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- 2. Topic: Science Practical workat HS School Presented to: Rashid Mahmood Khan
- 3. INTRODUCTION The biggestchallenge before a teacher is how to teach Science lessons. If this teaching – learning activities are effective, students can reach the goals of life by acquisition of knowledge, skills and values in Science. Knowledge, Process Skills and Attitudes. Knowledge is sometimes labeled as the products of science. It generally refers to facts, concepts, principles, laws, and theories. Process skills are the empirical and analytic procedures used by scientists in solving problems. Scientific attitudes refer to the general predispositions that characterize the work of scientists.
- 4. practical work inscience: Practical work in science includes the core activities and the directly related activities. The complementary activities are important in supporting the development of conceptual understanding in science through practical work. Practical work in science. why we used piratical work in science: To help students to: 1 identify objects and phenomena and become familiar with them 2 learn a fact (or facts) 3 learn a concept 4 learn a relationship 5 learn a theory/model
- 6. Classroom Management •Classroom management is one of the greatest concerns of teachers and administrators when addressing the safety and well-being of students Effective classroom management involved clear behavioral communication, academic expectations and supportive physical learning environment. Student Engagement If teachers use the scientific model to describe, explain, predict control physical phenomena, they engage students actively in understanding the physical world • Students’ engagement is an important factor to motivate students in learning experiences willingness to endeavor continuous effort.
- 7. Laboratory Practice •The hands-on experiment format and the computer simulation format provide the highest cumulative scores for the examinations. The use of computer simulations as part of post laboratory activities reinforce learning and support the learning process The laboratory experience, both real and simulated, provides opportunity for the student to experience science through investigation. Critical Thinking A combination of effective teaching and strategic instructional processes in combination with computer simulations increase factual and higher order thinking skill of students. Critical thinking skills and life experiences extend far beyond the classroom habits attitudes related to critical thinking, move to business, medical, legal, aviation and general choices
- 8. Cooperative Learning Problemsolutions can be done in group work rather than individuals working alone. • In group, students can share their ideas and make better understanding of scientific concepts. • Cooperative learning can reduce lecture time with approaches structured to get students actively participating during the class period.
- 9. SCIENCE LABORATORY Thelaboratory is central to science instruction. It is in the laboratory that the students learn to handle apparatus, think independently and to draw conclusions on the basis of experiments and observation. HIGH SCHOOL Practical Work Equipment's (1) Tables along the walls having glass paned windows and drawers and water fittings (2) A demonstration tables (3) Sinks (4) Wall blackboard (5) Almirahs (6) Space for aquarium- viuraium (7) Shelves for keeping chemicals
- 10. Continue 8) Stools (9) Ventilation (10) Adequate natural light (11) Display board (12) Preparation and store room
- 11. ADMINISTRATION OF PracticalWORK In order to make the practical work most effective, the science teacher should always keep in mind the different aspects of Paractical work. Organising and conducting practical work. Students should be made to form appropriate group. Preparation is required for individual and group working. Laboratory rules and discipline should be laid down Instruction to pupils are to be specific and clear. In order to give proper guidance to pupils for doing practicals the following should be made use of (a) laboratory manuals (b) (b) Instruction cards (c) (c) laboratory directions (d) Pupils records and observation book are to be properly maintained.
- 12. Practical work Allthe methods of teaching science can be classified into two types:- Teacher-Centred and Student-Centred TEACHER-CENTRED METHODS: This type of teaching methods focus on telling, memorizing, recalling information. The students participation is very limited where in they only ask questions or answers questions. STUDENT -CENTRED METHODS: This process emphasizes on need, requirement, interest and capability of students. The students are active participants where in their skills and abilities are developed.
- 13. PARATICAL METHOD: Thismethod in commonly thought of as a hands on and minds on approach to teach science where in students have the opportunity to gain some experience with phenomena associated with their course of study. PRINCIPLES OF LABORATORY METHOD: It follows the principle of learning by doing. It follows psychological principle, where students age and interest is taken into consideration. The work should be Pre-organized and Pre-selected . Teacher must see that, students are allowed to work independently without much interference
- 14. ROLE OF TEACHER: Teacher must be a facilitator of the process of doing experiments by students. Teacher must check the apparatus previously, so that it goes on smoothly. The practical work must be Pre-organized and Preselected.
- 15. MERITS OF LABORATORYMETHOD: This method follows child-centered approach. It makes students active and alert. It gives scope for learning by doing and students do a lot of thinking themselves. Different skills are developed. DE-MERITS OF LABORATORY METHOD: It is expensive and uneconomical. It is time consuming as it takes much time in some experiments to come to conclusion. It expects a lot from students and teacher.