above, the students are
asked to verify the results already
established beyond doubt.
• Hence these should not be elevated
to the rank of experiment but
should be called mere exercises.
22. • There is no thrill or excitement in
doing these verification exercises.
• Research has proved that free
experimentation results in many
valid discoveries while flow chart
discussions tend to focus the
discoveries.
23. Controlled Experiments
• Experimental type of investigation is often
characterised by what is called “controlled
experiment”.
• In the controlled experiment, every effort
is made to control the factors involved.
• All variables except two are kept as nearly
constant as possible the relationship
between the two is studied by varying one
and studying the effect on the other.
24. • Sometimes two parallel experiments
are set up so that comparisons can
be made after treatment. One of the
two experiments is often called the
‘control’ or ‘check’ and the other is
called ‘natural’ group.
• The effect of the dependent variable
on the independent variable, which
is manipulated, is studied and
logical conclusions are drawn.
25. How to organise practical work?
• In order to make the practical work
fruitful, the science teacher should
always plan his work carefully and
according to schedule. Only in this
respect, the science teacher has
more responsibilities.
26. • There are two ways in which
practical work can be organised.
• One type of organisation is called
the ‘Even front system’ in which all
the children in the class do the
same identical experiment during
the particular time.
27. • If you want to organise practical work in
this way, you need a lot of equipments of
the identical type, which means heavy
cost of maintaining the laboratory.
• But there are specific advantages.
• These can be proper co-ordination
between theoretical and practical work.
28. • Supervision is also easy as the
difficulties met with by the students
would almost be the same.
• The other common method of
organising practical work is the
‘Group Rotation System’.
• In this method, students are divided
into convenient small batches.
29. • About six to eight different
experiments in the curriculum can
be planned for a single cycle.
Students will be asked to perform
the cycle by rotation.
• When all the students have
completed all the experiments in the
cycle, the next cycle of experiments
will be planned.
30. • Although this method of
organisation is economical, the
difficulty lies in the fact that there is
often no co-ordination between
theory and practical.
• As the students will be doing
different experiments, it is difficult
for the teacher to give common
instructions.
31. • Supervision also becomes more
difficult as the teacher has to attend
to the needs of different groups
simultaneously.
• However this difficulty can be
minimised to a certain extent by
providing suitable instructions in
the form of a printed manual or a
card.
32. The following general principles may also be
borne in mind by the teachers while
organising practical work.
1.Experiments should enable the pupils to
think instead of repeating the dull exercise.
2.The purpose of the experiment should be
made very clear to the pupils.
‘What they are to find and how’ must be
explicitly stated.
33. It is enough the broad outlines are stated
for procedure.
Simple apparatus, which can be easily
arranged, can be made use of.
3. If unexpected results or wrong results
are obtained, the students may be
asked to review the work and see where
the errors are likely to creep in.
34. Students must even be trained to see
which part of the experimental data
will affect the result much, so that
while taking such measurements
they can be asked to be more careful
1.All the equipments needed for doing
the cycle of experiment must be kept
ready even before the boys assemble
for practical work.
35. 2. If the apparatus is sensitive in nature, if
the chemicals used are poisonous or if the
experiment involves some danger,
students must be suitably cautioned even
in the beginning.
3.It is always better to prepare suitable
instruction cards for guidance of pupils in
high or higher secondary schools instead
of depending on printed laboratory
manuals.
36. 4.The teacher should perform the
laboratory activities before giving them to
the class for practical work. The teacher
will be able to find out the difficulties
with the activity and find ways to
overcome them.
5.A discussion should be held at the
conclusion of laboratory activity to focus
upon observations made by children
during the activities. This will help to
review the work for fixing the ideas.
37. Grouping of pupils
• Individual work by the pupil is always
preferable to working in groups.
• But for economy, students are grouped
in twos and threes for performing an
experiment.
• In such circumstances, it is always better
to combine a bright student with a
slightly average student.
38. • Sometimes it may so happen that
the bright boy may dominate the
other and would not help the other
student.
• By proper supervision, this defect
can be remedied.